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Analiisi Rogue Trader

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Analisis financiero Rogue Trader.
Nick Leeson entró a formar parte de la leyenda negra del mundo de las finanzas el jueves 23 de febrero de 1995 a las cinco de la tarde. En aquel preciso instante, a dos días de cumplir los 28 años, Leeson, un joven operador de bolsa británico, de origen humilde, encumbrado por sus superiores a la categoría de dios de las finanzas de la noche a la mañana, provocó la sonada quiebra de una de las más venerables instituciones financieras de Reino Unido, la banca Barings, con 223 años de historia a sus espaldas.

La banca Barings, la misma que financió la compra de Luisiana por Estados Unidos, la que puso el dinero para la construcción del ferrocarril en la ruta de la seda, la que fue descrita por el cardenal Richelieu como la sexta potencia del mundo y que ayudó en la reparación de Francia tras Waterloo, terminó finalmente vendida por una libra al grupo holandés de servicios financieros Internationale Nederlanden Groep (ING), que prometió hacerse cargo de todas las deudas, devolver los depósitos y encargarse de los acreedores.

Barings, todo un emblema del establishment británico, con clientes como Napoleón III o la mismísima reina de Inglaterra -quien al parecer perdió más de un millón de dólares tras la bancarrota-, estaba, para sorpresa de muchos, en las manos de un especulador de 28 años, que suspendió su examen de matemáticas para ingresar en la Universidad, y que dejó un agujero irreparable de 827 millones de libras (1.400 millones de dólares).

Cuando Barings comenzó a expandir su negocio de trading por Asia, encomendó a Nick Leeson la misión de crear un equipo de trading y comenzar a operar en la zona. Las actividades del Banco Barings en Singapur entre 1992 y 1995 permitieron a Nick Leeson operar efectivamente sin supervisión del Banco Barings en Londres, Leeson actuaba a la vez como jefe de operaciones de liquidación (ocupándose de asegurar la contabilidad exacta) y como encargado de piso para los negocios de Barings en el Intercambio Monetario Internacional de Singapur (SIMEX), aunque las posiciones deberían haber sido llevadas a cabo normalmente por dos empleados. Esto colocó a Leeson en la posición de presentar informes a una oficina dentro del Banco Barings que él mismo administraba. Varios observadores (y Leeson mismo) han atribuido mucha de la culpa a las deficientes prácticas de auditoría interna y gestión de riesgos del propio banco. Nick Leeson tenía control absoluto sobre sus operaciones en Asia.
Al comienzo, Nick Leeson comenzó a operar con futuros del Nikkei de forma tradicional, pero viendo lo bien que le iba, Nick Leeson decidió aumentar su apalancamiento (auto prestamos). Sus posiciones comenzaron a ser mucho más importantes y de mayor envergadura.
Con el tiempo, un día el mercado le llevó la contraria a Nick Leeson y tuvo pérdidas. No eran demasiado importantes, pero no quiso reportarlas a la sede central de Barings para que no se preocuparan. Creó la famosa "cuenta 88888" calificándola como "errores de Back Office".
Tras pasar el tiempo, la posición de Nick Leeson comenzó a aumentar exponencialmente, ante sus entradas en mercado, el mercado comenzaba a moverse. Nick Leeson movía los precios del Nikkei. Pero las pérdidas comenzaron a llegar en forma de mala racha. Por supuesto, Nick Leeson enviaba todas las malas operaciones a la cuenta 88888.
Cuando la pérdida fué tan fuerte que comenzaba a ser importante llegó un día en que Nick Leeson estando "largo" comprado del futuro Nikkei, el mercado cayó con fuerza, intentó aguantarlo comprando más, pero no pudo. Cuando a Nick Leeson ya no le quedaba dinero en tesorería, decidió vender "Opciones Puts" y cobrar la prima.
Una opción de venta (u opción put) da a su poseedor el derecho -pero no la obligación- a vender un activo a un precio predeterminado hasta una fecha concreta. El vendedor de la opción de venta tiene la obligación de comprar el activo subyacente si el tenedor de la opción (comprador del derecho de vender) decide ejercer su derecho.
La compra de opciones put se utiliza como cobertura, cuando se prevean caídas de precios en acciones que se poseen, ya que mediante la compra de Put se fija el precio a partir del cual se gana dinero. Si la acción cae por debajo de ese precio, el inversor gana dinero. Si cae el precio de la acción, las ganancias obtenidas con la opción de venta compensan en todo o en parte la pérdida experimentada por dicha caída. Las pérdidas quedan limitadas a la prima (precio pagado por la compra de la opción de venta). Las ganancias aumentan a medida que el precio de la acción baje en el mercado. Por tanto, es conveniente comprar una opción de venta: * Cuando se tienen acciones y se cree que hay grandes probabilidades de que su precio caiga a corto plazo, pero se piensa el valor tiene una tendencia alcista a largo plazo, por lo que no se quiere vender dichas acciones. Con la opción de venta se obtienen beneficios si caen los precios y no se tiene que vender las acciones. De este modo se aprovecharía la futura subida de los precios de la acción. Es una forma de proteger beneficios no realizados cuando usted se tienen acciones compradas. A esta operación se le conoce como "Put protectora", porque protege la inversión de caídas. * Cuando se está convencido de que la acción va a caer y se quiere aprovechar esa caída para obtener beneficios. Si no se tienen acciones compradas previamente también interesa comprar una opción de venta, pues con ello se obtienen beneficios con las caídas de la acción.

Con todas esas primas que Nick Leeson cobró, pudo pagar las garantías de más futuros Nikkei, el mercado comenzó a subir. Nick Leeson ganó mucho dinero, recuperó con creces todas las pérdidas de la cuenta 88888. Nick Leeson al ver lo bien que le había salido la operación, pensó: "Si me ha salido bien una vez, puede que haya descubierto la forma de hacerme rico".
Por supuesto, Nick Leeson comenzó a operar super-apalancado de esta manera, en esos momentos era la posición más importante de Asia, llegando a comprarse y venderse contratos a sí mismo. Nick Leeson era el mercado. En una de estas operaciones, Nick perdió mucho dinero, pues sobrevino el Gran Terremoto de Kobe, destruyendo gran parte de las infraestructuras de Japón y hundiendo el Nikkei, el Yen y gran parte de la economía japonesa.
El Nikkei cayó más de 1.000 puntos en una mañana. Como en toda catástrofe natural, una persona normal se siente asustada y triste. Pero Nick Leeson no era normal, lo que Nick Leeson vió fue la mayor oportunidad al ver el gran negocio que se les ofrecía: préstamos, reconstrucciones, contratas, grandes infraestructuras...Nick Leeson se apalancó "a lo bestia" en derivados de divisas y futuros del Nikkei, vendiendo millones de Puts para financiar aún más futuros.
Los derivados son uno de los principales instrumentos financieros que, entre otras cosas, permiten a las personas y empresas anticiparse y cubrirse de los riesgos o cambios que pueden ocurrir en el futuro, de tal manera de evitar ser afectados por situaciones adversas.
Gracias a los derivados, por ejemplo, es posible que una persona que haga un negocio por el cual le van a pagar en dólares dentro de unos meses más, logre fijar hoy el precio de cambio de la moneda de Estados Unidos para dicha operación. De esa manera, aunque el dólar suba o baje, quien hizo esa operación dejará de preocuparse por el valor futuro del dólar, puesto que sabrá de antemano cuántos pesos va a recibir por los dólares que obtendrá como pago.
En términos más formales, se puede decir que un derivado es un instrumento financiero cuyo valor depende del precio de un activo (un bono, una acción, un producto o mercancía), de una tasa de interés, de un tipo de cambio, de un índice (de acciones, de precios, u otro), o de cualquier otra variable cuantificable (a la que se llamará variable subyacente).
Apostando en el SIMEX a que el Nikkei se mantendría estable tras el terremoto, a través de short straddles. Nick Leeson llegó a tener el cincuenta por ciento del mercado de futuros sobre el Nikkei en su bolsillo. Sin embargo, algo salió mal para Nick Leeson.
Poco tiempo después, el Banco de Japón (BOJ) decidió que nadie haría negocio con su ruina, y que toda la reconstrucción sería financiada con bonos del estado.
El fin principal del bono del Estado (o bobos de deuda) es obtener capitales a cambio de un compromiso de devolverlos junto con unos intereses que comprenden el beneficio del prestamista.
Quien adquiere un bono, en realidad adquiere un “pagaré”, un compromiso de pago, que la parte emisora se encargará de cumplir en un tiempo estipulado. Quien quiere invertir en bonos del Estado debe saber que las emisiones de bonos poseen el respaldo de los tesoros nacionales, locales y jurisdiccionales. Debido a esto, rápidamente el Nikkei se hundió, y Nick Leeson perdió ochocientos millones de libras.
Ante el gran desastre, Nick Leeson estaba escribiendo una nota pidiendo perdón, justo cuando recibió una llamada de la central. Nick se asustó mucho, pero la llamada era para felicitarle por sus resultados y premiarle con unas vacaciones.
Cuando los auditores del Barings Bank descubrieron finalmente el fraude, ya era demasiado tarde. Las actividades de Leeson habían generado pérdidas totalizando 827 millones de libras (1.4 mil millones de dólares americanos), el doble del capital de comercio disponible del banco. El Banco de Inglaterra intentó un rescate de fin de semana pero fue infructuoso. Barings fue declarado insolvente el 26 de febrero de 1995. El colapso fue dramático, al haber sido repentinamente retenidos los bonos de sus empleados en el mundo.
Finalmente y tras el desastre de Nick Leeson, Barings fue comprado por el banco y compañía de seguros holandés ING por la suma nominal de 1 libra, haciéndose cargo de todos los pasivos de Barings. Por lo tanto, Barings Bank, ya no existe como corporación independiente, a pesar de que el nombre Barings aún vive como Baring Asset Management (Gestión de Activos Baring). BAM fue dividida y vendida por ING a MassMutual y Northern Trust en marzo de 2005.

Referencias https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opci%C3%B3n_de_venta https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivado_financiero http://www.expansion.com/diccionario-economico/bonos-del-estado.html http://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20130218/54365423401/nick-leeson-principal-delito-banca-estupidez.html

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Barings Bank

...Who Killed Barings Bank? Management Principles and Dynamics I. Statement of the Problem What control strategy is appropriate with Barings Bank situation? II. Objectives Find the right control strategy model for Barings Bank to prevent another mismanagement of the bank. III. Areas of considerations/Assumptions A. Areas of considerations a. Corporate culture b. Financial c. Decision-Making d. Leadership / management e. External/Internal environment B. Assumptions a. The Bank’s top officials gives a free-hand to Mr. Leeson to manage the affairs of their Singapore branch b. Mr. Leeson is a great manipulator. c. Top Officials of Barings Bank knows the real situation (financial) in their Singapore branch d. Mr. Leeson gives a lot of money to Baring’s Top Official. IV. Theoretical Framework Financial Control Management of Financial performance that measures the following: a. Liquidity b. Leverage c. Asset management d. Profitability Financial ratios are ratios are useful for historical comparisons within barings banking firm and for external benchmarking. Financial budgets or goals are to be shared with employees and tracked to indicate success or failure...

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