...the most effective treatments can be narrowed done to psychotherapy, medication, surgery, self-treatment, and etc. The most prevalent treatment mentioned is psychotherapy, as there are multiple ways to incorporate it. Although there are some negative outlooks of psychotherapy such as societies' negative views, effectiveness and availability. Research has also been done on whether religion or lack thereof can be a co-factor in depression. There are many methods to treating depression, psychotherapy being one of the most effective and efficient known treatment. Over the years, there has been extensive research done to find and understand different treatments for depression, although many have been lost through the ages. There are ways we can try and incorporate aspects of some older treatments into our more newly developed treatments to treat patients more effectively. For example, James Overholser mentions his research of a variety of treatments such as sleep therapy, hydrotherapy, drug treatment, treatment by surgery, etc that were more commonly used near the 1800s (Overholser. J, 2002). The treatments that are provided today are not as effective as doctors would like, and there is still plenty of research being done to find cheaper and more efficient ways to treat depression. One setback of this is that researchers do not have enough information to determine exactly what is wrong with the treatments used today. Comparing recent treatments to some of the older treatments can...
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...About Bipolar Disorder Jessica Menefee PSY 115 February 20, 2011 Janet Barber Abstract Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that disrupts an individual’s emotional state. Suffers have states of mania characterized by euphoria and states of depression. There are 4 types of bipolar disorder diagnosed by their states of mania versus hypomania. There is no single cause for bipolar disorder. It can begin as soon as early adolescents, although it often gets misdiagnosed. With treatments such as mood stabilizers and antidepressants, episodes of mania and depression can be significantly reduced. Without treatment, the risk for suicide and accidental death are increased. About Bipolar Disorder Mood disorders are disorders that change a persons’ emotional state to greater extremes and for longer periods of time than most people. Mood disorders can be either uni-polar or bipolar. Uni-polar mood disorders, such as depression change individuals’ emotions in only one manner. Depression causes feelings of extreme sadness or hopelessness. Bipolar disorder gets its name from the fact that it can affect a persons’ mood in two directions, extreme happiness or extreme sadness. In terms of the earth, the poles are the northernmost and southernmost points on Earth; they are the furthest point you can go before changing directions. Varied states of extreme happiness, mania, and extreme sadness, depression, is why many refer to this disorder as manic depression. In the context of bipolar...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Stella Cook April 30, 2012 Sarah Bihms MA Psychology Psychology 300 University of Phoenix College of Social Science Abnormal psychology is a field of study that is devoted to the study of mental dysfunction mental illness, psychopathology, maladjustment, and emotional disturbance. Abnormal behavior is expressed because of a psychological factor and can have features of deviance depending on the distress and the possibility of injury to their self or others. Abnormal psychology has a long history and has numerous types of dysfunction and abnormal psychology studies the causes and the possible treatments of the dysfunction of this disease. Primarily the research in the field has been done with Western perspectives and research method. Spiritually understanding of mental illness was recognized in ancient Western civilizations and in Eastern culture the scientific community has dismissed by the majority of the psychologist in modern times. The twentieth century there are two opposing perspectives on the etiology of mental disorders developed somatogenic physical origins and psychogenic psychological origins. The two have produced research and treatment methods. In abnormal...
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...regarding the mechanism and effectiveness of counselling and psychotherapy. Since its development during the 19th century more than three hundred and fifty distinct popular counselling and psychotherapy strands have emerged into the modern counselling field (Sparks, Duncan & Field, 2008). The years prior to psychotherapy’s birth were dominated by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches and its practice was largely restricted to physicians (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013). Psychotherapy’s arrival was not unnoticed from opposing schools of thought who were quick to question its scientific basis. Traditionally Eysenck (1952) not only challenged psychotherapy’s efficacy but also argued that it was “potentially harmful” (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013:88). However, supporters of psychotherapy refuted Eysenck’s (1952) view and debate surrounding the fields worth began to accumulate. As a result psychotherapy research for the next few decades would focus on determining whether therapy was effective (House & Loewenthal, 2009). Subsequently, a plethora of studies that demonstrated its efficacy emerged (Smith Miller & Glass, 1980; Lambert & Bergin, 1994; Ahn & Wampold, 2001). So much so, that early studies revealed the treated population fared much better in comparison to their untreated counterparts (Sparks, Duncan & Miller, 2008:1; Asay & Lambert, 1999). The finding that psychotherapy is effective was further supported by “more abstract” mathematical...
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...Borderline Personality Disorder Joanna Tepedino Abnormal Pyschology Borderline personality disorder is the most prevalent personality disorder found in mental health facilities. BPD lies within the group B personality disorders, Axis II of the DSM IV, a manual used by psychiatrists to diagnose and define mental health diseases, and is characterized by dramatic, emotional and erratic personality features that are mood inflicted and have symptoms of impulsively and emotional degradation (Australian Psychological Society 22). A person displaying symptoms of BPD must present with at least five of the nine criteria for diagnosis for a period of time before reaching adulthood: frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, unstable/intense interpersonal relationships, unstable issues with self-image/sense of self, impulsivity in at least two areas that cause harm to oneself, recurrent suicidal tendencies/attempts or self-mutilation, affective instability due to mood, chronic feelings of emptiness or worthlessness, inappropriate anger and last transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociation (Counseling Psychology Review). Individuals suffer from different personality traits, which can become maladaptive, volatile, unchanging and extreme which hinder a person in their ability to function in every day life. This rigidity prevents people from adjusting to external demands thus the patterns become self-defeating and this is known as a personality disorder...
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...Medicine & Therapy Abstract Attention deficient hyperactive disorder is a growing diagnosis among adolescents. Two main treatments are medication and behavioral therapy, or a combined treatment is also an option. Naturally there are debates on which treatment is more effective on treating the effects of ADHD. This report provides you with background information about ADHD, the types it’s broken down into, whom it affects, the percentage of adolescents taking medication. Also information on what behavioral therapy is provided. Two studies that have tested a group of children, affected by ADHD, and the types of treatments in order to find out which treatment provides the best results on reducing the effects of ADHD. Introduction Attention deficient hyperactivity disorder is a growing behavioral disorder among America’s adolescents. ADHD is a growing mainly among children from ages 4 through 17. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention 9.5 percent of children ages 4 through 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD as of the year 2007. The CDC also reports that on average the rate of ADHD diagnoses has increased 5.5 percent per year from 2003 to 2007. Boys are about twice as likely to have been diagnosed with ADHD than girls according to the CDC, and diagnoses increase among older teens than among children. ADHD was formerly referred to as Attention Deficient Disorder, ADD, but in 1994 the disorder was classified into three subtypes based on different behavioral...
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...Presented here it is a critical evaluation of biological approach for treatment of depression. Antidepressant are the most common biological treatment for this type of disorder, but treatments such as Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), alteration in sleep patterns following body temperature cycle are also used to relief the symptoms of depression. However antidepressant drugs provide an effective and inexpensive help, studies have found that the behavioural effects of these drugs could take over two weeks before showing any benefit and any perceived effect before this period would be a placebo effect (Kalat, 2001). Some studies proposed the existence of a two models markers for depression: Biological/endogenous & psychological/reactive depression. Based on this assumption an endogenous depression would only respond to a pharmacological treatment while a psychological depression would only respond to psychological treatment (Free & Oei, 1989). Further we will evaluate the effectiveness of a combined (cognitive-behavioural therapy and antidepressant) intervention in order to achieve a better outcome on treatment of depression. Depression is one of the most common illnesses and is characterised by symptoms such as loss of energy, sadness, difficulty in concentration and in the most serious cases the patient can contemplate or commit suicide. Research found that women are more likely to suffer from depression, with depressive episodes more probable to occur between 25 to 44 years...
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...different types of schizophrenia are named based on symptoms. The different types include: 1. Paranoid Schizophrenia 2. Disorganized Schizophrenia 3. Catatonic Schizophrenia 4. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia 5. Residual Schizophrenia The most common type is paranoid schizophrenia, which causes a person to have fearful thoughts and hear threatening voices. It interferes with normal brain and metal function. It can trigger hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and significant lack of motivation. Being told you or a family member has schizophrenia can be very frightening. When a person is diagnosis with schizophrenia a psychiatrist evaluates symptom, blood tests, and medical history. They are prescribed medication and may have psychotherapy...
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...Antisocial Personality Disorder By Psych Central Staff Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of a disregard for other people's rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights. It usually begins in childhood or as a teen and continues into their adult lives. Antisocial personality disorder is often referred to as psychopathy or sociopathy in popular culture. Individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder frequently lack empathy and tend to be callous, cynical, and contemptuous of the feelings, rights, and sufferings of others. They may have an inflated and arrogant self-appraisal (e.g., feel that ordinary work is beneath them or lack a realistic concern about their current problems or their future) and may be excessively opinionated, self-assured, or cocky. They may display a glib, superficial charm and can be quite voluble and verbally facile (e.g., using technical terms or jargon that might impress someone who is unfamiliar with the topic). Lack of empathy, inflated self-appraisal, and superficial charm are features that have been commonly included in traditional conceptions of psychopathy and may be particularly distinguishing of Antisocial Personality Disorder in prison or forensic settings where criminal, delinquent, or aggressive acts are likely to be nonspecific. These individuals may also be irresponsible and exploitative in their sexual relationships. Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial...
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...Disorder Paper - Anxiety Jonathan Dimitroff University of Phoenix Psych 575 March 23, 2015 Leah Mancuso PhD Disorder Paper - Anxiety The purpose of this paper is to discuss a neurological, psychological, or neurodevelopmental disorder. It is to compare and contrast three therapeutic interventions used to treat the chosen disorder; comparing measures of effectiveness, such as validity, efficacy, symptom and behavior management, and recidivism. One therapy should be cognitive in nature, one pharmacological in nature, and the third should be an alternative therapeutic treatment. This paper will identify common symptoms associated with the disorder, and rates of symptom reduction or management as reported with the three treatments. It will discuss what approach this author would use to treat this disorder based on the research used to develop this paper; and why. It will also analyze the neurophysiological underpinnings of disorders and diseases, as well as examine contemporary attitudes towards the three treatments selected. For the purposes of this paper, anxiety will be the chosen disorder. It is a psychological disorder with a variety of symptoms and specific types of anxiety. To list a few of the different types of anxiety, there is Panic disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Anxiety disorder, then there are the phobias which fall under the anxiety label, as well as Generalized...
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...to Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary (2002), depression is an abnormal emotional state characterized by exaggerated feelings of sadness, melancholy, dejection, worthlessness, emptiness, and hopelessness that are inappropriate and out of proportion to reality. Depression may be expressed in a wide spectrum of affective, physiologic, cognitive, and behavioral manifestations. A depressed teenager may be hostile, grumpy, or may easily lose his or her temper. Unexplained aches and pains are also common symptoms of depression in young people. The adolescent oncology patient may suffer from all of these symptoms due to the life altering circumstances that a cancer diagnosis brings. However, due to side effects of treatment medications sometimes makes it difficult to properly identify and diagnosis the onset of depression. Therefore, the concept of depression in the adolescent oncology patient requires a multidisciplinary analysis to examine symptoms expressed by these patients to properly identify and provide early intervention for their depression. Review of Literature Depression in adolescence and...
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...Disorders Autism Autism it is a serious disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by abnormal social development, impaired language and communication, and repetitive behavior. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior and educational and psychological testing (Autism Speaks).” When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. This could mean no babbling or no speech at all by 16 months. If a child does not gesture or point at things as in showing you something their interested in or possibly want by a certain age then they may also be considered autistic. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years of age. Genetics seems to be the most responsible for autism. “Many genes on several chromosomes have been implicated; in some cases genes related to neural communication appear to have been copied to many times or left out during meiosis (Carol K. Singleman, Elizabeth A. Rider).” Meiosis is the process of a reproductive cell in the mother’s ovaries or in the father’s testes that contains 46 chromosomes splitting into two 46 chromosome cells. Once this division process is complete then those two chromosomes split again to form a total...
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...Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms Botany: the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history ...
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...In this paper I will discuss what body dysmorphic disorder is and I will teach you the characteristics and signs and symptoms of BDD, the causes, how it is diagnosed, the usual treatment and outlook for people who are suffering from this disorder. Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a condition where a person is preoccupied with an image of themselves with an imagined physical defect or a defect that other people cannot see, they suffer from obsessions about their appearance that can last hours or up to an entire day (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2014). People with this condition are never satisfied with their appearance and often see themselves as being “ugly”, often times this can lead to the person socially isolating themselves away from others (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2014). This person might miss school or work and even avoid friends and family members because they are afraid that others will notice their flaws (Body Dysmorphic Disorder BDD, 2014). A person who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder aka BDD, is concerned about a specific body part, it is a long term chronic disorder that affects both men and women and usually begins in teen to early adult years (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2014). BDD can lead to ritualistic behaviors such as constantly looking in the mirror, or picking at one’s skin. The most common reported areas of concern for people who are suffering from BDD includes: Skin imperfections such as wrinkles, scars, acne, or blemishes; Hair on the head or body...
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...1. Introduction This paper provides a brief overview of evidence based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. It addresses the following questions: • How common are anxiety disorders? • What psychological treatments have empirical support? • What recovery rates can be achieved with these treatments? • How enduring are their effects? • Is there value in combining psychological treatments with medication? Psychological treatments can be delivered in a variety of formats. This paper restricts itself to the traditional, and most extensively researched, format of face-to-face contact with a fully qualified therapist. For most anxiety disorders the therapy sessions are once weekly for 60-90 minutes spread over a period of 8-20 weeks, with homework assignments in between. However, in specific phobias, the strongest outcomes have been obtained with a single, long (3-5 hour) session with a therapist, followed by a briefer follow-up session a week or so later. 2. How common are anxiety disorders? The most recent British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey1 estimates that 16.4% of the population have a diagnosable anxiety and/or depressive disorder. The diagnostic system that was used in the survey (ICD-10) is different from the diagnostic system (DSM-IV) that has been used in most trials of psychological treatments. For this reason, it is difficult to be precise about the number of individuals in the UK who have anxiety disorders for which there...
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