... |12 |13 |12 |12 | Purpose The purpose of this lab was to investigate the relationship of light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis. Introduction This lab was conducted to examine the two biological processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is a process that uses carbon dioxide, water and energy to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular Respiration is the reverse process of photosynthesis. Cellular Respiration uses the glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. These become the main source of food and energy for the plants and animals. The basis of the relationship between plants and animals is that they have a co-dependency upon each other because they are both making something the other needs. Hypothesis or Predicted Outcome I hypothesize that the production of gas will continue to increase as the light intensity amount increases. Methods Under controlled experiential conditions we observed to see what changes occur in nature as the light source intensity is increased during the in cellular respiration process (Gnaigner, Steinlechner-Maran, Mendez & Margreiter, 1995). Ocean water was placed in a glass bowl, rocks and a seaweed...
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...this condition. Or in other words stage 1 of the lab will have more reps than stage 2 because there is more energy available. During aerobic respiration the continuous break down of sugar will allow more activity to be done versus anaerobic respiration which will just be able to use the energy it currently has, it will not be able to create more. Could you tell when muscles went into anaerobic resp . what evidence? There was a tight feeling in the muscles along with tension and cramping. The oxygen could not be delivered to the cells quick enough to undergo oxidative phosphorylation and instead underwent anaerobic respiration in which oxygen is not needed. During anaerobic respiration, lactic acid fermentation occurred which causes the formation of lactase build up in the working muscles. This causes pain, stiffness, and fatigue which explains the symptoms experienced in the experiment. Panting was also experienced which occurs as a result of the body paying back the oxygen debt that was lost while lifting. When your muscles run out of oxygen, your muscle cells quickly try to produce ATP using lactic acid fermentation. The buildup of lactic acid causes a painful, burning sensation. Hot feeling after lifting. Explain using cellular respiration. Exercising increases the body’s heat production through cellular respiration. The more active you are, the more energy you consume. As more energy is burned, more heat is created. When the muscles run out of oxygen, the...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Rate of Photosynthesis Tyler Marshall AIU Biology Lab (SCIE2017 -1602A-16) * Purpose * The purpose of this lab is to find out the rate of photosynthesis. By measuring the number of oxygen bubbles using different light bulb watts. * Introduction * Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment this much me we know. Even though they are the same thing the difference is that they happen in reverse. What happens is during photosynthesis; carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen. Also during respiration, glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water. As of a result of these two things the plants will give off oxygen. Which when in water you will be able to see the process happening through the release of bubbles. * Hypothesis or Predicted Outcome * The more light the plant is exposed to the higher the rate of photosynthesis. * Methods * In the lab we measure the rate of photosynthesis by exposing seaweed in a bowl of water to different light bulb watts. The watts where 0,25,50,100. The seaweed was exposed to each what for 1 hour, three different times. This was done in order to get an average of number of bubbles released to measure the rate of photosynthesis. Also in order to keep the experiment controlled for accrete results. * Results or Outcome * The experiment started out with exposing the seaweed to a light bulb with 0 watts. And after all three 1 hour trails...
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...AP Biology Exam Review: Lab Essays At least one essay (FRQ) on the exam will be based on an AP laboratory. To prepare for this question, review the objectives for all twelve laboratory exercises. The College Board does not necessarily expect that you have completed that lab, but rather that you have investigated the objectives of the lab. You may be asked to “design an experiment to determine….” You don’t necessarily need to create a new lab; if you have done an activity that would answer the question, simply describe it. For a good response, you should include the following. 1. State a hypothesis [as an “if…..(conditions), then….(results)” statement] Be sure your hypothesis is testable. 2. Identify the variable factor. 3. Identify the control. Be certain to explain the control for the experiment. 4. Hold all other variables constant. 5. Manipulate the variable. 6. State how you would measure the results. 7. Discuss the expected results. Relate the results to your hypothesis. 8. Include steps to replicate or verify. You may be asked to graph data. Be sure to use a graph that is appropriate for you data. Bar graphs are used when data points are discrete (not related to one another), while line graphs are used with the data are continuous. If there is a data point at zero, be certain to extend your line to 0, but do not extend the line to 0 if there is no data point at zero. Other points to keep in mind: ...
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...Student Sheet Name: AMALISE CUBERO Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Understanding the Scientific Method: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Instructions: Based on the virtual experiment, you will answer some questions and write a 1-page lab report using the scientific method. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. Using what you learned on the lab animation, answer the following questions: • Define a hypothesis that is suggested by the data that are collected in the lab. It was predicted that the intensity of light exposure that was given to the Pacific Ocean’s Seaweed, will increase the rate of photosynthesis however none the less but at a specific moment of exposure it will not yield to a quicker process. The goal is to figure out what moment in time this would be and if this is a repeatable conducive. • What effect does the intensity of light have on the rate of photosynthesis (measured as the number of oxygen bubbles)? • The Hypotheses given in the lab shows the increase in light concentration, an accelerated photosynthesis process went on with the 0-watts to 100-watts. The average number of bubbles in the 0 watt study was 2 bubbles in 1 hour. After the increase of a 25 watts had went up to 5 bubbles in the 1hour. With the increase of another 25 watts equaling to 50 watts now the number of bubbles increased once again to 11 bubbles...
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...Problem: If yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is placed within a test tube of 10 ml of 5% glucose solution in varying amounts (10 ml, 20 ml, and 30 ml) to measure fermentation rates by pressure, what amount of yeast will ferment the fastest? Hypothesis: If yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is placed within a test tube of 10 ml of 5% glucose solution in varying amounts (10 ml, 20 ml, and 30 ml) to measure fermentation rates by pressure, then 30 ml will ferment the fastest because there will be more yeast to undergo fermentation; producing more carbon dioxide. Analysis: There are two types of cellular respiration (CR), there is aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic CR requires the cell to contain a mitochondrion and the presence of oxygen. Aerobic CR will produce around 38 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic CR works without oxygen or a mitochondrion, but will only produce 2 molecules of ATP. Anaerobic CR requires NAD+ to convert into NADH. When the cell creates too much NADH and is running low on NAD+ it undergoes fermentation....
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...Please do not plagiarize. Only use these study questions for study purposes, and to check your own work. Answers are NOT guaranteed to be correct. Biology 141, Spring 2012 Exam 1 Study Questions The questions on the first hour exam will be based on those given below. Questions on the exam will be in multiple choice form, but if you can answer the questions here, you will have no trouble with the exam. [Notes: 1. These questions are meant to provoke thought and study. Do not ask the instructors or the TAs to provide you with the answers. 2. Crossed out study questions will not be use as the basis for exam questions.] 1. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific Theory? Between a hypothesis and a prediction? What kinds of hypotheses are useful for scientific investigations that try to explain the natural world, and which are not? Give one or more examples of hypotheses that are and are not scientifically useful. The difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory is that a hypothesis is a proposed ‘theory’ and a scientific theory is theories that explain and predict any observable occurrence therefor the scientific theory is testing the hypothesis. The difference between a hypothesis and a prediction is that a hypothesis is used as an explanation to theory, and is proposed at the beginning of an experiment, while a prediction is the result of an experiment based on the hypothesis that is being tested. The kind of hypotheses’ that are...
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...Understanding the complex-I-ty of metformin action: limiting mitochondrial respiration to improve cancer therapy Alba Luengo1, Lucas B Sullivan1 and Matthew G Vander Heiden1,2* Abstract Metformin has been a first-line treatment for type II diabetes mellitus for decades and is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug. Retrospective studies have found that metformin treatment is associated with both reduced cancer diagnoses and cancer-related deaths. Despite the prevalence of metformin use in the clinic, its molecular mechanism of action remains controversial. In a recent issue of Cancer & Metabolism, Andrzejewski et al. present evidence that metformin acts directly on mitochondria to inhibit complex I and limits the ability of cancer cells to cope with energetic stress. Here, we discuss evidence that supports the role of metformin as a cancer therapeutic. See research article: http://www.cancerandmetabolism.com/content/2/1/12. The biguanide metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent used to treat type II diabetes. Metformin decreases blood glucose levels by suppressing liver gluconeogenesis and stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Metformin is prescribed to over 120 million people, providing a wealth of epidemiological data. Retrospective studies have found that metformin treatment is associated with diminished tumorigenesis, with a recent meta-analysis of these studies reporting a 31% reduction in cancer incidence and a 34%...
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...MICROBIOLOGY 2051 BRINNINSTOL Characteristics of Cells: true of all living cells * Communicate with environment * Molecules being exchanged—recognized by other cells—causes cell to do something (releasing toxins; move) * Growing—one cell divides and becomes two cells (binary fisson) * Some form appendages—form differently, look dfrnt, function dfrnt—spores, cysts, flagella * Evolve—ancestral cell Microbial Communities Table 1.1 More water than land Most microbes in soil Origin of Earth * 3.8 billion years ago—evidence of microbial cells Agriculture * Bacteria in plant (soybean plant) fixes nitrogen to usable nitrogen for environment * Cows have microbes in digestive tract to digest grass into sugar Energy—biofuels (methane, ethanol—from sugar cane) produced from microbial Disease—Cause & Treatment * More death-causing bacteria in 1900’s than today (in US!) Food—Microbes make food—bread, beer, cheese, 1665—Hooke; first to describe microorganisms through primitive microscope; drew picture of sprouting bodies 1676—Leeuwenhoek; first to describe bacteria; tiny microscope; drew multiple pictures of dfrnt kinds Four Types of Light Microscopy: 1. Brightfield: simplest; stained and illuminated, 10x 100x 1000x 2. Phase Contrast: cast shadow; shows depth 3. Darkfield: black background; light refracted 4. Fluorescent: fluorescent stained; naturally fluorescent;...
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...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
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...Mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases and not just one particular disease. However, all these diseases affect only one thing in our body. This one thing is the mitochondria. Those who have studied human genetics or similar sciences, know that mitochondria are present in all our nerve cells and deal with the functions our muscles. These mitochondria are what provide energy to our cells which in turn help in movement of muscles et al. If these mitochondrial problems affect only the muscles, the disease is known as a mitochondrial myopathy, where myo stands for muscle and pathos stands for disease. On the other hand, if they affect both, the muscle and the brain, it is called as a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, where encephalo stands for brain. Group of Mitochondrial Myopathy Diseases include: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome (MDS), Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy; Lactic Acidosis and Stroke Like Episodes (MELAS), Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), Myoclonus Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF), Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (PEO), Neuropathy, Ataxia and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP), Leigh Syndrome, and Pearson Syndrome. Now, the question what causes mitochondrial myopathy? All of know that our body is made with the help of genes. The particular type of genes that affect mitochondrial diseases are those that make proteins, which in turn, work inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria refers to a...
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...The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat: Photosynthesis is the process in which certain life forms are able to use sunlight to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere as they produce much more than needed during the photosynthesis process. Aerobic respiration is an important process in life as we know it. This process further breaks down molecules and sugars using oxygen. During this process adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created, used to store and transfer energy to cells throughout the body. (Aerobic respiration, 2010) Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both needed for each other to be able to perform their primary functions. One without the other would not work properly. Between both of these processes we receive three main sources; water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants and animals require all three of these in order to live. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a lot like a circle. Animals need oxygen to live and emit carbon dioxide, while plants need carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and omit oxygen, thus completing the circle. (Photosynthesis, 2005) During the photosynthesis stage a plant produces oxygen that aerobic respiration will use in order to break molecules, during this process electrons...
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...Action of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical processes * Enzymes acts as catalyst and increase the rate of all the chemical reactions. * Enzymes are also described by two properties like all other catalysts. It composed of two main functions. * The first function is that, they increase the rate of chemical reactions by without consumed themselves or undergo any change or alteration in the reaction. . ( Zemitec et,al 2008). * The second function is, they increase reaction rates without changing the chemical equilibrium between the reactants and products. ( Bhagavan et,al 2006). * The reaction between two substrates are catalyzed by enzymes. The enzyme brings a template upon which the two substrates are combined together in the proper position and make them to react each other. Deficiency in aldolase B and hereditary fructose intolerance * Hereditary fructose intolerance is a condition I which affects a humans ability to digest the fructose sugar. The incidence of hereditary fructose intolerance is 1to 2 in 20000 to 30000 individuals in a year worldwide. .( John .R.H 1996) * Hereditary fructose intolerance can be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. The ALDOB gene is responsible for making the aldolase B enzyme. The aldolase B enzyme is primarily seen in the Liver. This helps for the fructose metabolism. This enzyme is responsible for the further step in the metabolism of fructose, which breaks down the molecule fructose-1-phosphate into other...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the aerobic harvesting of a chemical energy from organic fuel. The three stages are glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of glycolysis is splitting sugar into two parts. This allows the cells to make ATP. When the splitting of the two molecules of ATP happen they turn into two molecules of pyruvic acid and the two electrons carrying NADH are produce. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the citric acid cycle is to reduce and carry electrons that are high in energy to the next stage. In this stage, glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA by creating many compounds that can store the high-energy electrons along the ATP molecules. • What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The electron transport system transfers the electrons through electron carriers. The energy that is released by electrons pumps hydrogen ions across the inner membranes of the mitchondrin, thus creating high hydrogen ion concentration. ...
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