...Structure of the Courts Paige Michaud- McClorey CJS 220 June 15, 2011 Jodi Delgado Structure of the Courts Three branches separate the government: executive, legislative, and the judicial each have distinct areas of responsibilities. I would like to start my Court System Structure for the State of Ohio from the bottom and work my way up to the top. Structure for the State is state appellate courts, and state trial courts. Sources of law consist of the state constitutions, state penal codes and local ordinances. These are laws enacted by state and local governments. Federal structure involves the federal appellate that is a five-judge panel and the federal trial courts. Sources of law are the U.S. Constitution, Code of federal regulations, and United States Code. These are laws enacted by Congress or executive agencies. Although the Mayor’s Court is not part of the judicial branch of Ohio government, Louisiana and Ohio are the only two states where mayors can preside over a court. They hear cases in violation of state traffic laws and local ordinances. Municipal and County Courts these courts are created by the General Assembly. Both courts have the authority to hear felony cases, and jurisdiction over traffic and non-traffic misdemeanors. Municipal and County Court judges must be attorneys with at least six years’ experience in law. A court of Claims judge assigned by the Chief Justice hears cases involving suits against the state such as property damage, discrimination...
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...In comparing the court system of the state in which I reside and the Federal Court System, I found many interesting facts that make them completely different. I reside in the state known as the garden state, New Jersey and after doing careful research, I found that the New Jersey Court System is made up of five branches or divisions. The structure of New Jersey Court System includes; The Supreme Court which is NJs highest court and is known as the court of last resort. It reviews decisions of the state’s lower courts and is composed of a Chief Justice and 6 Associate Justices. Appellate Division of the Supreme Court which is an intermediate appeals court and reviews decisions of the Trial, Tax, and Municipal Courts. Appellate Divisions are appealed to the Supreme Court and the judges sit in one of eight appellate parts. Tax Court only hears cases involving tax laws and is authorized by 12 judges. Tax Court decisions are also appealed to the Appellate Division. Superior Court is NJs trial court and is composed of about 393 judges in the 21 countries. It conducts criminal, civil, and family Law cases and reviews decisions of the Municipal Courts. There are 357 Municipal Court in New Jersey. It hears cases such as motor vehicle and minor criminal cases. Municipal Court decisions are appealed to the Superior Court. The structure of the Federal Court System includes The Supreme Court of the United States which is the highest court in the federal Judiciary. It consists...
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...separate state court systems and an extra court system for the District of Columbia, yet there is only one federal court system. I live in the state of Maryland. The court system of the state of Maryland shares similarities with the federal court system, yet, the systems are different. Each court system has its own structure. There is a difference in the source of laws. Also, the types of cases that are heard in the court system of Maryland are dissimilar than what is heard in the federal court system. The federal court system and the state of Maryland’s court system are each made up of three levels of courts. The federal court setup is made up of the following: the district courts, the U.S. Court of Appeals, and the United States Supreme Court. The state of Maryland’s court system consists of appellate courts, circuit courts, and district courts. The courts are similar when it comes to the structure of the systems. The sources of laws for the federal court system and the state of Maryland’s court system are different. The federal court system’s sources of laws are the U.S. Constitution, the Code of Federal Regulations, the United States Code, and laws enacted by Congress or executive agencies. The Maryland Annotated Code and laws enacted by state and local governments are Maryland’s source of laws. Federal courts conduct trials for federal crimes including the following: treason, mail fraud, counterfeiting, etc. Also, the federal courts hear felonies...
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...Structure of the Courts Student Name CJS/220 Due Date Instructor State and local courts are established by a state. Federal courts are established under the U.S. Constitution to decide disputes involving the Constitution and laws passed by Congress. Here in the state of North Carolina, the differences between federal and state courts are defined mainly by jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to the kinds of cases a court is authorized to hear. North Carolina State courts have a broad jurisdiction, so the cases individual citizens are most likely to be involved in such as robberies, traffic violations, broken contracts, and family disputes -- are usually tried in the states court. The only cases that the state court is not allowed to hear are lawsuits against the United States and those involving certain specific federal laws such as criminal, antitrust, bankruptcy, patent, copyright, and some maritime cases. The Federal courts may hear cases concerning state laws if the issue is whether the state law violates the federal Constitution. Suppose a North Carolina State law forbids slaughtering animals outside of certain areas. A neighborhood association brings a case in state court against a defendant who sacrifices goats in his backyard. When the court issues an order (called an injunction) forbidding the defendant from further sacrifices, the defendant challenges the state law in federal court as an unconstitutional infringement of his religious freedom. Some kinds of conduct...
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...Critical Book Review: States and Markets Susan Strange 1993 Susan Strange wrote States and Markets in 1994 and it was amazingly predictive of the future of the Internal Political Economy or Global Political Economy (IPE or GPE). Although there are some blind spots in her theory and mode, and she was not able to predict many things. She was still able to accurately describe the four main structures, which affect structural and relational power structures thereby directly affecting IPE. * The model she proposes in this book is not based on rigid theories of international relations that give no room for debate, which are erroneously based on some preconceived assumptions. First, one must understand how the author defines certain ideas and concepts differently. According to Strange “ Firstly a great deal of social theory is no more then description” (Strange, 10, 1994). She expands with the facts are well known but are arranged in a different order or category (Strange, 10, 1994). Susan Strange’s security structure is not rigid, like most other security models and it does not dictate a set of conditions nor does it bias itself to one nation. It is not a uniquely American perspective that assumes military dominance nor is it a British Empire that demands subjugation. It is more easily applied to developing nations that lack the military might of a super power due to its assumption of conventional forces only and lack of military. She theorizes that without protection...
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... Congruence Diagnostic Model The important thing that was not initially is that Sony and Microsoft were not performing as they would have expected. It was realized that something should have been done and that certain changes needed to be implemented through the reorganization of the corporate structure. It is a question that would disturb many as why some firm would thrive on a certain corporate structure while others struggle on the same structure (Burke, 2009). It is important that we understand the forces or drivers that dictate performance and what relationship exists between the forces. This can only be done through the help of the congruence model. It determines what is happening the wrong way and then looking at means of fixing them (Burke, 2009). The model is based on the fact that in order for the organization to perform, there are four important elements which are; people, culture, work and structure. The performance of the organization will improve only the above factors are showing congruence. It is understandable that one may have the best team of people working for the organization but once the culture, the structure and the type of work is wrong, then the firm will still struggle. The companies, Sony and Microsoft had the best of technology, and the best team of experts, but they still could not perform as it had been expected due to a culture that was much bureaucratic and therefore decisions took very long to be made, therefore at...
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...Enterprise Information System is generally any kind of computing system that is of "enterprise class". This means typically offering high quality of service, dealing with large volumes of data and capable of supporting some large organization [ ("an enterprise"). Enterprise Information Systems provide a technology platform that enables organizations to integrate and coordinate their business processes. They provide a single system that is central to the organization and ensure that information can be shared across all functional levels and management hierarchies. Enterprise systems are valuable in eliminating the problem of information fragmentation caused by multiple information systems in an organization, by creating a standard data structure. A typical Enterprise Information System would be housed in one or more Data centers, run Enterprise software, and could include applications such as Content management systems and typically cross organizational borders. The word enterprise can have various connotations. Frequently the term is used only to refer to very large organizations. However, the term may be used to mean virtually anything, by virtue of it having become the latest corporate-speak. Implementing enterprise systems can contribute to achieving operational excellence because when an employee enters information into an enterprise system, it means that that much less time goes into sharing that information through other mediums. It takes time to print out and distribute...
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...understand the effects of leadership, objectives, individual characteristics and action, and employee behavior and attitudes within an organization. It also explains the effects of internal environments, such as culture, the structure of the organization, resource and task allocation, and external environments such as competition or government regulation. These factors contribute to the performance, success or failure, and survival or fall of an organization. Organizational-behavior theories help to explain the collapse of Enron and how leadership, management, and organizational structure contributed to its failure. Organizational Structure With a market capitalization of nearly $74 billion, Enron was one of the world’s leading energy companies by the late 1990s. However, it had gained this status through the perpetration of illegal activities at the very highest levels of the organization. Enron’s fall was because of the organizational-level corruption that grew from its structure and trickled down to the collective behavior of its employees. Enron’s top-down, hierarchical structure by unit grouping meant that the top management team either directly or indirectly through their subordinates influenced the actions of the organization. For example, the structure of the accounting department allowed it to disregard legal requirements through “structural secrecy” that Enron’s executives could exploit (Beenen & Pinto, 2009, p. 283). As part of its strategy to grow its business, Enron’s...
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...Models of Organized Crime Jalaine Franklin University of Phoenix CJA/384 Week-2 Mario Honore November 08, 2012 Models of Organized Crime Patron-Client Orgnizations When it comes to models of organized crime there are two organizations that this paper will refer to, the first is the Patron-Client organization and the second is the Bureaucratic organizations. The Patron-Client is a group of criminals that united together to establish connections that would benefit the groups clients later on. They were structured to run with just one leader and then a chain of command that follows. If an order is given it has to come from the leader and then it is passed down through the chain of command to the members. In order to become a member of a patron-client organization everyone has to be initiated (University of Phoenix, 2007). Bureaucratic Organizations Bureaucratic organizations are slightly different than patron-client organizations in the way they are structured. They are structured with rules and procedures. Bureaucratic organizations also have one main leader and a chain of command that leads to their members. Here the lower managers are not allowed to make any orders; all orders must come from only one person. When it comes to conducting business only high ranking individuals can look for new resources and proceed with new contacts but they still have to have the approval of the leader. Similarity/ Differences Both the patron-client...
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...Week 3 Management Structures By: Misty Ladnier The organization is run by people chosen best to handle the stressful situations that we are faced on a daily basis. I have been trained to make sure that my victims are treated correctly to their individual cases. In order to do so I need an organizational structure. I will explain the advantages and disadvantages of Departmentalization, Matrix organizations, the project team, and the collegial model. Departmentalization is very tricky; you have to pair individuals up so that the department runs smoothly. Sometimes you have people that need to be trained to do this kind of work so that the department does have great communication skills to understand what is going on at all times to keep your patients happy. Matrix organizations have resources that can be shared amongst the department or company. They run on getting ideas from whatever can be tapped at that particular time. What would lead to complications are two or more people that are management and the lack of communication. This can lead to frustrations with the staff that are one step below or one step higher. The project team is the people that come up with ideas. They are the people that have events for the employees or the patients. These events can bring fundraisers for things needed for the organization. But disagreements can put any planning at a standstill and then it can become too late to have it. The collegial model is people within the company that have...
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...Implement a matrix structure. Similar in some ways to the divisional structure described in action one, a matrix structure can benefit from the functional divisions formed in the divisional structure but also supplement these divisions with divisions based on products as well. Employees are grouped by both function and product in a matrix and frequently teams of employees will be assigned to a project to accomplish a specific goal. This type of structure can take advantage of the best parts of divisional and team based structures. If Appex were to consider a matrix format I would recommend a balanced/functional matrix. This form of a matrix structure is one in which a project managers are assigned to oversee projects and these project managers must share power with the functional managers who are the normal chain of command. One of the disadvantages of this arrangement is the division of power between the managers but if Appex’s managers could overcome the difficulty inherent in such a power sharing scheme then this could be a beneficial way to structure the company. 4) A classical hierarchy. I believe that this time-tested structure is what Appex needs as it has grown too large and complex to operate efficiently in any of the structures described above. Although some consider this to be an impersonal form which would not allow for the employees of Appex to operate in the unstructured way that they did at the beginning, the simple fact of the matter...
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...words « In this age of hyper-competition, organisations should adopt a decentralised structure ». Businesses have entered in a new era, the era of hyper-competition, more competitive as they become more global. Business has shifted dramatically from a slow-moving stable environment to an environment where competitive advantages are no longer sustainable but temporary as new competitors enter the market. Aveni argues that, to have a chance to survive in this constantly changing environment, firms should adopt a new strategy that best suits with these unpredictable variations. In recent years, organisations have been reassessing their strategy and structure because of this growing competition, thinking that their success is widely related with re-matching to its environment. (Johnson, 1988; Miller and Friesen, 1980) Tom Peter (1987) and Michael Porter (1990) claimed that adopting this attribute if changing ability will in some sense guarantee competitive advantage. In this assignment, we will base our discussion on managing theories in order to explain organisations’ structure choice by describing how they respond to their changing context. We will comment on the view that structure depends on the contingency theory and contrast both decentralised and centralised structure in each contingency factor, using resources to support statements. Finally, we shall decide which structure best fits with this context of hyper-competition. It is possible to characterize the...
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...Differentiation:- It is the process by which organization allocates people and resources to organizational task and establishes the task and authority relationships that allow the organization to achieve its goals. Organizational Roles An organizational role is a set of task-related behavior required of a person by his or her position in an organization. Organizational structure is based on a system of interlocking roles, and the relationship of one role to another is defined by task-related behaviors. Authority:- is the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions about how to invest and use organizational resources. Subunits: Functions and divisions In organizations, people with similar and related roles are grouped into a sub unit. The main subunits that develop in organizations are functions or departments. A function is a subunit composed of a group of people, working together, who possess similar skills or use the same kind of knowledge, tools, or techniques to perform their jobs. A division is a subunit that consists of a collection of functions or departments that share responsibility for producing a particular good or service. The number of different functions and divisions that an organization possesses is a measure of organizations complexity – its degree of differentiation. As organizations grow in size, they differentiate kinds of functions. Support functions: - facilitate an organizations control of its relations with its environment...
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...From the past up to now, the organization has changed a lot in order to make the jobs and employees to become more effective and efficient. Among these changes, we have noticed many organizations nowadays try to restructure their organization’s structure to move toward “virtuality”. According to the Modern Management book, virtual organizations refer to as network organizations or modular corporation (Samuel & S. Trevis, 2012). There are both pros and cons for having a virtual organization. To begin with the positive points, organizations can reduce the cost by having a virtual organization. In this way, they can reduce some cost for working spaces and as well as utility expenses such as rent, maintenance, insurances, water, electricity, and raw materials. Secondly, some employees may find themselves to work faster at home rather than in the company’s office. Working at the office can sometimes be very disturbed as there can be a lot of people in one office. Thus, virtual organization can increase productivity for those who like to work at home or in a silent place. Finally, virtual organization allows firms to redesign jobs to make employees more effective and efficient. For example, some jobs do not require employees to come to office every day as the jobs require employees to work directly with customers, so it is not important for them to be present at the office every day. As a consequence, they can get access to the customer more quickly and save time. Moving onto the...
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...employees. Therefore, external as well as internal equity play an important role in an organization’s design of its compensation structure. In this essay, it shall examine the total compensation plans for the Home Depot Corporation and IBM Global Services, focusing on internal as well as external equity. Additionally, it shall also review the various advantages as well as disadvantages of internal and external equity for both organizations. Finally, it will provide an explanation to how each plan supports each organization total compensation objectives as well as the relationship of the organization’s financial situation to its plan (University of Phoenix, 2009). Internal and external equity An Organization that notably uses internal equity to form its pay structure is the Home Depot. The Home Depot’s internal equity exist because of its pays wages and hiring processes designed to fit each store budget, instead of hiring people with the skills to do the job at a market rate pay. The Home Depot’s decentralized stores use an elitist compensation system with different compensation plans by organization level and incentives offered only to specific employees or units. The Home Depot’s internal equity compares each pay level to other employees and business units in the company’s hierarchy. This process exists to balance the compensation structure appropriate to a job profile in comparison to the pay wages of its senior and junior level executives in the company. However...
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