... C. Solution 1. Role of Government** III. Agricultural Events A. Festivities AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL ASIA I. Agricultural Background of Central Asia A. Climate * Very dry climatic conditions * Hot summers and cool winters (much sunshine and very little precipitation) B. Land Use * Majority of the region consists desert land * Only 20% of the land is arable and is suitable for agricultural use C. Agriculture Practices (Process and products) 1. Animal Husbandry >Animal Herds (Cattle and Sheep) * Animals are one of the important exchange commodities – aside from their transportation use; they are also used for wool and skins production * herds provide food such as meat and dairy products, wool and leather from which to make clothes and all kinds of other household items such as felts, quilts, pillows, and mattresses. Minor animals: Chickens, goats, and pigs are also raised. 2. Farming - Almost all the sown agricultural land is under irrigation because of its arid climate. >Wheat >Cotton Plantation Other crops or agricultural products: (Minor products) citrus fruits, dates, figs, melons, pomegranates, olives, sugarcane, sesame and pistachios. II. Problems A. Rebel Activities Collectivization, Privatization -The Central Asian countries including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic,...
Words: 811 - Pages: 4
... Table 1: Maize Yield From Arable Soil Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 acres) Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in Arable Soil 0 8 20 10.7 40 13 60 15.2 80 16.4 100 18.2 120 19.2 140 20.8 160 20.4 180 20.1 Table 2: Maize Yield From Nonarable Sandy Loam Soil Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 acres) Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in Nonarable Sandy Loam Soil 0 15.6 20 17 40 18.2 60 19.3 80 20 100 20.9 120 21.2 140 21.8 160 21.1 180 20.1 The amount of mineral nitrogen fertilization (kg per 100 acres) is correlated with the yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year). When the increase of the mineral nitrogen fertilizer increases, so does the amount in Maize 0 to 180kg for a hundred acres. This study shows that 0 to 180kg of nitrogen fertilizer will produce about 8 mg per year over one hundred acres. When the fertilizer reaches between 140 to 180kg it produces twenty mg of dry mass. The conclusion for this is the more nitrogen fertilizer is added, the more it prevents the plant from growing. Purpose I will observe what happens when nitrogen fertilizer is used on a maize crop and measure the growth in mg in a one year period. Introduction Maize crops depend a lot on nitrogen fertilizer to its growth. Farmers have used nitrogen fertilizer over the year and have understood the potential impact it has on their crops. Over the year most farmers have...
Words: 733 - Pages: 3
...The Egyptian people were one of the first people to practice agriculture. The Egyptians were far ahead of other people or areas in the world in agriculture. Since then, Egypt has decreased its advantage in agriculture it had. In Egypt, agriculture is an important economic issue. All of the conditions of the economic structure are related to agriculture. Agriculture accounts for 14.5% of the GDP in Egypt. Egypt still continues to use the Nile River for irrigation to grow many of its crops. Egypt grows cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, and vegetables. Cotton has been one of the most important crops in the history of Egypt. It used to be their main export, but it declined because of the inconsistency of their state policies. Some of...
Words: 287 - Pages: 2
...Case Study: “Ventria Bioscience and the Controversy over Plant - Made Medicines” Introduction: Case overview Ventria Bioscience, a biotechnology firm based in California, faces the challenge of commercializing a product with potential and considerable public health benefits. Ventria had developed a ground-breaking technology using genetically modified (GM) rice to grow the proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme, both found in human breast milk, which can be used for the treatment of diarrhea in children, tourists and the military. (Lawrence and Weber, 2010, p. 494) However, the pioneer biotechnology invention has to go through regulatory processes and stakeholder’s scrutiny, before it can enter the market. There are ethical concerns over the plant-based medicines and opposition coming from consumer advocates, environmentalists, rice farmers and food safety activists. Ventria needs to overcome the regulatory environment and manage its stakeholder relations in order to succeed and release this product for sale. In order to do so they must establish a strategic plan to improve their triple bottom line performance. They need to convince stakeholders that the potential benefits are desirable and that they can safely and responsibly deliver the product to be commercialized. Even then, Ventria and the biotechnology industry might always face opposition from groups against genetically modified organisms in which human genes are also manipulated. “The public’s reactions to plant-...
Words: 1034 - Pages: 5
...large pieces of land in developing countries, by domestic and transnational companies. The lands are mainly used for the production and export of food and biofuels. The reason why countries like Saudi Arabia, South Korea, China or India are acquiring lands is because they need to grow food to feed their own populations. Indeed, these countries already suffer consequently of water scarcity preventing them from being able to grow enough food for their growing populations. 2. How do land acquisition in Ethiopia and Sudan by South Korea and Saudi Arabia affect food security in Egypt? Egypt is a nation of bread eater requiring millions of tons of wheat per year and in addition Egypt is also the world’s leading wheat importer and subsidized bread. Or, in order to have enough bread for the population Egypt’s grain is either imported or produced with the water of the Nile River. The Nile flows through Ethiopia and Sudan before reaching Egypt. However, according to the Nile water agreement; Egypt is entitled to 75% of the Nile’s river flow. Yet, now those developing countries are acquiring a lot of land in Ethiopia and Sudan with the intention to grow food with nil’s river water regardless of the water agreement. It is fear that demand of water reaches a point where there will not be enough water reaching Egypt in order to sustain its agricultural production, leading then to food security issues in the future. 3. Explain the Nile water Agreement. The Nile water agreement...
Words: 1398 - Pages: 6
...Thesis: In Europe, during the Middle Ages, every social class had a certain lifestyle and some classes struggled more than others. Section 1: Feudalism was a system that exchanged military protection and shelter for farming. The lord of the manor would give land to serfs. Land was limited so it was very valuable, especially when it was well located. As a result, the higher class and wealthy people were landowners. Owning land was the key to obtaining power. The arable land was used to produce food, clothing, provide shelter, and crops for domestic trade and exports. Also, crops were harvested and minerals were mined from beneath them. Serfs would provide the labor in exchange for protection and loyalty from lords. The feudal system introduced a social hierarchy. First, the lower class included peasants and serfs. They made up a majority of the population, in fact, "About 90 percent of men and women fell into this group" (Abbott). Next, he middle class consisted of knights. "Knight's tenure traded military service for land rights" (Cosman, Jones). Of...
Words: 602 - Pages: 3
...million inhabitants. The availability of arable land and increased efficiency in food production from land can reach their limits. The oceanographic conditions, climate and its effect on soil quality and various human uses to determine crop land will be unable to provide food for the ever growing human population. On the other hand, it is recognized, therefore, that marine and freshwater aquatic, covering over 70% of the planet's surface, are a reservoir of food substances, industrial and biomedical importance, and also a source of degradation and dilution of anthropogenic and industrial waste (Solar, 2002). Statistics of the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2002) indicate that the production of food from the aquatic environment is close to 137 million metric tons, of which almost 31% came from farming activities. The FAO also estimates that to meet the needs of the human population of 2025, total production should increase to 165 million metric tons. This significant increase can not come from the catch of wild species without causing serious damage to marine ecosystems, lakes and rivers. Consequently, the increase in the production of seafood must necessarily come from a significant increase in the efficiency of crops. The world's most populous countries like China, India and Indonesia, or those lacking sufficient arable land areas, such as Japan, are turning mainly to aquaculture for food production (Solar, 2002). In 1997, for the...
Words: 1247 - Pages: 5
...www.thetimes100.co.uk Using research and development to improve agricultural productivity Introduction The population of the Earth is growing at a fast pace. In 1950, 2 billion humans lived on the planet. By 2006, this had increased to 6.5 billion and by 2025, the world’s population is expected to reach 8 billion people. This growth in population is expected to be in urban areas, not rural. This leads to a higher calorie demand per person associated with dietary changes. It puts a heavy burden upon the world’s limited resources and further increases pressure on rural communities in the struggle to increase agricultural productivity. In 1960 one hectare of agricultural land was required to grow food to feed two people. By 1995 one hectare was required to feed four people and by 2025 the same area will need to feed five people. Feeding this growing demand requires sustainable solutions for agriculture across the world. This involves balancing the need to produce food with concerns for the environment. Sustainability is a ‘virtuous circle’. If agriculture uses sustainable solutions it will be able to meet the needs of future generations and become the type of farming which future generations want to inherit. As sustainable businesses grow, they develop better methods and solutions to support farmers and growers around the world. Both communities and businesses benefit and local economies grow. CURRICULUM TOPICS • Research and development • Market and product orientation •...
Words: 2050 - Pages: 9
...PEST AND DISEASES OF PLANTATION CROPS PLP 5003 TITLE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL PALM AS THE MAJOR PLANTATION CROP IN MALAYSIA GROUP 7: MOHD HARLIZAN BIN MOHAMAD DARUS GS32853 ADIBAH NOOR BINTI KHAIRUDDIN GS36223 SHAHFAHZIELAH BINTI SHAMRAN GS36066 SITI NOR ANIZAM BINTI ZAMRI GS38320 1.0 INTRODUCTION The oil palm, Elaeis guineensis was brought over to the Bogor Botanic Garden in the Island of Jawa, Indonesia from West Africa in 1848 (Polunin, 2004). It has been planted in almost 43 countries in tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. It was planted in Malaysia in 1896 much later after Indonesia (Yacob, 2005). Now, this crop has become major plantation crop in Malaysia contribute to palm oil industry. Palm oil industry is one of the most traded agriculture commodities in the world. In Malaysia, this industry has been an important agriculture in the economy for the past three decades. Malaysia is one of the major producer of palm oil in the world which contribute17.6 million tonnes respectively in 2009. Recently, concern over the environment impact people around the world keeps on talking about global warming, greenhouses effect, deforestation and other environment impact caused by human activities or improper development. Government and private sectors are being urged to commence all agriculture activities include oil palm within the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, sustainability becomes the main word uses...
Words: 3727 - Pages: 15
...Useful renewable fuels produced by microorganisms include hydrocarbon, ethanol, methane and hydrogen. Biofuel cells which can release energy in fuel chemicals to generate electrical energy at ambient temperature have been developed. Photo-biological hydrogen production: Chloroplast of some photosynthetic microorganisms such as the green alga chlorella in the presence of suitable electron acceptors is capable of producing H2 and O2 through direct photolysis of water. In the system, the substrate (electron donor) is water, sunlight as the energy source is unlimited, and the product (hydrogen) can be stored and is non-polluting. Moreover, the process is renewable, because when the energy is consumed, the substrate (water) is regenerated. Ultimately, the sun is the only large renewable source of energy. • We have a lot, but it is diffuse and not in a form we can use of most things for which we need energy. Useful energy is in electrons! • So, the goal is get the electrons from renewable, but diffuse sources into energy forms easily used by society: e.g., electricity, Photosynthetic Microorganisms • Fast growing - doubling time 0.5-1 day • Do not require arable land • Growth year-round • High areal production • Homogeneous (all cells are the same) • Water-efficient; can recycle minerals • Not lignocellulosic Converting...
Words: 1004 - Pages: 5
...different food production systems make different demands on the environment * food production is closely linked with culture, tradition and politics * subsistence and commercial farming manage soil in different ways. Undernourishment leads to retardation and social and developmental disorders Malnourishment is when food contains enough energy but lacks nutrients like vitamins, minerals and protein. In most MEDC’s food is cheap In LEDC’s people struggle to produce enough food to sustain them. Distribution is one of the main causes of lack of food for some coutnries. Politically, it affects the world food supply There are differences in the amount of calories that each country consumes The composition of food also differs in MEDC’s and LEDC’s. (more meat in MEDC’s and cereal in LEDC’s) So far the food supply has kept up with our needs Subsistence farming is when farmers practice farming for their families or their own small communities not to gain profit. Commercial farming is profit based farming or ‘cash farming’. Extensive farming uses more land with a lower density of planting and lower inputs and outputs Intensive farming uses land more intensively with greater inputs and outputs. Pastoral farming is the raising of animals Arable farming is sowing crops on good land to feed the animals. Mixed farming has both crops and animals and it’s a system where the animals waste is used to fertilize the crops and some of the crops are used to...
Words: 639 - Pages: 3
...Farmers are really worried about their livestock ( Plagiarized) 2. Oklahoma has not seen a drop of rain in six weeks. Farmers have lost billions of dollars worth of crops, and the lack of feed for livestock is making many more farmers nervous about the winter months. ( Plagiarized) 3. In Oklahoma, “farmers have lost billions of dollars worth of crops, and the lack of feed for livestock is making many more farmers nervous about the winter months” (Helms 4). (Okay) 4. Oklahoma farmers are worried that they will not be able to feed their animals during the winter because the absence of rain the past six weeks has caused billions of dollars in crop loss (Helms 4). (Okay) 5. The entire state of Oklahoma has not seen a drop of rain in six weeks. The fields are begging for a drink and have arid soil. ( Plagiarized) Part 2 : 1. This article gives information on how soil erosion affects farming sector and the countries impacted by it. “Arable land [...] lessening the hope that we can feed our booming population [...] “The problem is highly visible in the grasslands of Africa, the Middle East and central Asia””(Vidal). 2. A science professor says that the world will have food shortage within the next 30 years (Vidal). 3. Due to soil erosion, no new land can be utilized for production thus leading to shortage of food. About 75bn tonnes of soil are getting lost due to soil erosion and water logging, i.e., about 10 m hectare land and around 20m hectares...
Words: 302 - Pages: 2
...cultivation spread along human migration routes to South-East Asia, India and to Fiji and Hawaii in 500-1100 AD. Sugarcane is the world's largest crop. In 2010, FAO estimates it was cultivated on about 23.8 million hectares, in more than 90 countries, with a worldwide harvest of 1.69 billion tonnes. Brazil was the largest producer of sugar cane in the world. The next three major producers, in decreasing amounts of production, is India, China, and Thailand Sugar is an addictive food, not only in humans but also in dogs and pigs and other animals with simple stomachs. Excessive sugar induces at least one type of cancer and late- onset diabetes. It also 'crowds out' other energy foods. Despite this, sugar is now part of most processed food and drink of every kind in advanced countries, especially the USA. Unites State's one of the biggest sugar cane companies is Unites States Sugar Cane Corporation. It is Headquartered in Clewiston, Florida the company farms more than 180,000 acres in Hendry, Glades, and Palm Beach counties and employs approximately 1,700 people including many high skilled/wage jobs in automated environments.Produces 650,000 - 700,000 tons of cane sugar a year, providing nearly 8% of the nation’s sugar production. U.S sugar imports are strictly controlled by TRQs. The volume of these quotas is established annually by USDA, and the U.S. Trade...
Words: 487 - Pages: 2
...unimportance. In the late 19th century (Meiji period), these sectors had accounted for more than 80% of employment. Employment in agriculture declined in the pre-war period, but the sector was still the largest employer (about 50% of the work force) by the end of World War II. It was further declined to 23.5% in 1965, 11.9% in 1977, and to 7.2% in 1988. The importance of agriculture in the national economy later continued its rapid decline, with the share of net agricultural production in GNP finally reduced between 1975 and 1989 from 4.1% to 3% In the late 1980s, 85.5% of Japan's farmers were also engaged in occupations outside of farming, and most of these part-time farmers earned most of their income from non-farming activities. Japan's economic boom that began in the 1950’s left farmers far behind in both income and agricultural technology. They were attracted to the government's food control policy under which high rice prices were guaranteed and farmers were encouraged to increase the output of any crops of their own choice. Farmers became mass producers of rice, even turning their own vegetable gardens into rice fields. Their output swelled to over 14 million metric tons in the late 1960s, a direct result of greater cultivated area and increased yield per unit area, owing to improved cultivation techniques. Three types of farm households developed: those engaging...
Words: 1727 - Pages: 7
...powers to control production, supply, distribution etc. of essential commodities for maintaining or increasing supplies and for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices. Using the powers under the Act, various Ministries/Departments of the Central Government have issued Control Orders for regulating production/distribution/quality aspects/movement etc. pertaining to the commodities which are essential and administered by them such as foodgrains, edible oils, pulses kerosene, sugar etc. The Central Government regularly monitors the action taken by State Governments/UT Administrations to implement the provisions of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. The items declared as essential commodities under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 are reviewed from time to time in the light of liberalized economic policies in consultation with the Ministries/Departments administering the essential commodities. At present the list of essential commodities contains 15 items in which Foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils are under Item no.6 of the List. Powers to control production, supply, distribution, etc., of essential commodities[11]— (1) If the Central Government is of opinion that it is necessary or expedient so to do for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity for the defence of India or the efficient conduct of military operations, it may, by order, provide for regulating, or prohibiting the production supply and distribution...
Words: 494 - Pages: 2
