...Deng Xiaping was a paramount leader of China. He took control after Mao Zedong’s dead from 1978 to 1992. During these years, Deng affected and influenced China’s development. He helped China develop in several ways which include his political reforms, economic policies and foreign policies. First of all, Deng Xiaoping affected China and helped develop it through his political reforms. During the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1956, he directed an Anti-rightist movement from 1957 to 1959. It consisted of a sequence of movements to eliminate so-called ‘rightists’ within the Communist Party of China. The so-called ‘rightists’ mainly consisted of critics who were against collectivization and favored capitalism. Most of the critics were either arrested, lost their jobs or underwent periods of re-education in labor camps. This usually involved making public apologies for their actions. However, some leading figures in the CCP were purged. In total about 500,000 people were removed. By the late 1950s, the problems caused by China’s rising population became severe. Because of China’s population increase, food supplies decreased and they were unable to match the increase. As for the Great Leap Forward in 1958, it was one of the causes that caused the fall in agricultural production. It was part of the Second Five Year Plan and it was created as an attempt to transform China into an industrial superpower within fifteen years. The idea behind the Great Leap Forward was that industrial development...
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...after only the United States and Russia (Soled, 1993). In 1978, Deng Xiaoping took over the control of the communist party and abandoned the Maoist economic model. Deng Xiaoping is widely regarded as one of the most undisputed leader of all times. He initiated the transformation of the planned economy towards more market-oriented economy and decided to open China up to free market economic reforms and Western style capitalism (Chow, 2001). These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance. Successful economic development in other parts of Asia including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea, known as the four Tigers, demonstrated to the Chinese government officials and the Chinese people that a market economy works better than a planned economy (Soled, 1993). Deng realized that China needed Western technology and investment, and opened the door to foreign businesses who wanted to set up in China (Chow, 2001). China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. By participating in export-led growth, China was able to quickly take advantage of foreign investment, advanced technologies and professional management (Encyclopedia, 2012). On pragmatism, Deng Xiaoping said that one should not care whether a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice. Deng Xiaoping set the transformation...
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...I"It matters not whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice." Deng Xiaoping Paper DENG XIAOPING : The chinese reform Elmahdi Fathi : 2014-81611 China has always been renowned for being successful in the domains of science and arts, however in previous decades, China has been ravaged by famines, civil discomfort and foreign outsourcing. China was consumed by this injustice until well after the Second World War when Mao Zedong introduced Communism adapted from the U.S.S.R, and created an autocratic socialist system which imposes firm constraints upon the Chinese social, political and economic system. It wasn't until the 1980's China's following leader Deng Xiaoping who focused focused on developing China into a market operated economy and by the 21st century the economy has improved tremendously, improving the standard of living as well as giving freedom of speech, China has now adapted to a successful socialist market economy in which the government still has a large contribution in terms of corporate decisions. For Deng Xiaoping ,the best way to build a better China was to offer better living conditions as soon as possible, to give people the level of morale they need for further development. At that time, he realized that China’s economic need to reform; he found very effecient ways to reform the China’s economic. His goals were to open up the China’s market to the outside world, breaking down the collective farms, getting rid of state-run enterprises...
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...Genghis Khan, first known as Temujin, was the son of a leader of a Mongolian tribe. He was brought up in a time of warring tribes and factions. Genghis Khan was a fierce and brilliant military commander, who achieved unprecedented success in setting Ghengis Khanup an Empire which stretched across Europe and Asia. His Mongol armies left a trail of fear, death and destruction. But, he also created a vibrant empire with a common language, booming trade, tolerance of religion and some basic customs and laws( Pettinger., 2010). Arguably the most famous Asian of the last 2,000 years, Genghis Khan created an empire that was more than twice the size of any other conqueror's in history, and that endured for more than a century and a half after his death. Almost everything we know about him came from the descendants of people he conquered, and they have seen him as merely one of many bloodthirsty savages -- such as Attila the Hun and Tamerlane -- who periodically erupted from the steppes like some evil force of nature to ravage the superior civilizations around them(Weatherford, 2000). Although Genghis Khan was a great conqueror, he never stopped becoming open to new cultures and he was very open to learn from the technologies, practices and even religions of the different territories he conquered. A great leader never stops learning and it is the key to your success too. You must be humble enough to realize that you can learn from anyone, anywhere no matter how far you have come as...
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...of the rightest taint. What he did is a result of brainwashing and the propaganda campaign let him was not able to have the correct personal values. In this case, Liang Heng’s family was collapsed under the special historical background. During that age, love between young boys and girls were forbidden or you will be considered as petty bourgeois. Government advocated the pure relationships of workerpeasant alliance, which means that only the marriage between people in the same class could be allowed by party organization. Liang Heng and Judith Shapiro reflected the unprecedented courage in this case. Judith appealed directed to the top man in China, Deng Xiaoping, in spite of the obstruction from local party organization. He read Judith appeals and said, “ Of course they should be allowed to marry.” These words from Deng Xiaoping drew a successful conclusion of Liang Heng and Judith’s story. True love is fearless, and it cannot be restricted by external factors. This part is the warmest plot of the whole book. The destruction of family units is the plot, which make me shocked since it’s my first time to touch the first hand material of this issue in Cultural Revolution. The romantic experience between Liang Heng and Judith reminds me of the only tender feelings existed during that period. Overall, this book is a successful book with the description of author’s personal experience, which gives us a direct view of political events that happened after 1949 ...
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... | |China. | | | | | | | |2. Deng Xiaoping was Marxist, Proletarian Revolutionist, politician, |He was graduated in Moscow eastern university. He put forward the |Deng Xiaoping had three wives and five children. He died in Beijing on | |militarist, diplomatist. He also was the people's liberation army, and |concept of political is "one country , two system". He founded Deng |February 19,1997. | |he was one of the main leader of the people's republic of China. |Xiaoping Theory....
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...is the leader of Gang of Four, also one of the main leaders during the CR. Joseph Stilwell -American General, -US government sent Stilwell to Chongqing in 1942 - The Chief of Staff in China Burma India Theater, left the position because of conflicts with Jiang; Red Guards -A special group of China during the CR. Most RG are students -During the CR -So called “solider of Chairman Mao”, regard the little red book as all the truth, easy to be egged and the main power of CR Hu Yaobang -The General Secretary of the CCP -Took the position during 1982-1987, the begging time of reform and open policies -His death led a lot students hold the public memorial and later became a student revolution, the Tiananmen Massacre. Deng Xiaoping -The Second generation of the CCP leader -1904-1997, -“the general designer of China's Reform and Opening program”. “One Country, two system”. Times Person the Year in 1985 and 1978. His policies are...
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...Question: What Was the Cultural Revolution? Answer: Between 1966 and 1976, the young people of China rose up in an effort to purge the nation of the "Four Olds": old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas. In August, 1966, Mao Zedong called for the start of a Cultural Revolution at the Plenum of the Communist Central Committee. He urged the creation of corps of "Red Guards" to punish party officials and any other persons who showed bourgeois tendencies. Mao likely was motivated to call for the so-called Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in order to rid the Chinese Communist Party of his opponents after the tragic failure of his Great Leap Forward policies. Mao knew that other party leaders were planning to marginalize him, so he appealed directly to his supporters among the people to join him in a Cultural Revolution. He also believed that communist revolution had to be a continuous process, in order to stave off capitalist-roader ideas. Mao's call was answered by the students, some as young as elementary school, who organized themselves into the first groups of Red Guards. They were joined later by workers and soldiers. The first targets of the Red Guards included Buddhist temples, churches and mosques, which were razed to the ground or converted to other uses. Sacred texts, as well as Confucian writings, were burned, along with religious statues and other artwork. Any object associated with China's pre-revolutionary past was liable to be destroyed. In their...
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...economic crisis in which the country almost defaulted on loans (Balakrishnan, n.d.). Before globalization India purposely isolated itself from world markets and was in a state of economic stagnation (Nayar, 2007). This stagnation left the country in profound poverty with no industrial growth. The people of India faced other challenges as well such as illiteracy, government corruption, and malnutrition (Wikipedia, 2013). In the years since globalization industrial growth has occurred at a rate of about 6.5 percent that has thwarted any reoccurrence of economic decline and a poverty rate at 26 percent that had previously been 55 percent (Nayar, 2007). China too, has benefited from globalization. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping established leadership of China. Unlike Mao Zedong, Xiaoping embraced globalization and demanded economic change that he believed would ensure the safety of communist rule (Yahuda, 2003). Like India, the people of China lived in poverty before globalization occurred. In the 20 years since that time China has experienced a growth rate of over 9 percent and has become the 5th largest trading nation and has the 6th largest economy with millions of people no longer living in poverty (Piexin, 2003). The globalization of China was brought about after the end of the Cultural Revolution...
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...Tiananmen Square Conflict 241 people dead, and 7,000 wounded those were the numbers given by the Chinese government after the violence during the Tiananmen Square conflict in 1989. A more modern example of when a government turns its troops on protesters can be compared to the youth revolt in France in 2006. In France there were students protesting a labor bill that they believed to be unfair and in the case of the Tiananmen square conflict students and residents both protested because they believed their government to be unfair as well not following the Chinese Constitution. There are a few factors that could have contributed such as cultural, economical, or political ones. The main reason that many believe to be what led to the protests is the death of Hu Yaobang. Hu was the general secretary of the Communist party of China. He was considered controversial because he believed that the government should become more western in there policies and was a supporter of democracy. When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989,students began to organize on the 16 of April. Millions of people joined the march making it as said by the article China-Conflict at Tiananmen Square: “ the greatest challenge to the communist state in China since the 1949 revolution”. The protests lasted for seven weeks until June 3 when the army moved into the area shooting random protesters. Outside governments were horrified but what had happened. UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher...
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...Is new leadership going to revitalize an organization, thus bringing success to it? Leadership to an organization is rudder to a ship, without too much emphasizing on the importance of leadership, I agree that those in power need to step down for better leadership when necessary. If leaders are making big mistakes, they need to step down anytime necessary. But if current leaders are leading their organizations to make significant progress, they need to stay in power for the sake of their organizations’ continuous progress. New leaders can bring new ideas, innovation and other important resources to their organizations, which are important for the success of organizations. By the 1980s, Haier Group had debt of over CNY ¥1.4 million and suffered from dilapidated infrastructure, poor management, and lack of quality control. The company was on the verge of bankruptcy. Zhangruimin, the saver of Haier Group, introduced the sense of quality to its members by smashing 76 faulty refrigerators in front of everybody. The company started turning around in late 1980s with Zhangruimin’s disciplined management. As an avid reader of western and Japanese business, he brought Haier into international competition after cooperating with Germany Liebherr Group. This has been one of the most told stories where a new innovative leader saves an almost bankrupted company. Under some extreme circumstances, those in power might need to step down before the end of their due time. Chairman...
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...Discuss how and why China’s relations with the world economy change after 1993? The economic reforms of China, called “open doors policy” starting in 1978 with Deng Xiaoping –the leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) - marked the beginning of a new era where China initiated to open its economy to the world. (Nolan, 2005) In 1992, during his Southern tour, Deng Xiaoping introduced the term of “Socialist Market economy” to describe Chinese economy and in 1993 the term was added to the Constitution, which means that socialism was still the basis of the economical system but that the State also protected the market economy from now on and therefore was ready to go international. This essay will discuss to which extent 1993 was the changing year for China’s international economic relations. Naughton (2007) refers to the 1990s reform in China as a “reform with losers” meaning that at this point, Chinese economy was moving towards a transformation to capitalism. They started to strengthen the institutions of market economy and began to privatize the State sector. The State-owned Enterprises (SOE) reform - specifically the “grasping the big, letting go of the small” strategy - was aimed to improve the efficiency and corporate governance of the State companies by keeping the key resources (such as infrastructure construction, telecommunications, financial services, energy and raw materials) (GENG, X., YANG, X. and JANUS, A. 2009) and the big companies and let go the...
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...Chinese Cultural Center is located in the heart of Paris where is near famous monuments, a small palace across the river, a collection of modeling solemn, beautiful and elegant classical style architecture, the building bears witness to the stage of history in the development and evolution of Paris. Chinese Cultural Center set up to address this, in line with the status of the East accommodating ancient civilizations. Center on November 29 2002, the day held a grand listing ceremony. This address "on the red have to take a look at the" famous Chinese painter Zao Wou-ki and Chu Teh Chun Lianlian Road, the establishment of the Chinese Culture Center. Chinese Cultural Center in Paris 7th district Mobuerta Avenue (Boulevard DE LA TOUR-MAUBOURG) and Orsay Riverfront Road (QUAI D'ORSAY) at the intersection of the famous honor servicemen hospital west of the square, close to the Seine. This is a nearly 150-year-old stone building, high windows through the top and grace. The house was originally a 19th century French duke Montesquieu · Fusangsake, private residence, and the right neighborhood, is now another stone building of the French Association of Mayors of the sister floor, is the Countess in 1858 to find his two son of design and construction. Entered the building, reporters Dayton grand staircase overall structure to attract: the staircase located at the west side of the building body made of marble, although Across time, the stone still. Scarlet carpet luxury beautiful staircase...
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...Question: What was the Cultural Revolution all about? Why did Mao launch the Cultural Revolution? The Cultural Revolution could be regarded as a nightmare for the generation of my grandparents’ age. It was initiated by Mao Zedong and utilized by the counterrevolutionary clique that led by Lin Biao and Jiang Qing. This leading mistake was an unchangeable disaster to the whole state, the CCP, and all the Chinese people. This struggle lasted for ten years from 1966 to 1976. How could Chinese people endure this ordeal for ten year? We should understand the concept of the Cultural Revolution first according to the required readings. From 1966 to 1969, Mao wanted to change “the bourgeois dictatorship” to “the proletarian dictatorship,” which meant that Mao needed people to destroy the so-called “the capitalists.” The real meaning of the Cultural Revolution for Mao himself was to help the CCP to seize power from the KMP. For him, that meant to snatch the regime from the bourgeois leaders and gave it back to the proletarians. In 1966, the “Sixteen Articles” announced that the party should adjust those in power but took the path of “capitalism ”. The events about seizing power started from January 1967 in Shanghai. And one month later, Lin Biao and Jiang Qing led the counterrevolutionary people frame those older generations of proletarian revolutionaries up to say that the elders were disturbing the CCP by complaining their concerns about the Cultural Revolution...
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...Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China Ezra F. Vogel REFERENCES American Rural Small-Scale Industry Delegation. Rural Small-Scale Industry in the People’s Republic of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. Atkinson, Richard C. “Recollection of Events Leading to the First Exchange of Students, Scholars, and Scientists between the United States and the People’s Republic of China,” 4 pp. Bachman, David. “Differing Visions of China’s Post-Mao Economy: The Ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang,” Asian Survey, 26, no. 3 (March 1986), 293-321. Bachman, David. “The Fourteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.” New York: Asia Society, 1992. Bachman, David. “Implementing Chinese Tax Policy.” In Lampton, ed., Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China, pp. 119-153. Backhouse, E. and J.O.P. Bland. Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. Bainian chao (百年潮) (Hundred Year Tide). Monthly. Beijing: Zhongguo zhonggong dangshi xuehui, 1997 -- . Barfield, Thomas J. Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Barman, Geneviève Barman and Nicole Dulioust. “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,” Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’histoire, no. 20 (October-December 1988), 17-34. Barman, Geneviève and Nicole Dulioust. “The Communists in the Work and Study Movement in France,” Republican China, 13, no. 2 (April 1988), 24-39. Barnett, A. Doak, with a contribution...
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