...The cause of cancer relates to the process known as cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a four step process that ultimately oxidizes glucose into ATP. The first step occurs in the cytoplasm and is called glycolysis. This stage is where glucose is broken down into pyruvate and two ATP. This pyruvate moves into the mitochondrial matrix where it is further oxidized into acetyl CoA before moving into the citric acid cycle to become NADH and FADH2. The final step occurs in the inner membrane space and is known as the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons which will be shuttled between the complexes. Once the fourth complex is powered, the electron is released and accepted by oxygen. The proton motor force powers the ATP synthase by forcing hydrogen to flow through it allowing approximately 32 ATP to be synthesized....
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...Science 206 Energy, Metabolism, and Cells – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration John Carter August 11, 2013 1. Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat. Photosynthesis can be defined as the process that living organisms such as plants use to translate the sun’s energy into chemical energy. Once the plant has translated the sun’s energy into chemical energy it then releases that energy and makes it readily available to other living things (Vermaas, 2007). Aerobic respiration can be defined as nutrients being converted into useful energy. Respiration allows cells to use the energy stored during the photosynthesis process. It’s the chemical reaction that breaks down the glucose and changes it into a larger amount of Adenosine Triphosphate which is also called ATP (Board, 2012). Plants use sunlight to make ATP for its energy source by creating a series of chemical reactions by producing oxygen as a waste product. Next, animals and human beings eat these plants. The nutrients digested by animals and human beings reverse the process by using the ATP as a source of energy. Our cells use the nutrients from the plants and convert the nutrients in a process that uses oxygen (Board, 2012). Once our bodies have used all the nutrients will be need from those plants our bodies as well as animals release carbon dioxide as waste. Photosynthesis and respiration are both means of converting one state...
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...System 96 • Activity 2: Measuring Respiration . . . 96 • Activity 3: Film: “Deadly Ascent” . . . 100 [pic] Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels in the blood fall, the brain stimulates more rapid breathing and deeper breathing. The effect is to draw more air into the lungs, to transport more oxygen to the cells, and lower pH and CO2 levels. Check...
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...This gaseous exchange is called respiration. Respiration can be defined as process by which living beings obtain oxygen to oxidize their reserve digested food in order to release energy. The organs which help in intake or supply of oxygen to the tissues and remove excess Co2 form respiratory system. Breathing in frogs are of three types: 1. Cutaneous respiration (Respiration through skin) 2. Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity 3. Pulmonary respiration (Respiration through lungs) 1) Cutaneous respiration: It is an important mode of respiration in frog which occurs all the time whether the frog is on land or in water. It is the only mode of respiration when the frog in dormancy period, i.e during hibernation and aestivation. The skin of frog has good supply of blood and this is provided by cutaneous artery. Moreover the skin is very thin and do not possesses any structure that may prevent the diffusion of the dissolved oxygen from water into blood. To carry on cutaneous respiration frog keeps its skin moist by taking occasional plunges into nearby water. The skin is also kept moist by mucus secreted by mucous glands of skin. Mechanism: Oxygen first dissolves in the film of water over the skin and then passes through the epidermal cells and capillary walls into the blood. On the other hand carbon dioxide passes out from blood into the water. 2) Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity: In buccal respiration on land, the mouth remains permanently...
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...speaking, and your sense of smell. External respiration better known as as breathing, is the process by which air from the environment is taken into the body, that oxygen is then supplied to the lungs, then waste carbon dioxide in expelled from the body(Internal and External Respiration). Once inside the lungs, oxygen is then transferred to the blood stream and cells this is called internal respiration. This exchange is probably one of the most crucial functions in the body. In a process called diffusion incoming oxygen moves to lower concentrations in the blood stream while at the same time waste carbon dioxide is moved to lower concentration of carbon dioxide outside the body. The same happens when the blood stream reaches cells, diffusion causes one more gas exchange before the cycle can repeat itself close to another eleven times that many minute(Breathing and the Human Respiratory System). When a person begins to speak, they may not realize it, but they are using the respiratory system to execute this function. When air is exhaled it travels down your windpipe and through your voice box. When the air passes through sound is emitted and manipulated by the mouth to produce speech(Language Bits). Olfaction, or the body's ability to smell is a very important one. This characteristic is a vital sense for humans and is used to identify many smells we encounter. Humans are able to smell when air is inhaled through external respiration through the nose and into the sinuses. The sinuses...
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... The lung is the main organ which the lungs intakes oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide is exported out. The respiration system is made up of many organs which help us to breathe properly. The digestive system is where the organs inside the body break down the food and convert it to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body. The stomach is a tube shaped which has all the food and liquid that we have ate and it makes around the body and it is a mainly long twisted tube that starts from the mouth and comes all the way down to the anus and into few organs such as the pancreas and the liver which stores any chemicals accessible. The metabolic rate...
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...Design Lab: Respiration The Effect of Heavy-Duty Exercise on the respiration of Homo Sapiens (Humans) Research Question: What is the effect of heavy-duty exercise (cardiovascular and other activities) on the respiration of humans? Background Information: In this experiment, trials will be conducted consisting of humans run up a set of stairs up and down 3 times as fast as they possibly can in order to put pressure on oxygen need to increase respiration needs. This will test the effect of a set exercise on the respiratory needs of a human. After this, they will have to do a set of 10 push-ups and 15 jumping jacks. If 10 push-ups are not possible, a substitute of 15 curl-ups should be administered instead. Hypothesis: When exercise is complete, the respiratory needs of one human should be significantly higher than it was previous to the exercise. Independent Variable: Human fitness level, exercise set Dependent Variable: How fast the human goes Controlled Variable: Temperature, time for exercise, amount of oxygen in air Materials: * Piece of paper for general observations as well as data recording * 4-6 humans * Timer (ipod, clock, something) * Water (if needed for human) Procedure: 1. Use the stairs next to the Biology classroom, select one human to go first and rotate turns until all humans have gone or until necessary data is gathered 2. Record the rate of exhales of the human (normal breathing) for 30 seconds and any other general...
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...Mantra Breathing Meditation Directions as Follows: 1. Sit comfortably on a straight-backed chair. 2. Place your hands in your lap, gently clasped or cupped. 3. Breathe in slowly and deeply through your nose. Feel your abdomen move outwards as your diaphragm contracts and draws air into your lungs. Your chest should not rise noticeably. 4. Hold your breath for 3-4 seconds... You may start off by counting to get into the proper, slow rhythm. 1-2-3-4... 5. Now sigh with relief - "Ahhh". Perhaps it's just a whisper. Listen to it. Relax your shoulders, your hands, relax... 6. Close your eyes and listen to your breath. Then inhale again through your nostrils. 1-2-3-4... Sigh with relief - Ahhh 7. Don't worry if your inhalation speeds up or slows down. This is normal, you're just becoming aware of your breath. 8. As you exhale, feel the sound of your "Ahhh" ... natural relaxation. You deserve to relax... 9. If you're thinking that this is nice or having any thoughts at all, gently return your attention and your thoughts to your mantra - "Ahhh." No need for any other words. Still, you're patient and kind towards yourself. Thoughts may come, let them pass. "Ahhh..." 10. Inhale through your nose... Feel your stomach rising... When your body feels like exhaling, gently release your breath – "Ahhh..." Nothing fancy, just a natural, s-l-o-w cycle of breath. Relax - Ahhh... 11. Close your eyes and feel the slow rhythm of your breath. S-l-o-w-l-y...
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...Intro: Due to the variation in resting metabolic rates seen in different species, scientist have considered the relationship between body mass and metabolic rates and what effect that has on each specimen on a biological level. The respiratory system’s main function is gas exchange as oxygen enters the lunges and travels to the alveoli for most reptiles and mammals. Insects however, do not have a gas transport system, leading to air traveling directly to the tissues carrying out respiration. The energy expenditure is directly linked to gas exchange in both humans and animals. Indirect calorimetry is used to determine the total metabolic rate by measuring both CO2 production and O2 consumption. Insects use spiracles, valve openings along the cuticle, in order to...
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...ABSTRACT Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also called crib or cot death, is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than one year of age. The similar diseases of SIDS are the suspension of external diseases of Apnea. It is virtually impossible to prevent the death of an infant related to SIDS. No test or combination of symptoms can accurately predict whether a child might succumb to SIDS. However, there are several strategies that can effectively reduce the risk of SIDS. One of the methods being used is by using apnea monitor. Apnea is the most common form of different types of sleep-related breathing disorders. It is characterized by repetitive cessations of respiratory flow during sleep, which occurs due to a collapse of the upper respiratory airway. The purpose of this research is to study how the apnea monitor works. INTRODUCTION Apnea monitors is a device that detect the cessation of breathing (apnea) in infants and adults who are at risk of respiratory failure. Apnea monitor use the application of magnetic flux to detect if the patient are still breathing or not. This device is used to prevent SIDS and apnea. SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant who is younger than 1 year old. Apneas are defined as pauses in breathing of more than 10 seconds while asleep. These occur at regular intervals throughout the night. The subject is rarely aware of their difficulty breathing even upon awakening, and the condition...
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...INTEGRATED SCIENCES: LIFE SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY The human body is formed by different systems and organs that allow it to work, and grow. We will study the skeletal system, the skin and muscles, food and digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens during gas exchange and breathing. 2. Identify the structures that air passes through as it travels to the lungs, harmful...
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...Practice date: Sept 19, Thursday Time of day: 20 P.M. ---20.30 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way I learnt in the first voice. Practice date: Sept, 21, Saturday Time of day: 19 P.M. ---19.30 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way and do some warm up. Practice date: Sept 23, Monday Time of day: 19.30 P.M. ---20 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way and try to find a balanced, free, and flexible singing posture as Emily said in the class, and also do some warm up. In the first voice class, I learnt that how to breathe in a right way. I not only need to inhale quickly and exhale slowly when I sing a song, but I also need to maintain right posture. Emily taught me that when I inhaling or exhaling, I both need to release my shoulder and muscle. When I practice the inhaling, I try to only to mouth to inhale. I also practice to explore the sensation that let the air fall lower than my belly button. Then let the breath fall in faster. After that I felt that my abdomen and lower back expand. When I practice the exhaling, I felt that it is more difficult to expand my belly than inhaling. I have to control my exhalation and have a sustained and smooth exhalation. I want to develop good posture while I breathe. A balanced, free, and flexible posture is fundamental to efficient vocal production and lovely voice quality. Emily taught me that when my body is aligned correctly, taking and using an efficient breath is easier. So I practice...
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...Pre-oxygenation in the obese patient: effects of position on tolerance to apnoea ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Abstract Background. In obese patients, reduced functional residual capacity exacerbated by supine position might decrease the effectiveness of pre-oxygenation and the tolerance to apnoea. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of body posture during pre-oxygenation, sitting or supine, on its effectiveness in obese patients. Methods. Forty obese patients (BMI ≥35 kg m−2) undergoing surgery with general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 (sitting, n=20) or Group 2 (supine, n=20). In the predetermined body position, pre-oxygenation was achieved with eight deep breaths within 60 s and an oxygen flow of 10 litre min−1. After rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in decubitus position, the trachea was intubated and the patient was left apneic and disconnected from the anesthesia circuit until SpO2 decreased to 90%. The time taken for desaturation to 90% from the end of induction of anesthesia was recorded. Arterial blood oxygen tension was measured before (baseline) and after pre-oxygenation. Values were compared with two-way ANOVA and unpaired Student's t-test. Results. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were similar between groups, both at baseline and after pre-oxygenation. However, the mean time to desaturation to 90% was significantly longer in the sitting group...
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...In order to sustain life, one important function humans must do is breathe. We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Once the oxygen is in the body, it must then be transported throughout the body. Oxygen has a non-polar polarity which allows it to cross the non-polar membrane of cells easily. However, oxygen will need help to move in the body and it is iron that will be moving oxygen around in the body. Within the red blood cells of the body, there is the component of hemoglobin that is used to transport oxygen and with iron, the production of hemoglobin is made possible. To begin, iron will be taken in and absorbed by the body through consumed foods. The absorption of iron takes place in the middle part of the small intestines,...
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...transported by the blood cells to various parts of the body where it reacts with oxygen in a series of steps producing carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy. The burning of food in the cells results in the free of energy is called respiration. Carbon dioxide and water, which are formed during respiration, are transferred through various organs of the body. The energy released in respiration fulfils the energy needs of the body. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration is the process that takes place in presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration break down molecules to get hold of bio-chemical energy and has oxygen. Molecules used by cells in aerobic respiration are glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Glucose + Oxygen →Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water The aerobic respiration is an energy making process. During the process of aerobic respiration as many as 38 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose that is utilized. Aerobic respiration process breaks down a single glucose molecule to yield 38 units of the energy storing ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration. The term anaerobic means without air, which takes place without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is the process of oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen, which produces energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Anaerobic respiration is identical when the glycolysis of energy production is useful in a particular cell. The process of anaerobic respiration for making of energy...
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