...reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) and give an example of each. (LECT) Describe what happens during a chemical reaction. Give three types of chemical reactions. (LECT) Interpret the information given in chemical notations. (LECT) Define ion, oxidation, and reduction. (LECT) Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. (LECT & LAB) Define solution, solute, and solvent. (LECT & LAB) Define...
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...actions amid cells, carry nutrients to cells, and carry waste products away from cells. They are the primary transport system between cells. The internal environment of the body is extracellular fluid, which refers to all of the fluids outside of our cells in our bodies – such as blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid. These fluids make up approximately 1/4 of body weight. Describe the three major types of lipids found in the body. (6 marks) * The three major types of lipids found in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In epithelial tissue, there are squamous cells, which are flat with the nucleus located near the upper surface. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped (or hexagonal) with a central, round nucleus. Cuboidal cells absorb...
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...the images and questions provided ahead of time to work on them. To do Part 1, download the following documents and have your textbook available. Part 1 Characteristics of tissues A. Epithelial Tissues What are five general characteristics which distinguish epithelial tissues? (1. Cellularity: tightly packed sheets of cells with little intercellular material between them 2. Basement membrane; the basal surface of ETs are anchored to underlying CT by a distinct basement membrane 3. Specialized contacts: tight junctions and desmosomes 4. Avascularity: contain no blood vessels; are nourished by nutrients which diffuse upward from underlying connective tissue through the basement membrane 5. Regeneration: high regeneration capacity due to rapid cell division ) Explain how the general morphology of epithelial cells may be deduced from the names of the epithelial tissues. (The names of the epithelial cells are characteristic of their structure: simple=single layer stratified=many layers squamous=flat cuboidal=cube shaped columnar=elongated ) Epithelial tissues specialized for secretion can be found in two types of glands. What are the gland types, and what are the functional characteristics of each? (Exocrine glands secrete products into a duct, which opens onto and external surface (ie sweat gland) or an internal space/lumen (ie gastric gland). Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood and are ductless.) Explain how the characteristics of any one of the epithelia...
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...Chapter 4 Learning outcomes 4-1 Identify the four major types of tissues in the body and describe their roles. The four major types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue. The functions of each are that the epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and chambers, and forms glands. The connective tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body and stores energy. The muscle tissue includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollo organs, The neural tissue carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses. 4-2 Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissue. The types of epithelial tissue include epithelia and glands. Epithelial provides four important functions that include physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions. 4-3 Describe the relationship between structural and function for each type of epithelium. There are columnar, cuboidal, and squamous, which are flattened and scale-like cells. Basically columnar are much higher than they are wide, cuboidal look like squares, and squamous are flat like turtles and therefore not very tall at all. The relationship between each other is that squamous cells provide physical protection and performs absorption and secretion. The cuboidal structure relationship...
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... OBJECTIVES: 1. Define the term tissue. 2. Name the four primary adult tissue types, and give a brief description of each. 3. Describe the functions and types of extracellular fluid (ECF). 4. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of cell junctions. 5. Sketch a typical layer of epithelium. Label each structure and use this cell layer to discuss the characteristics of epithelia. 6. Explain how epithelia are nourished. 7. Discuss the classification scheme for epithelia. 8. For each of the following epithelial tissues, give a structural description (including any special features such as cilia, goblet cells, etc.), denote a key body location, and identify its function(s): A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Simple Squamous ET Simple Cuboidal ET Simple Columnar ET Pseudostratified Columnar ET Transitional ET Stratified Squamous ET (both keratinized and non-keratinized) Glandular ET 9. Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine exocrine glands and give an example of each. 10. Define the term carcinoma. 11. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissues (CT) and discuss the major structural differences from ET’s. 12. Explain how CT’s are composed of cells plus an intercellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers. 84 CHAPTER 5: TISSUES 13. Describe ground substance, list the three CT fiber types, and name the many types of cells that may compose CT. 14. For each of the following CT’s, describe its structure...
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...and explain the nature of each with an example Sensory Receptor | Nature | Chemoreceptor | Respong to chemical substances in immediate vicinity. Taste, smell, chemoreceptors in blood vessels monitoring O2, CO2, and pH | Pain receptors (type of chemoreceptors) | Type of chemoreceptor. Naked dendrites that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues give warning ie. appendicitis | Mechanoreceptors | Stimulated by mechanical forces (usually pressure). Sense of touch, stretch in lungs, hearing and pressure waves | Thermoreceptors | Stimulated by changes in temperature. Warm/cold receptors. In skin and hypothalamus | Photoreceptors | Respond to light energy. Eyes. Rod cell stimulation gives black/white vision, cone cells give colour vision | 2. For the sense of taste state: i. Location of receptors: taste buds (cells) on tongue (tip, upper front, margins and back ii. Type of stimulation:chemical iii. Flavours which can be tastedsweet, sour, salty, bitter 3. For the sense of smell state: iv. Location of receptors:olfactory cells high in the roof of the nasal cavity. Cells are modified neurons. Connected to olfactory bulb an extension of the brain v. Type of stimulation:chemical 4. On the following diagram of the eye, label the following parts: vi. vii. Sclera viii. Cornea ix. Choroid x. Pupil xi. Iris xii. Lens ...
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...BIO 210 Test 2 Study Guide: Chapter 4: 1. Define: Cell – basic unit of life Tissue – groups of similar cells Organ – contains 2 or more types of tissues Organ System – organs that work closely together 2. What are the common functions of: Epithelial tissue – covers and lines things – protects. Connective tissue – binds and supports – provides shape and structure. Muscle Tissue – contraction of muscles and movement. Nerve Tissue – sends signals and impulses – communication. 3. Be able to compare and contrast examples of each tissue type. Know identifying features of each tissue. EPITHELIAL TISSUE – 6 KINDS - all have free space at their apical surface. Simple squamous epithelial tissue – lung and kidney glomerulus – 1 layer of flattened sacs – very thin. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue – epidermis – multiple layers of flattened sacs. Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue – kidney tubules – 1 layer – rounded cube shaped cells. Simple Columnar epithelial tissue – digestive or GI tract – 1 layer – column shaped cells – nuclei at basal membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue – trachea lining – false multiple layers of column shaped cells – cilia (hair) – goblet cells. Transitional epithelial tissue – urinary bladder – domed shaped apical cells – looks like forks in the road. CONNECTIVE TISSUE – 11 KINDS – Areolar connective tissue – papillary region of the dermis – fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers – looks like a spider web. ...
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...Storage of minerals e. Fat storage f. Blood cell production 2. Compare compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense bone with very few spaces and is covered by a nourishing membrane called the periosteum. Spongy bone is identified by its many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. Where are the yellow and red marrow found in adults? A long bone in the human body contains both compact bone and spongy bone. The compact bone is found on the outer surface of the bone and compose the shaft. The spongy bone is found at the ends of the long bone. Yellow bone marrow it found in the central shaft of the long bone surrounded by the compact bone. Red bone marrow is found in spaces of the spongy bone. 4. Describe the structure of an osteon, and explain the function of osteocytes and the central canal. The osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes (mature bone cells) in a rigid matrix. O steocytes are located within a lacuna in the matrix. Canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal. This allows for the transport of items between the cells and the blood vesels in the central canal. 5. Describe the formation of bone in a fetus. Explain how bone growth continues after birth. During fetal development, most of the skeleton is first formed of cartilage. Cartilage cells actively divide, allowing the skeleton to grow...
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...05/12/2015 Abstract In common metabolic biochemistry human burns fuel (food) and generate energy. This energy is responsible off doing all types of processes of her body. Human body work in a very complex way when there is a demand on working muscles. During running so many changes are noticeable in human body. Those changes are faster heartbeat, sweating, hurting of muscles and very fast and deep breathing. These things consider normal doing marathon run. In order for runners to run marathon they have to train their body with hours of training. These trainings prepare their different body areas for example heart, lungs and red blood cells. Red blood cells are train so they can release maximum oxygen for muscle use during marathon run. Before the actual race to start runners brain prepared their body for “flight or fight” process. This is done by releasing epinephrine which is also known as Adrenaline. The chemical formula of adrenaline is C9H13NO3. With the release of epinephrine runner’s body get ready for action. Muscles are used in any type of exercise according to Shuo Qing, “during running muscles are working to accelerate body and keep it moving”. Muscles generate force by using energy. In human body, muscle work as an electric motors. They use the chemical called adenosine dry phosphate (ATP) for the source of energy. Three different types of food Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used to generate ATP. But mostly Carbohydrates in the form of sugar or glucose molecules...
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...Burke County Middle School Science Constructive Response 6th and 7th Grade Science 6th Grade Constructed Response 1. What are the three major classifications of rocks formed on Earth? Which one would you find fossils in and why would you find fossils in this rock. Explain how fossils form. (6.E.2.4) Answer: Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous You would find fossils in sedimentary rock Layers of soil are laid down on dead animals or plants embalming them. The minerals replace the organic matter creating the fossil. 2. Describe how the revolution of the Earth around the sun affects the seasons. Give one example supporting your answer (6.E.1.1) Answer: Revolution is defined as the orbital path a celestial body follows around the sun, or other celestial body. AS the Earth is close to the sun, the sunrays are able to reach the Earth a short distance allowing the Earth to become warmer. When the Earth moves away from the sun, the rays do not reach the earth. The Earth at a persistent distance does not allow the Earth to warm causing a change in seasons. 3. Contrast the differences between lunar and solar eclipses and the affects they have on Earth. (6.E.1.1) Answer: Lunar—Earth’s shadow hides the moon; widely visible Solar—Moon blocks the sun; visible to only certain areas of the Earth at a time. Less light available for a short period of time. 7th Grade Constructed Response 1. Explain how two brown eyed parents could...
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...BIO 100--STUDY GUIDE--EXAM 1 STUFF TO BRING: A Scantron Form 882-E; number 2 pencil STUFF TO KNOW: What do all living organisms do? Surface to Volume Ratio (compare big to small organisms), Atom (what is it and what is it made from); the 4 major elements that make up living organisms; why antioxidants are good; What are the 4 main molecules of living organisms; What are the main functions of each of these types of molecules; Know the main organelles of the cell, and their function Three Primary tissues; layers of the skin (2 main layers); Two main regions of the skeleton; regions of the spine; bones of the arm and leg; ball and socket joints; three types of muscle and the function of each; the BASICS or muscle contraction; 2 types of muscle contraction; fast and slow muscle fibers, which type of athlete would have which kind of muscles?; know the three types of levers described in class, and be able to give an example or each Immune system Cold vs the flu; what is a virus? What is a bacteria? Which is killed by antibiotics?; know the components of the: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE; SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE; THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE; what is immunity? How do you acquire immunity? Why is the flu a serious disease (I am not referring to the flu you typically get) Cardiovascular system Know the chambers of the heart; Sino-Atrial Node; Atrio-ventrical Node’ Blood flow through the heart and out to the body, and blood returning to the heart. Arteries, veins and capillaries (structure...
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...BIOLOGY 10 Introduction to Biology Laboratory Manual Prepared by: KLLabrador Table of Contents |Exercise |Title |Page No. | |1 |Observation and Description |2 | |2 |Formulation, Testing of Hypothesis, |6 | | |and Experimental Design | | |3 |The Use of Models and Controls |9 | |4 |Plant and Animal Tissues |14 | |5 |Cellular Respiration |22 | |6 |Photosynthesis |27 | |7 |Phylogeny and Systematics: Survey of Plant and Animal Families |30 | | ...
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...Animation Questions: Digestive System Overview (23 Questions) 1. What are the four main functions of the digestive system? Ingestion Absorption Elimination of wastes 2. Name the types of digestion. Mechanical Chemical 3. Where does digestion begin? How does this occur? Mouth. Where the teeth breaks food into smaller particles during mastication. 4. Another name for chewing is Mastication. 5. What is the function of the salivary glands? Of saliva? Located near the oral cavity secrete saliva, which begins chemical digestion and keeps the food moist. 6. What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity while swallowing? Soft palate 7. What muscles push food particles into the pharynx? Multiple voluntary muscle in the face, neck and tongue. 8. Name the structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory system? Epiglottis 9. Name the structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Esophagus 10. Once it has been swallowed, the food mass is called a Bolus. 11. What is the term for involuntary wavelike contractions that propel the bolus to the stomach? Peristalsis 12. What are rugae? What are their functions? Folds in the stomach. Allow for expansion as the stomach fills, and also increases surfaces area. 13. The stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and various regulatory hormones that chemically digest the bolus. 14. What effect do these secretions have on the bolus? Muscular contractions in...
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...Group 3 Respiratory System * Consists of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. * Air passes from the nose or mouth via various respiratory passages, to millions of balloons like sacs, the alveoli in the lungs. Respiration -term for the processes by which oxygen reaches body cells and is utilized by them in metabolism bywhich carbon dioxide is eliminated. Parts of the Respiratory System * Nose-The uppermost part of the respiratory tract bearing the nostrils, the outer opening for entrance of air and the organ of smell. Functions of the Nose: * Organ of Smell * Protecting the Lungs * It is also a resonator Parts of the Nose: * Nasal Septum- is the central partition inside the nose that divides it into two cavities, the right and left passages called fossae. * Nasal Cavity- a sticky mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and traps dust particles. * Nose Hairs- hairs at the entrance to the nose trap the large inhaled particles. * Internal Nares- posterior opening connected to the pharynx. * Facial Sinuses- these are air spaces in the bones of the skull which communicate with nasal cavities and make it lighter. * Sinusitis- the inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses caused by infection. * Rhinoplasty- an operation that alters the structure of the nose to improve its appearance or to correct a deformity caused...
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...some movement. The carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform) are examples of short bones. (learn.visiblebody.com, 2015) Flat Bone. There are flat bones in the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer), the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), and the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis). The function of flat bones is to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. Flat bones are somewhat flattened, and can provide protection, like a shield; flat bones can also provide large areas of attachment for muscles. (learn.visiblebody.com, 2015) Irregular bones vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category (flat, short, long, or sesamoid). They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. For example, the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column, protect the spinal cord. The irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium) protect organs in the pelvic cavity. (learn.visiblebody.com,...
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