...The Tuskegee Airmen were the group of black pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first black pilots in the United States Air force. They overcame many racial barriers in their training and during their time in the air force. The careers of the Tuskegee airmen were great strides in the civil rights movement because they showed that African Americans were capable of the same things as whites. The Tuskegee Airmen had great training, they had to go through many racial challenges, and on top of that they were some of the most successful pilots in World War 2. Training The Tuskegee airmen were trained at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. The Tuskegee institute was an all African-American Institute founded by Booker T. Washington. The Tuskegee Institute received a contract from the military and provided training to African Americans while the military built a segregated base. The Tuskegee Institute provided training in meteorology, navigation and instruments. All of the cadets that did very well in these classes were moved to the Tuskegee Army Air Field. The Air Corps provided aircraft, textbooks, flying clothes, parachutes and mechanic suits while the Tuskegee Institute provided full facilities for the aircraft and personnel. They then completed their Army Air Corps pilot training. During their training they had many great teachers like Lt. Col. Noel F. Parish and Charles A. Anderson who tried to make their training as unsegregated as possible...
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...Owen Edwards’s publication: “The Tuskegee Airman Planes Last Flight” is the topic of this reader’s response. The story is about air force captain Matt Quy and his PT-13D airplane. In the story Cpt. Quy and his wife bought the plane, and with the help of friends fully restored it. While researching the plane they found out it was used in Tuskegee training, which led to the Quy family donating the plane to the National Museum of African American History. Edwards’s publication was suitable for the Smithsonian Magazine because it’s a story that should be significant in African American history. It’s a historical event that should be in the biggest museum and research complex magazine. Almost everybody that’s a fan of history or as a hobby reads The Smithsonian. Owen Edwards’s purpose for narrating this event was to honor the Tuskegee airmen, and to also highlight the generosity of the Quy family. Edwards recalled events that took place like the airshows plus the mechanical work for the plane. The Quy family dedicated a lot of time and money to the restoration of the old airplane. Edwards’s attitude made him seem proud to witness the last flight of the plane. To see the plane go from wrecked to fully operational had to be astonishing. He even said something on the likes of that the final landing was very quiet while people in the attendance were aww struck. Even in a hangar full of faster and bigger planes the PT-13D stood out the most. Once finding out the plane was used at...
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...The Tuskegee Airmen were essential to the complete integration of the United States armed forces. Although the Tuskegee Airmen were not the first black service members to distinguishably serve their country, they were able to do so during a time of progression in the black community and turmoil in the world. The Tuskegee Airmen represented the diverse and deeply patriotic African American population on an international front. After World War I, several studies were conducted, in reference to the role that African Americans played in the military. The results were biases and based in prejudice and stereotypes of the past. “The study concluded that black men were cowards, poor technicians and fighters, lacking initiative and resourcefulness. The study also stated that the Negro was a subspecies of the human population.” The study also reported that the average brain of a black man only weighed thirty-five ounces compared to the forty-five ounces of an average white man. These test results provided more than enough evidence for military leaders that the military need to continue its practice of segregation. With World War II quickly advancing on the heels of America, the War College was commissioned to do another study into the role of blacks in the military. This study did not differ very much from the previous report, but it did suggest that more blacks be allowed to join the Army. Despite the need for more soldiers, this did not change the positions that blacks were given...
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...Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University | History of the Tuskegee Airmen | History 130 Term Paper | 8/24/2015 | Abstract During the course of World War II members of the 99th Pursuit Squadron, later changed to 99th Fighter Squadron, fought bravely for a nation that didn’t respect them. The Red Tails became one of the finest groups of aviators in American aviation history. They were an effective and efficient group and earned 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 14 Bronze Stars, and 8 Purple Hearts. They also received 3 Distinguished Unit Citations, 2 for the 99th and 1 for the entire fighter group (Martin, 2014, p. 78). They accomplished all this with less training, inadequate facilities, and less rest than their white counterparts. Their bomber escort missions proved they were willing to sacrifice their own personal glory for the safety of others and the completion of the mission. The Red Tails of the 332nd were true American heroes and valued aviators! The story of the Tuskegee Airman is one that has helped shape America’s perception of not only aviation but the role that the black community could play in this country’s development. The idea that a black man could fly a plane as well as the whites was very controversial and thus not even considered. Due to the racism of this period in America blacks had to put up with bigotry everywhere they turned. The Tuskegee Airman changed a lot of people’s minds on how blacks in America were perceived. In May...
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...well-renown entertainer. Dealing with the ups and downs of life and the feeling of not belonging, he attended New York’s High School of the Performing Arts at the age of 14. While still trying to find himself and enhance his natural talent abilities at the age of 18, he made his New York stage debut in “The Prodigal Son” and continued to expand his horizons by playing Judas in “Jesus Christ Superstar.” His career continued to move forward as he was cast in “Sweet Charity” directed by Bob Fosse as one of the frug dancers. Bob Fosse was amazed at the talent and style of Ben Vereen that has made him a leading player in the 1973 stage play, “Pippin” which won him a Tony Award. (Ben Vereen: Biography from Answers, n.d., para 1). While applying for a passport at the age of 21, he learned he was adopted and Benjamin Augustus Middleton is his birth name. He...
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...sematikos: to signify, to mean. Semantikos means semantics, which can be defined as how to get people to believe things and do things. That is not a bad definition of public relations. In 50 B.C. Julius Caesar wrote the first campaign biography, Caesar’s Gallic Wars. He publicized his military exploits to convince the Roman people that he would make the best head of state. Candidates for political office continue to publicize themselves with campaign biographies and accounts of military exploits to this day. In 394 A.D., St. Augustine was a professor of rhetoric in Milan, the capitol of the Western Roman Empire. He delivered the regular eulogies to the emperor and was the closest thing to a minister of propaganda for the imperial court. Thus, St. Augustine was one of the first people in charge of public relations. The modern equivalent would be the President’s press secretary or communication director. In 1776, Thomas Paine wrote “The Crisis,” a pamphlet which convinced the soldiers of Washington’s army to stay and fight at a time when so many were prepared to desert so they could escape the cold and the hardships of a winter campaign. Paine was a master of political propaganda whose writing could get people to do things and believe things. Benjamin Franklin made it a rule to forbear all contradiction to others, and all positive assertions of his own. He would say, "I conceive” or "'I apprehend" or "I imagine” a thing to be so, or it appears to be so. Franklin pioneered the rules...
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...see and feel. What about links to other sites so we can enhance our education in the learning process. Linda Dunegan, Ph.D. (c) CB Healing Institute, http://cbhealinginstitute.com/ Contents [hide] • 1 Introduction • 2 History • 3 What is Bloom's Taxonomy? • 4 Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (RBT) • 5 Terminology Changes • 6 Structural changes • 7 Changes in Emphasis • 8 Why use Bloom's Taxonomy? • 9 How can Bloom's Taxonomy Be Used? • 10 Summary • 11 Bloom - Biography • 12 References • 13 Bibliography • 14 Additional Resources • 15 Citation Introduction One of the basic questions facing educators has always been "Where do we begin in seeking to improve human thinking?" (Houghton, 2004). Fortunately we do not have to begin from scratch in searching for answers to this complicated question. The Communities Resolving Our Problems (C.R.O.P.) recommends, "One place to begin is in defining the nature of thinking. Before we can make it better, we need to know more of what it is" (Houghton, 2004). Benjamin S....
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...Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The...
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...Virginia. This move paid off. Bragg, once reinforced by Johnson and Longstreet, had 65,000 men at his command, compared to the 60,000 men of the Union Army of the Cumberland. Fact #3: The Union army did not expect to encounter the Confederates at Chickamauga. After pushing the Confederates out of Chattanooga early in September, Union Gen. William S. Rosecrans assumed that Bragg’s demoralized army would continue retreating further south into Rome, Georgia. He divided his army into three corps and scattered them throughout Tennessee and Georgia, with Gen. Thomas Crittenden remaining in Chattanooga, and Generals Alexander McCook and George H. Thomas positioned further to the South. When Thomas’s men encountered a large Confederate force at Davis’ Cross Roads, however, Rosecrans realized his mistake – Bragg had in fact concentrated his men at LaFayette, Georgia, where he was expecting reinforcements and was in close proximity to a vulnerable corps of Rosecrans’ army. Rosecrans immediately ordered his forces to concentrate near Thomas at Stevens’ Gap. When Bragg’s army crossed West Chickamauga Creek, the Federals had a fight on their hands. Fact #4: A fierce skirmish between Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest and Union troops at Reed's Bridge marked the opening of the battle. Early on September 18, Gen. Bushrod Johnson approached Reed’s Bridge with five infantry brigades, supported by Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest’s cavalry. Union Col. Robert Minty, who was charged with guarding...
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...Abstract Racism and discrimination plagued this nation for many generations. It halted the progression of one race and exceled the advancement of another. These advancements were for Caucasian leaders whom thrived such as Patton, Custer, and York. The accomplishments of these men should not succumb to diminishment because they in fact earned what they received regardless of skin color. However, they did not face as many hindrances as African-American leaders such as Powell, Flipper, and McKinney. The accomplishments of these men paved the way for future African-Americans to flourish. These men along with the Buffalo Soldiers and Tuskegee Airmen provided heroes for young African-Americans to admire and thrive to be like. Thrive to break barriers, prove wrong unwarranted doubt, and change the perception of a racially entrenched America. They were the beginning, some of the firsts, and they initiated the way for a new way of thinking. They started the healing in a deeply seeded illness. An illness called hate. It is an outstandingly hard illness to cure; however, not one of impossibilities. These valiant African-American leaders set underway a cure for a race, a nation, and a dream. African American Servicemen Contributions to Military History The United States Armed Forces has been one of great failures and great successes. One of its greatest failures was the inability to recognize at the time the contributions made by African-Americans as well...
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...She was born Araminta Ross to parents Harriet Green Ross and Ben Ross. She was born in March 1822 on the farm of Edward Brodess in Bucktown, Dorchester County, Maryland. Most slaves at the time did not know their precise birth dates or if they did it was not properly recorded. Araminta had 8 siblings: Linah, Mariah, Soph, Robert, Ben, Rachel, Henry, and Moses. These are the people who gave her the lifelong nickname of Minty, that as true to any family nickname lasted even when she renamed herself Harriet Tubman well into her adult years. Her only known ancestor was her maternal grandmother, Modesty. Although Benjamin was free at the time of Araminta's birth, she was born into slavery as at the time if the child's mother was enslaved, so were they. As Araminta grew up and became a useful slave, she was split up from her mother by her enslaver Edward Brodess. She was sent to a farm in Bucktown, Maryland with all of her siblings, another farm owned by Edward Brodess (Dawson). "When Harriet was five years old, she was rented out as a nursemaid where she was whipped when the baby cried, leaving her with permanent emotional and physical...
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...Lewis Topic: Do we still need Black History Month General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to view black history month as more than just a small lesson. That black history is not just for blacks, that it’s more than a month, and how it’s everyone’s history. Central Idea: Black history has been single out to one month as a way to make sure that blacks are remembered in history. Blacks has always been apart of history. Therefore is it reasonable to set a side just one month to illustrate the participation of blacks in our countries history? Introduction I. In Media That Matters Film Festival, August 2005, tittles A Girl Like Me by Kiri Davis a 17-year-old film student of Manhattan’s Urban Academy a doll test was duplicated. Kiri Davis who participated in the Reel Works Teen Filmmaking program, a free after-school program was supported by cable network HBO. A. In this documentary a female voice asks the child a question: “Can you show me the doll that looks bad?” The child, a preschool-aged Black girl, quickly picks up and shows the Black doll over a White one that is identical in every respect except complexion. B. Why does that look bad?” “Because she’s Black,” the little girl answers emphatically. “And why is this the nice doll?” the voice continues. “Because she’s White.” “And can you give me the doll that looks like you?” The little girl hesitates for a split second before handing over the Black doll that...
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...years. From 1885 to 1898 members of the Ninth Cavalry served at the post, while acting as headquarters of Colonel Edward Hatch and the regiment during this time as well. Similarly, Fort Robinson acted as regimental headquarters for the Tenth Cavalry from 1902 to 1907, along with claiming as the home of numerous black Medal of Honor recipients from the Indian wars and the war in Cuba against Spain. Fort Robinson was also the last duty station of Henry Vinton Plummer, who was the first black chaplain in the Regular Army. The United States Military Academy at West Point’s second and third black graduates, John Alexander and Charles Young, were stationed at Fort Robinson as a part of the Ninth Cavalry, along with Tenth Cavalry member Benjamin O. Davis. Until 1916, Fort Robinson remained an operational post, but then became a cavalry remount depot site and a training site for military dogs. The fort also served as a prisoner-of-war camp during World War II until it's closing in 1948. (Schubert) author Toni Morrison Toni Morrison, whose real name is Chloe Anthony Wofford, was born on February 18, 1931, in Lorain, Ohio. Toni grew up in an integrated neighborhood, making her unaware of the segregation and racism until in her teens. Morrison credits her parents for her passion of reading, music and folklore. Morrison, dedicated to school and her education graduated high school with honors in 1949, before moving on to Howard University. It was there where Toni followed her...
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...Hannibal the Great ECPI University Hannibal the Great Pundits often agree that there are five characteristics of great leaders. The first of these is being flexible. Not everything always goes according to plan. Competitors change tactics, governments force new regulations, strikes stop the flow of products, and, occasionally, natural disasters occur. During times like these, leaders have to be able to change course; that is, first make sure their interests will survive, and then find a new way to reach their goals. The second characteristic is being able to communicate. Many leaders are superb orators, but speaking well isn’t all that is required of a good leader. There are lots of people who talk a good game but fall short of delivering. Leaders who communicate well not only share their thoughts with their subordinates, but also let their strength and personal character show through in their communication, and empower those who work for them by defining the company’s goal and showing how to get there. Courage, tenacity, and patience together form the third characteristic. Possessing the courage to stand alone, the tenacity to not submit to pressure, and the patience to persevere until you’ve won -- and sometimes at the same time--is something you should strive to develop if you want to be a truly successful leader. The fourth necessitous characteristic is the amalgam of humility and presence. Feigning aloof, or superior your employees, does not make one a leader. Leaders...
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...Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China Ezra F. Vogel REFERENCES American Rural Small-Scale Industry Delegation. Rural Small-Scale Industry in the People’s Republic of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. Atkinson, Richard C. “Recollection of Events Leading to the First Exchange of Students, Scholars, and Scientists between the United States and the People’s Republic of China,” 4 pp. Bachman, David. “Differing Visions of China’s Post-Mao Economy: The Ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang,” Asian Survey, 26, no. 3 (March 1986), 293-321. Bachman, David. “The Fourteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.” New York: Asia Society, 1992. Bachman, David. “Implementing Chinese Tax Policy.” In Lampton, ed., Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China, pp. 119-153. Backhouse, E. and J.O.P. Bland. Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. Bainian chao (百年潮) (Hundred Year Tide). Monthly. Beijing: Zhongguo zhonggong dangshi xuehui, 1997 -- . Barfield, Thomas J. Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Barman, Geneviève Barman and Nicole Dulioust. “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,” Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’histoire, no. 20 (October-December 1988), 17-34. Barman, Geneviève and Nicole Dulioust. “The Communists in the Work and Study Movement in France,” Republican China, 13, no. 2 (April 1988), 24-39. Barnett, A. Doak, with a contribution...
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