...with stupidity. It is human nature to evaluate the circumstances that surrounds us. We are evolutionarily designed to steer away from danger in sight of self-preservation. As intelligent creatures we have the capability of overwriting this desire if the situation presents with the need of being selfless. Even thought Judson considers altruism to be hereditary, there are reasons to believe there are environmental and educational factors, as well as moral principles that shape it. Judson refers to William Donald Hamilton, a developmental researcher who asserted that these qualities that express selflessness would get by in gatherings of creatures that lived together. He illustrated this point by explaining how bees defend their hive by sacrificing their lives. He also added how some animals helps others offspring instead of having some of its own. Under such circumstances how humans would altruistically behave is depicted in the story the Birkenhead. This ship started to sink after hitting a rock at sea near South Africa in 1852. With only three lifeboats for over six hundred people, seven women and thirteen children, the example of saving women and children first is the altruistic behavior that the male sailors express while knowingly putting...
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... etc. Outer containment is an array of forces that limit exposure to criminal pushes and pulls. I like this theory a lot. I think it's hard to test, because we're talking about a lot of inner questions like morals and goals. He recognizes the "pushes and pulls which can explain a lot of crime, but not all. Then he factors in these containment factors which push the theory further. I think it's very valid and important to study these types of factors, but at the same time I think it's hard to study it. All in all, I like this theory and I think it makes a lot of sense. Hirschi's a bit different with the social bond theory. He didn't attempt to explain why individuals engage in criminal acts, but rather why individuals choose to conform to conventional norms. He shows four social bonds which promote socialization and conformity. These include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. He claimed that the stronger these four bonds, the least likely one would become delinquent. Hirschi first assumes that everyone has potential to become delinquent and criminal and it is social controls, not moral values, that maintain law and...
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...schools, creates more problems than it is worth. It costs our state and its taxpayers billions of dollars each year, and many critics claim that students graduate unprepared for higher education and employment. For these, and several other reasons, compulsory education laws should be repealed, and compulsory education should be banned. The history of compulsory education dates back to the colonization of North America; in 1642 the Massachusetts Bay Colony had a compulsory literacy law for all children. If parents weren’t providing the “proper” education, colony officials could remove the children and assign them as apprentices to state-appointees (Rothbard, Compulsory Education in the United States section, ¶ 2). After the Revolutionary War, Massachusetts again started the country in the direction of compulsory education by including it in the state constitution. In 1789, compulsory school attendance was law in Massachusetts. The state of Connecticut followed suit in 1805, and in 1842 expanded the law by requiring all children under the age of 15 who had jobs to attend school for three months each year. In 1852, Massachusetts broadened the law, and required all children between eight and fourteen to go to school at least thirteen weeks per year. The other states followed Massachusetts’ lead – by 1850, all of the states had public schools, and by 1900 all states had compulsory education laws. In 1895, after several attempts during the terms of at least two...
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...but from boredom and conformity, not a physical death, but a cultural death, a spiritual death. We see death in the dying fish flies, the dying Elm trees as well as the Lisbon girls. The perspective of the world in the novel is cruelly and unrealistically pessimistic. The “…town is covered by the flotsam of those ephemeral insects. Rising in clouds from the algae in the polluted lake…flying scum” (4). But is not just fish flies that are polluting this town. Life itself in the Suburbs is morally and spiritually polluted. Eugenides writes that “Winter is the season of alcoholism and despair” (175). If this is the case then the entire novel seems to be one eternal winter. Or one could consider summer in comparison to winter, as the season of suicide, and no matter what the season, the world in the novel is a cruel, dark, hopeless place. The world is viewed in the novel as a sort of wasteland from which mankind has attempted to escape, moving to Suburbia seeking perfection and thus salvation. Only perfection is an unrealistic goal, and is therefore naturally unobtainable. Part of the American ideal of happiness is to strive for the unobtainable. The suburbs only exist as an attempt to cover up reality, hiding problems, worries, anxieties, realities, and skeletons behind the monotonous lawns, and closed doors. This theme is repeated throughout the novel. For example, in the line that reads: “What my yia yia could never understand about America was why everyone pretended to...
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...more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Blackwell Publishing, The London School of Economics and Political Science, The Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Economica. http://www.jstor.org Short and Long Rates of Interest By F. LAVINGTON IT is a little surprising that the abundant literature of the London Money Market should show so little sign of curiosity on what might well be expected to be one of its main interests: the relations between the different prices in the market; in other words, the relations between the different rates of interest on capital supplied for short and long periods. Why do the average levels of short and long rates differ ? How far is it true that these two sets of rates rise and fall together ? And, finally, are changes in long rates appropriate in magnitude to corresponding changes in rates for...
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...Source: CHRYSSIDES, GEORGE D. and KALER, JOHN H. (1993). An Introduction to Business Ethics. London: Chapman and Hall. Pages 79−106, 143‒146. [The text is derived from a publisher’s proof, and may differ slightly from the finished book. If quoting, it is best to cite the relevant WOLF page.] CHAPTER THREE ETHICAL THEORY In the previous chapter we looked at the role of values in business and considered how business ethics was becoming part of the professionalization of business. But what exactly are ethical judgments, and how do we justify them? At first appearance this may seem a needless difficulty. After all, is it not obvious what is happening when we make ethical decisions? Do we not do so almost every day of our lives in fact? It is one thing to engage in an activity, but often quite another to state what exactly is going on when we do it. For example, someone may have a tremendous gift for selling goods to people, but may not necessarily be aware, until he or she is taught, exactly what is going on when a successful marketing strategy is put into operation. One can instinctively put into operation the classical ‘three Ps’ of marketing (attention to Product, Price and Packaging), but yet be unaware, until this is pointed out, that these are the key features of selling. In a similar way, we can make moral judgments, but yet find some difficulty in explaining exactly what is taken place when we do so. In the case of ethical judgments, the situation is...
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...AIMS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Acknowledgements This research has been funded by generous grants from the Criminology Research Council and The Flinders University of South Australia. The difficult task of interviewing (the central part of the research) was performed with exemplary sensitivity and skill by Pamela McNeil and Robyn Schutte. This report should be read in conjunction with the report by Robyn Schutte (Schutte, 1982) which is a comprehensive and intelligent reflection on part of the research. Sue Manser has coped with the onerous task of typing up an unreadable manuscript with her usual forebearance and good humour. INTRODUCTION Juvenile delinquency is - in very broad terms - the non-conformity of legally "irresponsible" adolescents to prevailing norms, customs and views on law and order in society. In the West the period of adolescence has come to be viewed as one of stress and crisis as children adjust themselves, and are required by the wider society to adjust, to adulthood. Some social scientists argue that this adjustment process - one in which recalcitrance, violence, bewilderment and anger are often displayed - is a consequence of an interplay of physical (hormonal development, the I emergence of sex drives, physical growth) and cultural processes (e.g., Freeman, 1983; for a critique of Freeman see Patience and...
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...The Journal of Psychology, 2005, 139(4), 369–382 The Prediction of Stress by Values and Value Conflict DAVE BOUCKENOOGHE MARC BUELENS Department Of People and Organization Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School, Belgium JOHNNY FONTAINE Department of Personnel Management, Work, and Organizational Psychology Gent University, Belgium KARLIEN VANDERHEYDEN Department of People and Organization Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School, Belgium ABSTRACT. The authors investigated the relationships among stress, values, and value conflict. Data collected from 400 people working in a variety of companies in Flanders indicated that the values of openness to change, conservation, self-transcendence, and self-enhancement were important predictors of stress. Participants open to change reported less stress, whereas participants who had high scores on conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence perceived more stress. People who reported high value conflict also experienced more stress. Separate analyses for men and women showed that there were gender differences in the relationships observed between the 4 value types and stress. These data have noteworthy theoretical and practical implications. Key words: stress, values and value conflict CONSIDERABLE SKEPTICISM AND CONFUSION exist in research on values because of the plethora of questionnaires and definitions that have been used in the past (Hofstede, 1984; Kluckhohn, 1951; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz & Bilsky, 1987; Super, 1980)...
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...Assignment: Background Read the following Case Scenario and then attempt this task Enron: How the Failure of Leadership, Culture, and Unethical Behavior Brought a Giant to its Knees Background A company with humble beginnings, Enron began as a merger of two Houston pipeline companies in 1985. Although Enron faced a number of financially difficult years, the deregulation of the electrical power markets took effect in 1988, and the company redefined its business from "energy delivery" to "energy broker." Enron quickly changed from a surviving company to a thriving one. Deregulation allowed Enron to become a matchmaker in the power industry, bringing buyers and sellers together. Enron profited from the exchanges, generating revenue from the difference between the buying and selling prices. Deregulation allowed Enron to be creative—for the first time, a company that had been required to operate within the lines could innovate and test limits. Over time, Enron's contracts became increasingly diverse and significantly more complex. Customers could insure themselves against all sorts of eventualities—such as a rise or fall in interest rates, a change in the weather, or a customer's inability to pay. By the end, the volume of such financial contracts far outstripped the volume of contracts to deliver actual commodities, and Enron was employing a small army of Ph.D.s in mathematics, physics, and economics to help manage its risk. As Enron's products and services evolved, so did...
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...When I received a copy of James S. Valliant’s book, The Passion of Ayn Rand’s Critics: The Case Against the Brandens, I was a little apprehensive about reviewing it. It seems that every time a discussion commences about the “juicy” bits of Ayn Rand’s sexual and romantic entanglements, it takes on a life of its own, and the discussion never seems to end. Cyber-forums can’t even mention this book without provoking hundreds of rancorous posts among people who are still personally involved in the developments surrounding the break between Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden and Barbara Branden. It’s as if the War of ‘68 is still raging. I was fortunate when I came to the study of Ayn Rand. I was eight years old when Rand and the Brandens went their separate ways. I knew none of the principals involved, and didn’t actually discover Rand’s work until nearly ten years later—when I was a senior in high school in 1977. And even after I’d discovered her work, I'd read everything she wrote without the assistance of going to live lectures or attending group meetings of people sitting around a vinyl turntable or an audio-tape player, listening to recordings of said lectures. I eventually listened to the vast bulk of those lectures as background for the preparation of my book, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, but even that research was pursued independently. My work was not the product of any assistance from any Objectivist institute or organization. Around 1992, however, as I was researching my...
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...Review Sheets HUM/114 Chapter One Developing Your Thinking * What is Thinking? `It is a searching for answers, a reaching for meaning Thinking-is any mental activity that helps formulate or solve a problem, make a decision, or fulfill a desire to understand Careful observation includes: * Remembering * Wondering * Imagining * Interpreting * Evaluating * Judging * Importance of Thinking Successful problem solving and issue analysis require factual knowledge, factual knowledge is already known so to be a successful problem solver, you will need both * Brain and Mind at Work Thinking occurs in patterns that we can study and compare to determine objectivity, validity, and effectiveness The very structure of the brain implies integration between the two hemispheres Right Hemisphere-governs the non-verbal, symbolic, and intuitive responses Left Hemisphere-governs the use of language, logical reasoning, analysis, and performance of sequential tasks The mind has two distinct phases: * Production Closely associated with creative thinking and produces various conceptions of the problem, various ways to deal with the problem, and possible solutions Good Thinkers: * Adept at using a variety of techniques * See the problem from many perspectives * Consider many investigative approaches * Produce many ideas before turning to judgment * More willing to take intellectual...
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...Beyond Feelings A Guide to Critical Thinking NINTH EDITION Vincent Ryan Ruggiero Professor Emeritus of Humanities State University of New York, Delhi BEYOND FEELINGS: A GUIDE TO CRITICAL THINKING, NINTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2009, 2007 and 2004. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: MHID: 978-0-07-803818-1 0-07-803818-9 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Michael Ryan Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Editorial Director: Beth Mejia Senior Managing Editor: Meghan Campbell Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela S. Cooper Senior Project Manager: Joyce Watters Buyer: Nicole Baumgartner Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Media Project Manager: Sridevi Palani Compositor: Glyph International Typeface: 10/13 Palatino Printer: R...
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...PEER INFLUENCE IN RELATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIALIZATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW by Nicole Marie Howard A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree With a Major in School Psychology Approved Two Semester Credits _____________________________ Investigation Advisor The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2004 ii The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie, WI 54751 ABSTRACT _________Howard__________Nicole_______M._________________________ (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) Peer Influence In Relation To Academic Performance and Socialization Among__ (Title) Adolescents: A Literature Review______________________________________ School Psychology (Graduate Major) Dr. Helen Swanson (Research Advisor) May/2004_____ 30__________ (Month/Year) (No. of Pages) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition___ (Name of Style Manual Used in This Study) Adolescents have always been exposed to peer influence, but the kinds of peer influence that they encounter have changed tremendously in the past years. Peers can influence everything from what an adolescent chooses to wear to whether or not an adolescent engages in drug related or other delinquent behavior. This is an important topic because if society and education related professionals understand the issues surrounding negative peer influence, they are more likely...
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...Content A fraternity (Latin frater : "brother") is a brotherhood, although the term sometimes connotes a distinct or formal organization and sometimes a secret society. A fraternity (or fraternal organization) is an organized society of men associated together in an environment of companionship and brotherhood; dedicated to the intellectual, physical, and social development of its members. History There are known fraternal organizations which existed as far back as ancient Greece and in the Mithraic Mysteries of ancient Rome. Analogous institutions developed in the late medieval period called confraternities, which were lay organizations allied to the Catholic Church. Some were groups of men and women who were endeavoring to ally themselves more closely with the prayer and activity of the Church; Others were groups of tradesmen, which are more commonly referred to as guilds. These later confraternities evolved into purely secular fraternal societies, while the ones with religious goals continue to be the format of the modern Third Orders affiliated with the mendicant orders. The development of modern fraternal orders was especially dynamic in the United States, where the freedom to associate outside governmental regulation is expressly sanctioned in law. There have been hundreds of fraternal organizations in the United States, and at the beginning of the 20th century the number of memberships equaled the number of adult males. (Due to multiple memberships, probably only 50%...
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...Levittown: Visionary Urban Design or just Urban Sprawl? Gail A Bigelow April 23, 2006 University of Central Florida Levittown: Visionary Urban Design or just Urban Sprawl? Levittown isn’t a visionary product of high design, there weren’t any major architects to give it pizzazz yet it endures today, by sheer force of will, to be the working stiff’s utopia, his escape from the inner city, the place where he could get away from the noise and dust of the city, a place that was affordable, where he could be king of his own single-family detached castle, he could enhance his quality of life and be just far enough away, but not too far… After World War II the returning veterans demands for housing became more insatiable, it was a right, given what they had been through. Returning veterans were living in attics, basements and Quonset huts or sharing housing with others in the same boat. The young men and women were ready to get back to a normal life – get married and have families and that meant finding a place of their own. The houses were their reward. A single-family house in the suburbs, fully equipped with the best appliances, became a patriotic mission. Many were looking for something new and different than what they had grown up with, they wanted to get out of the inner cities. They knew they’d have to work in those cities, but they didn’t have to live there or raise a family there. During the...
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