...formulated in 1948 and at the time was a breakthrough in the health care sector and was finally seen as a positive definition of health, rather than negative. Most definition concentrated on disease and illness. There are some criticisms that state that the model describes health as a ‘state’ rather than a process and does not put any certain boundaries on what is considered “health”. In healthcare, models are used to diagnose and explain an individual’s health. There are four main models that dominate the health care profession which are the biomedical model, social model, biopsychosocial model and the holistic model. In this essay I will discuss all four models by looking at their advantages and limitations in health care. The biomedical model is a dominant model of disease in contemporary medicine and was devised by medical scientists for the study of disease. It was created as a scientific model therefor involved a set of scientific assumptions and rules. Biomedicine is the principal way of understanding health and illness. It is widely accepted by the medical profession and also by the non-professional population (Barry, Yuill 2012). The models rapidly became popular in health care approaches over the nineteenth century and focused on biological factors only. It is based on the assumptions about the functioning of the human body and the nature of a...
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...In this essay, my aims are to explain the definition of health, contrasted with a positive definition, such as that provided by the ‘World Health Organisation' (WHO) in 1974, with its positive and negative concept of health and the definition of disease and its connection to the social model. It will then be followed by the study of Mildred Blaxter (1990). I will also be explaining the definition of the ‘sick role' which was introduced by Talcott Parsons, with its positive and negative effects on the society. Following by an explanation of the doctor-patient relationship with the theory of the functionalist approach by Barber (1963) and by also critically evaluating ways in which the medical profession exercises social control as well as their contribution to ill health and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, I will analyse the key issues relating to the political economy of the health industry. Over the year's sociologist have tried to come up with a good definition of health, however, they were all elusive. According to the ‘World Health Organisations' (WHO) (1946), good health meant "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" its definition was seen as a positive concept as it focused not only on being free from any diseases but it emphasised in a mixture of physical, mental, emotional and social well-being, this was seen to be so complete but yet unachievable. The negative concept of health...
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...National estimates of medical liability system costs—including settlements, legal and administrative costs and defensive medicine—range from $55.6 billion annually to $200 billion annually (NCSL, 2011). Medical malpractice reform, also known as tort reform, includes strategies to limit medical malpractice costs, deter medical errors, and ensure that patients who are injured by medical negligence are fairly compensated. Tort reform has the potential to reduce health care expenditures by reducing the number of malpractice claims, the average size of malpractice awards and tort liability system administrative costs. It also may lead to fewer instances of defensive medicine where physicians order tests and procedures not primarily to ensure the health of the patient but as a safeguard against possible medical malpractice liability (NCSL, 2011). Medical malpractice reform proponents argue that tort reforms—such as limiting malpractice awards, tightening statutes of limitations for filing claims, increasing expert witness standards, and screening cases before they go to trial—not only reduce overall medical care spending but also increase access to care (NCSL, 2011). Strategies to improve malpractice claims include limiting awards; placing stricter limits on statutes of limitations; establishing minimum qualifications for expert witnesses; periodic payment provisions; modified Collateral Source Rules; Attorney Contingent fee limits; and other medical Liability related reforms...
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...them in order to heal sickness and diseases. A lot of drugstores have emerged nowadays as well as the increasing needs of the people. The only difficulty is that some people cannot afford to buy the expensive medicines. Mike Mendoza finds a way to solve this problem. With effective but affordable medicines, it aims to solve the hindrance of what people are facing nowadays which are high-priced medications. Founded by Mr. Mendoza, Mendoza Drugstore was established on March, 2011 in Santa Maria, Bulacan. The company has two employees and one administrator. Although the pharmacy provides cheap but effective medicines to their townsmen, problems arise with the pharmacy performance. The sales and inventory transactions in the store using only calculator has a very slow processing considering they do not have a computerized sales and inventory system yet. The processing of sales and inventory usually begins when a customer buy medicines over the counter. The employee will now perform the sales transaction. After the transaction, receipts should be given to the customers but they still do not have a receipt processing system. On the other hand, the medicines bought by the customers should be automatically reduced in the inventory area. Newly delivered medicines are also processed in the inventory. 1.2 Conceptual Framework Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework of the Proposed System Figure 1.0 presents the main obstacles of the pharmacy since it settled...
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...Tort reform covers laws approved by each state that define restrictions on the total compensation that can be granted in particular injury lawsuits. Tort reform is targeting the following major areas, which help reduce large malpractice awards: damage awards, legal expenses and restrictive statutes of limitation. Most states enlist a limit on the amount of compensations a patient can claim and have policies that decrease the reimbursements the doctor has to pay to the patient by the sum that individual receives for the third payer. States put a limit on the amount lawyers can collect as a percentage from the amount the patient wins. In case the plaintiff loses the case lawyers do not get anything. Restricting statutes of limitation set bounds on the time frame a petitioner has in order to file a claim. A state obliges all claims to be filed no more than four to seven years after injury...
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...Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Jennifer Debreceni, RN Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS-430V April 24, 2016 Professional Development of Nursing Professionals The Institute of Medicine (IOM) in collaboration with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) released a report in 2010, “The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health”. This report was released in conjunction with the healthcare bill known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). With the signing of the ACA, it created many occasions for the nurse to help in the reshaping of the health care system. For nursing to take a role in the redesigning of healthcare system transformations in nursing practice, nursing education and nursing leadership needed to take place. Impact on Nursing Education The Institute of Medicine (2010, p.163) states that “Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression”. Associate degree and diploma nurses are encouraged to continue their education by entering into a baccalaureate degree program. This is recommended to be done within five years after receiving either a diploma or associates degree in nursing. Institutions can encourage this by offering salary differential and promotions within their facilities for the higher educated nurse. Organizations are encouraged to increase the number of nurses who hold a bachelor’s degree in nursing from 50% to 80%...
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...ANSWER THREE OF THE QUESTIONS ALL QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ANSWERED IN A SEPARATE BOOKLET Answer all parts of the chosen questions. All questions are for 22 marks. 1. (a) Discuss the design of a pharmacogenomic study, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects, to evaluate the variability in response to warfarin in populations with different ancestries. [ 11 marks ] (b) Describe 2 different enzymes affecting pharmacokinetic factors and drug response. Include drug substrates, disease(s) implicated, their genetic variations and explain how the knowledge of genotype/phenotype relationship could be useful in clinical practice. [ 11 marks ] 2. (a) The MSc gene is expressed in the liver of the Wild-Type (WT) rat and its enzyme product metabolises a drug called Pharmaco. Sequencing of the MSc gene in a new rat strain called GLA has identified a single base change from the WT sequence. Depending on where this change occurs in the MSc gene, what effect – if any – would it have on the GLA rats’ ability to metabolise Pharmaco? [ 14 marks ] (b) Further investigation shows the base change in the MSc gene of GLA rats occurs in the promoter region and is likely to prevent the gene’s transcription in the liver. Briefly describe the methods that could be used to show the absence of MSc mRNA in GLA rat livers. What information might you need? What controls would you use? [ 8 marks ] 3. Gene therapy has been proposed...
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...more prescription medications. The demand that was placed on the pharmaceutical industry brought about an urgent need for the teaching of professional ethics in schools of pharmacy. The measures taken in response to this demand were very necessary as the public now places such high expectations on pharmaceutical professionals, and rightfully so. They have access to both lifesaving and life-ending drugs and they possess knowledge that the common person finds intimidating. Patients feel a sense of vulnerability with all of the aspects involved with the industry that they may not understand such as the electronic transmission of information, electronic records, e-scripts, delivery and the complexity of health interventions, along with legal limitations, the many different medical specializations and the sharp rise in the use of generic pharmaceuticals (Klepser, et. al., 2008) It is possible that a pharmaceutical professional may find themselves in vulnerable positions as well, feeling trapped between their own personal ethics and the liabilities placed on them by their profession. They may find themselves sometime questioning as to whether they can fully uphold them. Furthermore, new drug regimens have increased in complexity, generating such related professional challenges as drug interactions, drug product selection, and therapeutic drug interchanges, suggesting new professional roles and relationships for pharmacists (Buerki & Vottero,2002). Physicians and patients depend on...
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...This paper has been donated as a guide. Please do not copy my work. Please cite your sources including my paper if you use it. Thank you. The Practice of Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. There are many legal issues that exist in clinical psychology. Two of these legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and getting written consent to treat. A clinical psychologist is required by law to obtain the patients written consent before treating them or before any experiment takes place. A patient can opt out or withdraw consent whenever they deem it appropriate during treatment. If consent is withdrawn the treatment or experiment that involves the patient must stop (Plante, 2011). A psychologist must maintain confidentiality, this means that they are not allowed to disclose personal records and treatment with anyone but the patient unless child abuse is suspected, the patient may harm themselves or another, or there is a court order (Plante, 2011). An example of something that is legal but not ethical would be if there is an order from a judge to provide the records of the patient but the patient is unaware or refuses to consent. The therapist must turn over the patients file, however...
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...179 International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health Specifics of the Activity-Based Applications in Hospital Management Boris Popesko * Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic * Corresponding Author; Email: popesko@fame.utb.cz Abstract Paper analyses the specifics of the application of Activity-Based Costing method in hospital management. Primary objective of the paper is to outline the methodology of the ABC application in hospitals. First part of the paper analyzes the ways of ABC implementation in published foreign studies. Second part describes the individual steps in ABC application and discusses the differences in the application procedures between the manufacturing and hospital organization. Key words: Healthcare Management, Cost Management, Activity-based costing, Introduction In the last decade, many non-profit and hospital organizations started to face difficulties and challenges in balancing limited resources and costs to provide their demand for services. Due to the introduction of modern medical techniques and medicines and consequent increase of consumed costs, many hospitals are under pressure to adopt more advanced cost management techniques usually utilized only in profit organization sector. Hospital managers frequently seek the advanced techniques, for better understanding of relations between the cost and provided services. One of the key factors of effective company management is ability of accurate...
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...(2014) used substance abuse providers and representatives from Single State Authorities to examine cultural based models of care, resource allocations, and cultural competency training to improve quality of care and substance abuse treatment. Strategies for providers and health care organizations to address cultural and linguistic competencies will need to incorporate the values and philosophies shared by the culture and community such as: incorporating traditional storytelling and infusing Native language into treatment programs; using the Northern Plains Medicine Wheel in treatment; incorporate teachings from the Cycle of Life; and incorporate teachings from the White Bison Wellbriety Movement, which brings culture and tradition into sobriety (Croff et al., 2014). For children, adolescents, and families in the Native American Communities who are experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression, Horowitz (2012) suggests the “Blending of Two Worlds Study” to provide a culturally sensitive and supportive treatment environment. It has been suggested for the Northwest tribes in Portland, Oregon in conjunction with the Indian Health Board to design culturally appropriate technology for internet or smart phone usage to target health based interventions for teenagers and young adults as they are avid media...
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... (1-2) 1.1 DATABASE AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1 1.2PATIENT AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 1-2 1.3 NEED OF DATABASE IN PATIENT AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 2 1.4 SCOPE 2 2) ADVANCED AND EXISTING SYSTEM ( 3) 2.1 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 3 3) ER DIARAM RELATIONSHIPS IN APTIENT AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (3-4) 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO E-R MODELS 3-4 3.2 E-R DIAGRAM OF PATIENT AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...
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...[PROBLEMS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS OF PAKISTAN] ADVISOR: MR OMAR AZIZ BABAR GROUP MEMBERS: ABSHAM MEHBOOB (08-0014) AGHA MUREED AHMAD (08-0636) HAMZA AHMED JALAL (08-0282) NABEEL ATIQ SYED (08-0141) SYED ALI HAIDER SHAH (08-0176) SUBMISSION DATE: 07-05-2012 This project is solely the work of the author and is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelors of Business Administration EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Our FYP project is based on the issues in the emergency department of health sector of Pakistan on which we are conducting a research work. As we hear about the problems that occur in this department of health sector and the difficulties that people face we will be looking into the depth of these issues and try to highlight the key points that create such a situation. Our main objective is to find the gap between the perception and reality. We go about in our project first giving a brief introduction of the emergency department of health sector according to the secondary data that we collected. We also discussed the techniques, strategies and standard operational procedures i.e. SOP’s according to which emergencies should operate. Moreover we also discussed emergency ethics that are the first and foremost base to determine how the doctors are expected to behave with...
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...linked with the mental health reform movements in the USA. The three most important reform movements were; ‘Moral Treatment’, ‘The Mental Hygiene’ and ‘Deinstitutionalisation’. Each of these movements have led to the establishment of particular types of institution: In the Moral Treatment era, we got therapeutic mental hospitals, the Mental Hygiene era gave us Child Guidance Clinics and the establishment of Community Health Centers came in the Deinstitutionalisation era (Tutorial Letter 102/0/2014). Student Number: 55316883 Unique Number: 536709 2 Public health, like community psychology, focuses on prevention of disease. It is defined as “the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases. It is increasingly becoming the leading structure through which all attempts to prevent injuries due to accidents and violence are designed and implemented. With regards to both approaches in South Africa, it is no...
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