...Developmental milestones are transitional stages in cognitive, physical and psychosocial abilities in children and infants. In this essay I am going to focus on a scenario whereby Despite the difficult birth, Shannon has reached all of her developmental milestones. Her mother, Alison, is 12 weeks pregnant. She is thrilled but concerned because her last birth was difficult, with a prolonged labour, resulting in a forceps delivery. Her father, Ian, is a fly in – fly out worker and wants to work nearer home, but so far, no jobs have been forthcoming. In this case I am a child health nurse who sees Shannon for her regular health and developmental check.Chidren undergo diverse changes as they grow from infants to adults and therefore pass through distinct period of development. These changes are genetically determines and are highly influenced by the environment. In this essay I will focus more on developmental theories and changes that Shannon may experience on her developmental stages. By the end of the essay Shannon parents should have clearly understood the skills knowledge and techniques of bringing up Shannon all through her developmental milestones. evaluation Also keep in mind that there are some situations in which children become severely inhibited and unable to reach certain milestones within an acceptable time frame. Developmental delays in a child’s functioning caused by disease, injury, mental disability, problems developing in the womb, environmental reasons, trauma...
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...Weaver, 2009, p. 263). Albert Einstein was born in Ulm Germany on March the 19th 1879 (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). When Einstein was 16 years old he sent a draft essay to his uncle on the subject of luminiferous aether. This began his scientific journey that would culminate in the quantification of the relationship between energy and matter: E=mc2. Nevertheless, before Einstein was made famous by his astrophysical postulations he navigated the not-so-easy waters of Germany primary and secondary school. He showed a slight delay in speech initially and was ranked poorly by many of his primary school teachers (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). Einstein was not diagnosed with a learning disorder (LD) during his lifetime, so any such conjectures would constitute a purely retrospective diagnosis. To that end, it is imperative to examine the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of developmental learning disorders (DLD) in order to determine the validity of a retrospective diagnosis of DLD in the case of Albert Einstein. Biological Component DLD affects about 3% of children in the United States and entails a delay in language acquisition and assimilation below what is normal for a specific age (Clegg et. al., 2005). One biological explanation of DLD is that, “…a developmental delay in the dominant hemisphere…’disinhibits’ the nondominant parietal lobe, unmasking talents—artistic or otherwise” (Chakravarty, 2009, p. 100). In the specific case of Albert...
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...Trauma, Development, and Spirituality Clayton Newsome Dr. Pamela Todd Counseling 502 September 11, 2014 Introduction People can suffer from many different situations throughout their life time. Trauma is one effect that can cause a person to do things out of the ordinary. When a person suffers from trauma it can affect them for the rest of their life. In this essay I will discuss how trauma can affect a person through development as well as spiritually. Neural Development Trauma can affect a child’s neural development and will attack their fine motor skills in a way where it is hard for them to function. In young children, gross motor, fine motor, and cognitive development are intertwined processes related to the maturation timetables of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons are migrating, proliferating, and making more complex connections. Children become capable of more sophisticated communications with the production of neurotransmitters. Myelination, the sheathing of neurons in protective layers of fatty and protein substances, increases the rate of neuronal firing and facilitates faster, more complex signals between brain cells and from the brain to the rest of the body (Roehlkepartain, 2006). Children who are tested for ADHD are normally given a false reading, which causes a since of not know for sure how many children have the disorder. There are drug treatments for this type of disorder such as Ritalin or Dexadrine. However, some studies suggest...
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...Essay Instructions In Modules/Weeks 3, 4, and 5, you will read the provided essay topic, noting carefully all the pertinent issues to address. You will then write an essay of at least 600 words, drawing information from this course, outside readings, and presentations for that module/week. The essay must be strongly supported with proper citations of 2–3 current, scholarly sources in current APA format; include a reference page at the end. These sources must be less than 7 years old. DO NOT write opinions, but support your answers to the questions with your readings. You will first post your essay to the applicable Discussion Board Forum for the current module/week. Upon considering feedback received, you will then make any necessary revisions and submit the final essay to your instructor. Essay 1 – Family Systems Explain in detail (using course readings/presentations from this and the last module/week) the relationship between family systems and healthy development. How can one discern a healthy family system? What are the determining factors that distinguish healthy family systems? Discuss the effects of an unhealthy family system on development. Give details on family systems and how they affect physical (neural), emotional, spiritual, and social development. Are differing viewpoints considered, analyzed, and treated? Essay 2 – Trauma, Development, and Spirituality Explain in detail (using course readings/presentations from this module/week) how trauma can affect development...
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...Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. This is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. Autism is four more times prevalent in boys than girls. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle and educational levels do not affect the chance of autism's occurrence. Autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as many and one in 500 individuals. In this essay, I will discuss the signs and symptoms of autism, types of autism, the diagnosis of autism and studies done on autism. Autism affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. Children and adults with autism have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions and leisure or play activities. This disorder makes it hard for them to relate to the outside world. It is hard for them to communicate with others. Aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may be present in some cases. They may exhibit repeated body movement, such as hand flapping or rocking, unusual responses to people or attachments to objects and resistance to changes in routines. They possibly will experience sensitivities in the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Children will be within the pervasive development until the ages of 24-30 months, when parents may notice delays in lang... ... middle...
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...Developmental psychology is branch of science, studying the fluctuations happen during infancy, early childhood, adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan. The topic of the lecture taught by Dr. Jane Herbert was the ‘Infant Memory Development’ discussing the traditional view on the declarative memory of infants and focusing on how age-related changes in retention and in the flexibility of memory performance. With reference to such topic and research, this essay will evaluate the both scientific and social effects of studying the development of infant memory, including: developing advanced methodology and supporting current theories; ….. This essay mainly consists of two parts: starting from introducing the research of infant...
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...INTRODUCTION This essay aims to explain the development of a child from birth to the age of three years old. Two of the five level development models will be looked at in depth, namely the cognitive approach and the psychosocial approach. Firstly, the psychosocial approach will be looked at being followed by the cognitive approach. There after developmental milestones will be explained including the reasons why there are some delays at times, with emphases on fine and motor skills. Lastly, a conclusion on these findings will be drawn. PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH There are two relevant stages in this psychosocial approach. TRUST VERSUS MISTRUST The first stage is called trust versus mistrust, which happens from birth to a year old. This is when a child completely relies on the parents or guardians to take care of him/her; if not then there will be mistrust (Cherry, 2015). This caregiving includes food, shelter and love. Some children who are abused or left to fend for themselves at this young age tend to have major mistrust (Everyday Life - Global Post, 2015). AUTONOMY VERSUS DOUBT The second stage is autonomy versus doubt which occurs during the ages of 1 to 3 years. This is when the child starts to detach from the mother and wants to do certain tasks alone, for example walking. The child begins to make a few minor choices alone and if they are allowed this space to explore they will become independent (Everyday Life - Global Post, 2015). This kind of space is crucial, as it...
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...Importance of Love The definition of love is an intense feeling of deep affection. (Google 1) In our lives loving and treating each other right is important for us to grow. As cliché as it sounds love is truly what we all need. It scientifically proven that we need love to succeed in life to a higher level of self transcendence. Therefore, this essay will maintain the idea that love is essential to living a meaningful life where you can succeed. First off, love is something that is usually given to us starting at birth. If we are fortunate our caretaker will do whatever is necessary to get us growing into good people. On the contrary there is people who aren't cared for and they become wards of the state. 61% of foster youth in California was tested and it came back positive for developmental delay. They are 15% less likely to complete high school with their diploma and 24% less likely if the child has a disability of some kind. A lot of foster youth endures suffering and are mistreated when they are placed with families. The statistics alone show that there is a serious lack of care going on and that affects developmental growth. Abuse, extramarital affairs, and weight gain are all top reasons for divorce in America. In the root of all these reasons lies the similarity of mistreatment. A unified partnership has ended due to the lack of love and care because another wanted to be selfish and not consider another's feelings. Simple mistreatment and lack of compassion...
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...purpose of this essay is to explore, research, and discuss bilingual language education throughout the United States and other countries. It is estimated that throughout the world approximately 6,000 different languages are spoken and that fewer than 25percent of our world’s approximate 200 countries recognize two or more official languages (Grimes, 1992 ). Grimes (1992) also goes on to surprise us with this unbelievable statistic, being that only a mere handful of these 200 countries recognizing more than two. Despite the above conservative figures, data has shown that there are many more bilingual or multilingual individuals around the world than there are monolingual (Tucker, 1999). It is estimated, that there are many more children...
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...Speech And Language Disorders Psychology Essay Young children can have unclear speech and mispronounce words, but as the children get older they learn how to use their tongue, lips and brain to work in harmony to say difficult and unfamiliar words. For most children speech difficulties pass with time but for some they find it hard so they repeat or pro-long sounds. This can be very hard for children so they can struggle to find ways to avoid using these sounds or words. A phonological disorder is when a child has a problem with producing sound that is needed for the child to speak. Children with phonological disorder can have problems controlling their rate of speech and can fall behind when learning certain sounds. 2 to 3 year old children often mispronounce words and can confuse the sounds that they hear, but if these problems continue as the child gets older, the child may need speech therapy. Research shows that phonological disorders affects "10% of pre-school children, but by the ages of 6 or 7 years only 2% or £% meet the criteria for phonological disorder" (APA, 2000, Tallal & Benasich, 2002.) According to the Irish Association of Speech and Language there are three forms of language difficulty in a child with SSLI. This is a where a child would have problems with both understanding and producing language. A child having problems with understanding but producing language more difficult and lastly a child would have particular difficulty with parts of language forms...
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...Critically evaluate the theory of mind hypothesis of autism Childhood Autism is a rare and severe developmental disorder that affects about 4 in every 10,000 children (Baron-Cohen, Leslie & Frith, 1985). Autism affects how an individual communicates, socialises and even how they make sense of the world around them. Many theories have tried to explain what causes autism in an attempt to achieve greater understanding of the disorder and potentially aid those with autism to live happier and more fulfilling lives. In this essay I will be focusing on the symptoms of autism, the ‘theory of mind’ hypothesis and its strengths and weaknesses. The three main symptoms of autism were outlined by Wing and Gould (1979) and are known as the triad of impairments. These three impairments were identified as communication, socialisation and imagination. Many studies have found a distinct lack of communication skills in autistic children. Prior et al. (1998) found that autistic infants don’t attempt ‘babbling’ and they don’t follow the usual patterns of language development displayed by most infants, such as being able to speak simple one syllable words by the age of one, which over half of autistic children don’t do. Then, even when they begin to form understandable sentences, they often make grammatical errors and fail to use or comprehend emotional tone. This impairment of communication, both verbal and non-verbal, most likely plays a part in a lack of social understanding and stable...
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...Vaccines are a preventative medication to confer immunity against one or several diseases. Vaccinations stimulate a response in the immune system that will protect the individual from the targeted disease. This is achieved from injecting a patient with an antigenic variation of the disease or a synthetic substitute. Vaccines are considered as one of the greatest medical achievements and are responsible for the world-wide eradication of smallpox. Although child immunisations are effective in prevention of disease, some parental concerns persist that vaccines may cause autism. Three specific proposals for this cause include; the vaccine for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and a toxic preservative named thimerosal. This essay will investigate both...
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...Abstract 3 Autism 4 Videogames and young people with Developmental disorders 10 Funding of Applied Behavior Analysis 11 Executive function in individuals with sub threshold Autism traits 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Abstract The increasing number of individuals with Learning Disabilities (LD) and psychiatric disorders presents a key challenge to their assessment and treatment in mental health services. Children and young people with LD are more likely to experience mental health than the general population (Allington-Smith, 2006). There is a close relationship between autism spectrum disorder and learning disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that autism is more frequent in people with LD, nearly 40% of people with LD also have autism on the other hand, and nearly 70% of people with autism also have LD (La Mafa, 2004). The strong association between autism and LD (Bradley, 2004) also associates an increased risk of mental health problems. It is suggested that adults with LD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience symptoms of anxiety at a greater level than the general population; however, this requires more conclusive evidence in relation to the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adults with LD and autism. Autism Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three...
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...Tyrell Manning SPE 226 09/17/2015 Virginia Murray Lifelong Essay Kids develop or inherent disabilities that are not their fault and they cannot do anything about it. This is really unfair to an innocent child to have to deal with this their entire life. Many of these kids suffer from disabilities and have extremely hard times dealing with it. They need help physically and mentally, so that they can cope with the disability. This normally affect the child, parents, teachers, and communities. Everyone must stay involved and motivated, so that the child has a chance to succeed. Parents need to have moral support and show their child how important their wellbeing is to them. Teacher need to educate and counsel these students to prepare them for young adult life. The community should always make the student’s lively hood and neighborhood comfortable. Our society has really stepped up and implemented programs to assist with the disabled being successful. Governments has took the responsible of making equal opportunities for disables students to succeed. They have learn the development or diagnosis for the disabled, implement early intervention programs, and invented transitional services to help students succeed in life. Students are diagnosis with disabilities regardless of their age. Some are born with the disability due to genetics (genes) or inheritance from their parents. Other students tend to develop disabilities over time due to...
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...Option 1 To what extent can cognitive development be understood in terms of specialisation of function in specific structures of the brain? INTRODUCTION In relation to what extent cognitive development can be understood in terms of specialisation of specific structures of the brain, this assignment will observe and use developmental cognitive neuropsychology which explains and seeks to understand a functional relationship between the human brain and its function. In this assignment I will produce two contrasting theories within regards to the functional specialisation, I will accomplish this with study and analysis while debating which brain functions contest and develop by exploring specific key concepts of brain development such as contesting influences that the environment may have upon a maturing brain. Throughout this essay not only will I be discussing concepts of brain development but I will also briefly present the function of language and that it is reliant upon specific structures “Cortical” and whether a pre-specified “particular region” of the brain may have a role in supporting cognitive functions and finally in-turn by using evidence based research within relation to the pre-frontal cortex I will conclude this assignment. In order to explain specialisation of function development of the brain, I will now associate functional specialisation and structural differentiation. There are particular cognitive functions and specific cortical areas in a typical...
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