...lungs and red blood cells. Red blood cells are train so they can release maximum oxygen for muscle use during marathon run. Before the actual race to start runners brain prepared their body for “flight or fight” process. This is done by releasing epinephrine which is also known as Adrenaline. The chemical formula of adrenaline is C9H13NO3. With the release of epinephrine runner’s body get ready for action. Muscles are used in any type of exercise according to Shuo Qing, “during running muscles are working to accelerate body and keep it moving”. Muscles generate force by using energy. In human body, muscle work as an electric motors. They use the chemical called adenosine dry phosphate (ATP) for the source of energy. Three different types of food Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used to generate ATP. But mostly Carbohydrates in the form of sugar or glucose molecules are the major. Marathon is always consider as an ultimate challenge physical activity, because it involves sustains long exercise of moving the muscles. This means that you need lots of energy that goes on to it. Doing this we need different type of energy. In different energy sources are...
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...How do muscles use this energy? 1. “ATP”=Adenosine TriPhopshate *phosphate groups are attached by high energy bonds 2. When the terminal phosphate group is cleaved off, energy is released 3. ATP->ADP+Pi+Energy 4. This energy is available to perform cellular work Aerobic Metabolism/Cellular Respiration -Occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen -C612O6+Oxygen->CO2+H2O+36 ATP -Used with prolonged activities which maintain a constant heart rate -as long as there is enough oxygen Anaerobic Metabolism/Glycolysis -Sometimes your muscles will temporarily run out of O2 -C6H12O6-> lactic acid + 2 ATP -Used when large amounts of ATP are used for exercise about 90 seconds long -Anaerobic Metabolism/Creatine Pathway -utilizes stored energy from Creatine phosphate -Creatine phosphate + ADP -> Creatine + 1 ATP -Used at the beginning of exercise before other pathways kick in -enough energy for about 10 seconds contraction How does the microscopic structure of you skeletal system relate to its function? Compact bone: outer layer of bone, has continuous extracellular matrix w/no gaps, makes up wall of diaphysis, dense, made of tightly packed tissue Cancellous (spongy) bone: made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix, thin layers, many branching bony plates called “trabeculae”, gets nutrients by diffusing into canaliculi that lead to the surfaces of these thin, bony plates, located within trabeculae Hyaline cartilage: very fine collagenous fibers in extracellular matrix...
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...Intensity versus Speed 4. Protein Supplementation a. Protein supplementation b. Combining Protein Supplementation 5. Cellular Respiration & Effect on Weight Training a. Glycolysis b. Aerobic Respiration c. Anaerobic Respiration (inc. lactic acid) d. Carbohydrate Loading 6. Creatine Supplementation a. An Introduction b. Lab: Effect of Phosphocreatine on Lactic Acid 7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids a. Reactions within the Body involving steroids b. Side Effects of Steroid Intake c. Detecting Steroids in the Human Body 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited 10. Miscellaneous Bodybuilding Page 2 of 59 I. Introduction Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training. While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society today begin bodybuilding to present a good image of themselves. Many different companies have grasped on to this concept of muscle mass growth and have formulated products which can enhance the process of muscle enlargement. For example, creatine monohydrate, a product advertised to “boost muscle size and strength” and “improve athletic performance”, is available over the counter and has...
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...Musculoskeletal response: The short term effects on your muscles include an increase in temperature and metabolic activity. This is the speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body. As a result of this, there is a much greater demand for oxygen because there is an increase of blood supply through the capillary dilation. Once you start to exercise your muscle begin to demand for more oxygen there is also a higher demand of other nutrient like carbohydrates and fats which are need to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Your body uses red blood cells to transport oxygen around your body; your blood vessels expand to allow more blood into your muscles more efficiently and quicker. When there is an increase in blood supply blood is being pumped to the working muscle therefore less oxygen is delivered to the organs that do not require it as much. Heat is produced when doing exercise this comes from friction from muscles contractions, when this happens your body carries the heat in the blood to the surface of your skin which is then removed through sweat. The reason why this occurs is because when your body start to heat up enzymes stop working and cells start to cook this can have a massive affecting the body, so heat is then removed using vasodilation. Another musculoskeletal response is an increase in muscle pliability this means your muscles adjusts and are more flexible. The reason why your muscle adjust whilst doing exercise is because your muscles contain lactic...
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...10 meters to jump and throw a goal – requiring a maximal 8-10 second effort. In this case ATP-CP system is the dominant energy system because of the inability of the aerobic system to supply enough oxygen to the muscles to be dominant. An effort requiring a longer maximal effort of up to 2 minutes would see the lactic acid system become the dominant pathway. Following this the player jogs back to his defensive 6 meter goal line to defend the oppositions re-start. 60% of maximal heart rate in the 11 minute mark of the first half highlights this. This sub-maximal effort sees the aerobic system become the dominant contributor of the energy accessed because the energy demands of the effort’s are met based on the provision and delivery of oxygen to the muscles by the cardiac and respiratory systems. (diagram below summarises this) The mutual dependence of the different body's energy systems is the key to this concept of "interplay" During anaerobic efforts seen above creatine phosphate and glycogen are utilised to re-build ATP. In doing so they produce lactic acid (9 mmols as seen in the data) and deplete creatine phosphate. When the player jogs back to his defensive area ( a sub-maximal effort) it not only allows him to use aerobic pathways for energy – but they also enable fundamental breakdown of lactic acid produced during previous anaerobic efforts and the re-building of creatine phosphate used. This alternation...
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...Creatine Speech Outline Good morning my name is i will be talking about the effects of creatine and the positive affects it has on its user when taken properly. And i will also be clearing up some facts and myths which have been recently proven true or false. Creatine is a natural substance that turns into creatine phosphate in the body. Creatine phosphate helps make a substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP provides the energy for muscle contractions. Back in the 1970s, scientists discovered that taking creatine in supplement form might enhance physical performance. In the 1990s, athletes started to catch on, and creatine became a popular sports supplement. According to studies, 8% of adolescents take creatine. The supplement is particularly popular among high school, college, and professional athletes, especially football and hockey players, wrestlers, and gymnasts. An estimated 40% of college athletes and up to half of professional athletes say they use creatine supplements. Creatine is thought to improve strength, increase lean muscle mass, and help the muscles recover more quickly during exercise. This muscular boost may help athletes achieve bursts of speed and energy, especially during short bouts of high-intensity activities such as weight lifting or sprinting. I will now discuss the 7 most controversial creatine topics 1 Creatine is similar to anabolic steroids. Myth. Steroids mimic testosterone and are banned in the Olympics and in professional...
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...Initial Responses to Exercise Cardiovascular Responses: Heart rate increases in a linear fashion to intensity of the exercise. This means the higher the intensity of the exercise, the higher the heart rate would be. The heart rate activity response because of the workload it has. The harder you exercise the more oxygen you need in the muscles so the increased heart rate means blood is pumped around the body quicker. Anticipatory response is the adrenaline that triggers the heart rate to increase to prepare for exercise. Stroke volume is the volume of blood being pumped into the heart with each beat. Stroke volume also increases when the intensity of exercises increases Cardiac output is the volume of blood being from the heart each minute. The increased intensity of exercise increases the cardiac output volume as well. Blood Pressure (calculating – resistance to flow multiplied by heart rate; readings) – Blood pressure is the force exerted by the flow of blood against the walls of the arteries and results from two forces. One is created by the heart as it pumps blood into the arteries and the circulatory system. The other is the force of the arteries as they resist blood flow. During exercise, although both cardiac output and blood pressure, these mechanism act to restrict the blood pressure rise and eventually bring it down to more efficient levels. Blood pressure = resistance x heart rate Blood pressure readings have two numbers. The top number is your systolic...
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...and performance/health claims that go along with them. Many claims come and go without a lot of hassle, but none has generated the commotion of the interest or debate surrounding creatine (Cr). Many people believe Cr is another weight gaining powder or steroid alternative (Plisk and Kreider, 1999). What those people do not know is Cr is also found in the human body naturally as opposed to supplementation. Individuals know the name creatine but may not understand the science behind it. The use of Cr has become very widespread, usually in the supplement form Cr monohydrate. Every since the discovery of the ability to increase Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr) inside the human muscles by oral ingestion of supplemental Cr has led to many studies showcasing the benefits of exercise performance. Cr monohydrate supplementation shows significant results to increase the human body’s ability to maintain power output during high-intensity exercise and increase the rate of PCr to resynthesis during the recovery phase of intermittent high intensity exercise (Volek and Kraemer, 1996). My goal is to provide significant information on natural Cr functions, Cr as a supplement, ways the human body utilize Cr to enhance athletic performance, and how society views/uses Cr. Effects of Creatine in the Human Body Creatine was discovered by a French scientist named Chevreul in 1832 but it was not until 1847 did another scientist Lieberg discover that Cr in the body was directly involved in producing...
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...PMB 103: METABOLISM: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DESIGN Definition of terms; metabolism, bioenergetics and thermodynamics. * Laws of thermodynamics, free energy changes and standard free energy changes in biochemical reactions. * Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; * Free-energy change for hydrolysis of ATP and other phosphorylated compounds and thioesters. * Role of ATP: phosphorylation, * pyrophosphorylation and adenylation, * assembly of informational macromolecules, * active transport and muscle contraction. * Biological oxidation-reduction reactions; * flow of electrons * dehydrogenations * redox potentials * electron carriers * dehydrogenases * Nature of metabolic reactions: anabolism, catabolism. * regulation of metabolism. Scope of the course * (Review) the laws of thermodynamics and the quantitative relationships among free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. * describe the special role of ATP in biological energy exchanges. Consider the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions in living cells, the energetic of electron-transfer reactions, and the electron carriers commonly employed as cofactors of the enzymes that catalyze these reactions. Reference Books 1. Lehninger, PPls of Biochemistry Fourth Edition David L Nelson and 2. Elementary Biophysics. An introduction. PK. Srivastave Alpha Science Oxford, UK 2005 3. Biophysics. V. Pattabhi and N. Gautham. Second Edition...
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...Pros & Cons of Creatine! There is no doubt in making the remark that creatine is the most popular supplement when it comes to gaining weight. Creatine is manufactured by the body and supplies energy to the muscles. It travels through the bloodstream to the muscles, where it is converted into creatine phosphate. It then regenerates ATP, which is the main source of explosive power. This means that it gives you the boost that you need to do more reps and lift more weight! Let's look at the pros & cons of creatine: Pros: Creatine has been reported by many to be an effective supplement in muscle growth and bodybuilders are among the top consumers of this product. Because creatine is able to make energy readily available for muscles during workouts,...
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...A Report On Malignant Hyperthermia August 2014 A Report On Malignant Hyperthermia Imagine a “hidden disease” that is usually inherited with no clear signs of symptoms until it’s suddenly triggered by drugs, or the right environmental factor or stressor. Then, once triggered, this disease induces a drastic and uncontrolled increase in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism which overwhelms the body’s capacity to supply oxygen, regulate body temperature, and remove carbon dioxide. When this occurs, you may observe muscle rigidity, rapid heartbeat, high body temperature, muscular breakdown, and an increase in acid content (MHAUS, 2014). If not treated in a quick manner, Malignant Hyperthermia will kill. What makes this disease into a horror story is the fact that it arises upon certain triggers that are either environmental or certain types of drugs administrated from the veterinarians orders. The most common triggering agents are anesthetic gases like sevoflurane, halothane, enflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane. Certain types of muscle relaxants that are commonly added to anesthetic gases have also been known to trigger the disease as well as catecholamines, phenothiazines, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors which inhibits the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme family and is usually used to treat depression. That’s right! People can get Malignant Hyperthermia as well as are little furry friends. It’s not all bad news though, Some local anesthetics have...
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...A Report On Malignant Hyperthermia August 2014 A Report On Malignant Hyperthermia Imagine a “hidden disease” that is usually inherited with no clear signs of symptoms until it’s suddenly triggered by drugs, or the right environmental factor or stressor. Then, once triggered, this disease induces a drastic and uncontrolled increase in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism which overwhelms the body’s capacity to supply oxygen, regulate body temperature, and remove carbon dioxide. When this occurs, you may observe muscle rigidity, rapid heartbeat, high body temperature, muscular breakdown, and an increase in acid content (MHAUS, 2014). If not treated in a quick manner, Malignant Hyperthermia will kill. What makes this disease into a horror story is the fact that it arises upon certain triggers that are either environmental or certain types of drugs administrated from the veterinarians orders. The most common triggering agents are anesthetic gases like sevoflurane, halothane, enflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane. Certain types of muscle relaxants that are commonly added to anesthetic gases have also been known to trigger the disease as well as catecholamines, phenothiazines, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors which inhibits the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme family and is usually used to treat depression. That’s right! People can get Malignant Hyperthermia as well as are little furry friends. It’s not all...
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...bodies about as well as we understand our cars. We know we’re supposed to take them out for a spin once in a while, and keep them well fueled. But when it comes to grasping precisely how that fuel gets converted into motion — well, we’re not entirely sure. So let’s take a look under the hood, shall we? Like a hybrid engine, your body has several ways of turning the stuff you eat into the stuff you do. All of these metabolic energy systems are switched on during physical activity, but each plays a different role depending on available energy and the specific demands of the task. Each burns a particular type of fuel at a particular rate — thereby affecting fat loss and muscle gain in a particular way. * The adenosine triphosphate–creatine phosphate (ATP-CP) system, or phosphagen system, supports very brief, high-intensity activities like a single-effort vertical jump. * The glycolytic system provides energy for activities of slightly longer duration and lower intensity like strength training. * The oxidative systemsupports long-duration, lower-intensity activities like walking or distance running. In recent years, exercise physiologists have learned how to target each system with specialized training to better prepare individuals for a specific event or sport. On the next few pages, you’ll discover how your body’s...
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...| Chapter 8 Muscular System | |The Muscles: Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal __muscle__ tissue, several ___connective____ tissue coverings, __nervous_ tissue to cause it | |to contract, and __blood___ to nourish it. | | Connective Tissue coverings: | |The muscle has several dense connective coverings. | |Layers of dense connective tissue, called __fascia___, surround and separate each muscle. | |This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to cord like | |__tendons___ that are fused to the periosteum of bones. | |Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called | |___aponeuroses___ ...
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...1. Compare the three types of muscle cells and relate this to the arrangement of fibers and anatomy. There are three types of muscle cells the cardiac, the skeletal, and the smooth. The cardiac muscle is the muscle that makes up the wall of the heart. This muscle is involuntary because the contractions are not under our control. The cardiac usually have a single nucleus. The cells are often branched and are tightly connected by specialized junctions, the ends of the cells that connect to another cell is the intercalated disc. Both the cardiac and skeletal muscles are called striated because they have dark and light bands. The Skeletal is also called voluntary because its contractions are under our control. There are many myofibrils...
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