...Executive Summary The aim for this thesis is to answer the problem statement: How do national cultures influence leadership styles? To give an answer to this question, this thesis is divided into three parts: leadership, national culture and the connection between them. The conclusion of this thesis is based on analytical and exploratory research. The first part, on leadership, focuses on mainly two types of leadership: transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is mainly based on the transaction between leaders and their followers. Bass described four components of transactional leadership: Contingent reward, Active management by exception, Passive management by exception and Laissez-Faire leadership (1997). Transformational leadership focuses mainly on inspiring and stimulating the followers. Transformational leadership contains also four components: Idealized influence (Charisma), Inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration. The second part focuses on different studies on national culture: Hofstede (1983), Schwartz (1990) and Inglehart (1997). Each study has different values and dimensions, both all three studies show some similarities. The first similar dimension contains: Hofstede’s Power distance, Schwartz’ Hierarchy versus Egalitarianism and Inglehart’s Survival and measures the degree to which the people in a national culture accept and expect the unequal distribution of power. The second similar dimension...
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...AN EXAMINATION OF LEADERSHIP TO DETERMINE A DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ETHICAL DECISION MAKING Michael S. Huckaby BBA 4751 Business Ethics Professor Fernando Chavez Leadership is a complex and ever evolving skill-set. Good leaders not only guide behaviors of followers, but lead them and their organization to achieve common objectives. Good leaders have an ability to adapt to any setting so everyone feels empowered to contribute creatively to solving problems. Leaders of various levels of success have been studied throughout history, some good, some bad, but everlasting questions are always at the forefront of studying leadership: What is a good leader? What is the right approach to leadership or style of leadership? Do certain types of leaders produce better results? Are ethical leaders always the best leaders? If a single answer to these questions existed, perhaps society could build the mold of the perfect leader and distribute it throughout the world to solve the greater problems of society. However, this approach is unrealistic, so society is left to explore leadership in an effort to understand what makes a good leader. The primary purpose of this research paper is to critically examine whether a direct correlation exists between leadership style and ethical decision making. To answer this question, the author will examine each leadership style in terms of its definition, its multi-faceted dimensions or characteristics, and the associated...
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...Section Two: Leadership Styles (Between 300 – 400 words) (E.R. 3.2) b. Compare and contrast two different leadership styles - Bring out the differences in the attributes and skills that are required for each leadership style - Elaborate on any four differences - Explain their significance for effective leadership in organizations Transactional Leadership These exchanges involve four dimensions: |[pic] |Contingent Rewards: Transactional leaders link the goal to rewards, clarify expectations, provide necessary resources, set mutually agreed | | |upon goals, and provide various kinds of rewards for successful performance. They set SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, | | |and timely) goals for their subordinates. | |[pic] |Active Management by Exception: Transactional leaders actively monitor the work of their subordinates, watch for deviations from rules and | | |standards and taking corrective action to prevent mistakes. | |[pic] |Passive Management by Exception: Transactional leaders intervene only when standards are not met or when the performance is not as per the | | |expectations. They may even use punishment as a response to unacceptable performance. | |[pic] |Laissez-faire: The...
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...Leadership Theories The leadership of saints, dictators, tyrants, and revolutionists serve as the building blocks for modern leadership. General humanity starts teaching the ideals of leadership to children at a young age through fairy tales and parenting. Early in life it is seen that someone will lead and another will follow. Stogdill (1948) published this thought by stating that leadership is a relationship between people in a social situation. As leaders assume there role, they are put into categories by how they lead. Leaders are defined by their traits, such as the charismatic leader. According to Antonakis, Fenley, and Lietchti (2012) a charismatic leader is able “to persuade others, use powerful and reasoned rhetoric, establish personal and moral credibility, rouse followers emotions and passions” (p. 127). Martin Luther King Jr. used rhetorical questioning within his speeches asking the audience “When will you be satisfied?” demonstrating that the oppressed can never be content. The charismatic leaders mission is based on their own self interests and values. The participant of the relationship must have an unwavering acceptance, affection, obedience, and emotional involvement of the mission that the leader has. Whether working in politics, religion, or business, charismatic leaders earn the loyalty of their followers. Moreman and Sandberg (2011) discuss that a followers of a charismatic leader may be loyal to the leader but not to...
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...THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN SPORTS Coaches as the most important success factors utilize different leadership styles in orienting sport teams. If we consider sport teams as an organization and its members as the staff of an organization, in that case, the coaches play the role of managers and orient a team. Furthermore, one of their duties besides planning is to deploy players and control their performance and perform leadership. Confirming this ideal, Chelladurai (2001) and Kolaric, (2005) believe that coaches play the role of managers and they are supposed to do similar duties as managers do. The style which is displayed by coaches in leadership; according to most of researchers performed on effective coaches indicate the rate of their influence on performance, behaviour and ideal psychological performance (such as motivation, satisfaction and commitment) of sportsmen on one side and team integration on the other. Being an athlete most of my life I have been exposed to many transactional leaders in the form of coaches. The best example would be my current cricket coach because he relies on small goals to achieve a larger goal, top the national south championship. As the coach his role as a leader was to push us to our limits and slightly beyond, and he achieved this phenomenon by forcing us to set short and long term goals individually as well as for the team. By having individuals write down our personal goals my coach could hold us accountable...
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...title: The influences of leadership style on employee’s job satisfaction in Vietnam’s young science and engineering workforce– A case of VAST organization. Executive summary This study focuses on answering the question "research" has shown the relationship between leadership and employees within the organization. An overview of knowledge have shown the leadership style directly influences employee satisfaction. The satisfaction of employees in an organization is the most important element to remain active in the Organization, create value and achieve long-term goals. In this study, the relationship between leadership style and the staff have been clarified thanks to these elements have been clarified in the section above, the organizational culture is a problem has always been put on top of the head and operate businesses, however, besides the efforts of the staff, leadership skills also influence directly to this issue. Transformational leadership was proposed to change the style of leadership in VAST, according to the results collected from the questionnaires were raised this leadership trend was in line with the organization. Research Methodology in this chapter will focus on clarifying gaps defined in Chapter 2 (Literature review). The identification approach to clarify the relationship of components of leadership skills will be relevant to point out the job satisfaction of employees. This study focused on clarifying the influence of leadership styles and job satisfaction of...
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...the years, the leadership has been widely studied in the different background and theoretical basis. In some cases, the leadership has been described as a process, but most of the research of theory and leadership to see a person for understanding (Bernard, 1926, Blake, shepard and mouton rothschild, 1964; Drath and Mr Lu, in 1994, federer, 1967; and the house of representatives and Mitchell, 1974). While admitting that the importance of leadership, however, there is still a certain mystique, in what leadership is or how to define it. As a leader (Gary Yukl, 2006). "influence people to understand and agree with what you need to do, how to do, and the promotion of individual and collective efforts to achieve the common goal of the process". Peter Northouse (2010), leadership is defined as "a process, one of them affect a group of people, in order to achieve a common goal". These definitions suggest that a few parts of the phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to find out the difference between traditional and contemporary leadership. In addition, it contains two kinds of style analysis. The last part of the key may be according to their own experience to judge what kind of leadership is effective. 2.0 Contemporary Leadership Theories Understand the importance of model and the leadership of the technology continues to increase, due to the complexity, diversity and increase of rapid change, today's organizations. Traditional pattern and modern leadership models all leadership...
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...Coworker: Manager vs. Leader HCS 514 September 1, 2014 Debra Williams Abstract There is a lot of grey area surrounding the role and obligations between that of a manager and a leader. Not understanding the differences between these two positions not only leaves employees uncertain of their future but it can ultimately lead to the rise or downfall of a company. Managers are leaders serve a similar purpose to where objectives and goals overlap one another. This paper reflects an e-mail that was sent to Rebecca Smith, a new coworker at . The e-mail further clarifies Rebecca’s concerns of the differences that lie between management and leadership and how these two roles are defined at . 9/1/2014 Rebecca Smith Hi Rebecca, I certainly understand where your confusion lies. Management and leadership practices within a company can be difficult to identify initially. I remember having the same inquiries when I first began my journey with I will be more than happy to help you clarify the differences between a manager and leader and especially how these are defined at But first, I define what it management and leadership is according to our company. Managers vs. Leaders As a fortune five hundred company, we take pride in our abilities to produce innovative leaders as well as dedicated managers. Leadership can be defined as inspiring individuals to rise to a new sense of direction/vision (Thompson, 2011). The leader is in control and people just simply follow...
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...| Transformational Leadership: Characteristics and Criticisms Iain Hay School of Geography, Population and Environmental ManagementFlinders University A prime function of a leader is to keep hope alive. (John W. Gardner)Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)Setting an example is not the main means of influencing another, it is the only means. (Albert Einstein) Collectively, these three short quotations capture some of the key characteristics of transformational leadership, a form of leadership argued by some (Simic, 1998) to match the Zeitgeist of the post-World War II era. Academic debate about the nature and effectiveness of transformational leadership has developed since key work on the topic emerged in the 1970s. This short paper sets out to provide summary answers to three main questions about transformational leadership. What is it? How is it applied? What are some of its key weaknesses? In the course of the discussion, the following pages also provide a brief background to the origins of transformational leadership theory and point quickly to a possible theoretical future for a transformed transformational leadership. Transformational Leadership TheoryAccording to Cox (2001), there are two basic categories of leadership: transactional and transformational. The distinction between transactional and transformational leadership was first made by Downton (1973, as cited in Barnett, McCormick & Conners, 2001) but the idea...
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... February 25, 2015 Dr. Lawrence Ness RES-811 Synthesis Paper My challenge was to synthesize three separate articles. Discover the commonalities, and distinguish the differences. Synthesis requires one to combine two or more separate entities in order to form one. The journal articles had more in common than I thought at first glance. The first article was about fearless dominance. I didn’t have a lot of experience and/or knowledge about this topic, but after reading I was surprised at how interesting and powerful it was. The second article was about transactional and transformational leadership. These forms of leadership are opposite types of leadership that collective make up an amazing leader. The final article is about leadership identity and the importance of self-awareness in leadership. In my paper, I will give a brief overview of the three articles and discuss the similarities. Fearless dominance and the U.S. presidency: Implications of psychopathic personality traits for successful and unsuccessful political leadership. It has been said that fearless dominance has an association with strong rated presidential performance, leadership, persuasiveness, crisis management, congressional relations and allied variables. Fearless dominance appears as a characteristic frequently among presidents and has a correlation to job performance ratings. Also, psychopathic characteristics...
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... whether a leader is charismatic enough is based on his leadership style. A person with a high leading ability will be valuable to the corporation. Most of corporations prefer employees who have a high level of leading ability. It is very crucial to choose leaderships because the corporations’ cultures, productivity, effectiveness and loyalty of employees are all rely on the leader and his leadership. There are two leadership theories that are transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Most of researches have discussed the definitions, factors, and frameworks of these theories, however, as for the contrasting evaluation of transformational leadership, it has been neglected. Therefore, this paper will briefly explain both transactional leadership and transformational leadership, and then report the negative side of transformational leadership. Moreover, how transformational leadership applies to the hospitality industry will be discussed as well. 1. Transactional leadership and transformational leadership From Northhouse (2015), transactional leadership is a traditional leadership style that concerns about the exchanges between leaders and followers. Bass (1985) states that transactional leadership primarily focuses on the exchange process and those exchanges have an impact on followers’ performance (as cited in Rothfelder, Ottenbacher &Harrington, 2013). It means that there is a transaction between the leaders and followers. It is premised by the compliance...
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...Learning Outcomes – Leadership • Discuss the trait theories of leadership • Explain the behavioral theories for understanding leadership • Describe Fiedler’s contingency model for leading • Outline the Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership theory • Describe the characteristics of the charismatic leader • Contrast the differences between transactional and transformational leaders • Gain a greater understanding of one’s own leadership style through self-assessment Leadership is the art and science of getting the job done through the willing efforts of others. The essence of leadership is to influence behavior. Overview We will be looking at the leadership phenomenon from four areas of theory and research. • Trait theory of leadership • Behavioral theories of leadership • Contingency model of leadership • Contemporary models of leadership Leadership can be explained by exploring these four different approaches. Trait Theory – Trait theory is based on an individual’s personal attributes as a leader. Trait theories seek to identify such traits such as personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that will identify leaders. Six traits have been identified as a requirement for leadership. They are: • energy, ambition, and drive • the desire to lead • honesty and integrity • self-confidence • intelligence – cognitive ability • job related knowledge Behavioral Theories...
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...Does the leadership of an organization have an effect on the employees and the organization? Abstract Leadership is a critical component in the success of any organization. Over the years, research has been conducted to identify specific aspects of organizational culture that favor particular styles of the leadership in the organization. There has been research done on the definition of leadership. In this study, I will touch on both the definition of leadership, and the importance of the relationship between specific types of organizational cultures and leadership styles. In this study, I found that transformational and transactional leadership styles are the ones that are commonly used in organizations. The leadership of an organization plays a very important role of the organization. Leadership is one of main areas of study today in professional training. There are a number of books, articles, and research papers written on how we define leadership in the public sector, as well as how it affects the organization. Some leaders are born into the role, such as royalty, where there have been some notable successes and failures. Other leaders become leaders simply because other people choose to follow them. Researchers have been studying the definition of leadership for many years with different results but most agree that leaders have a perceived influence on the organization. Sauer (2011) Most individuals who read these articles are interested...
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...Strayer University, Professor Lind Contemporary Business Bus 508 Summer Term 2 Many successful business tycoons have created great business theories and or philosophies that been implemented and with stood the test of time in which their business are the model for many to follow today. So in thinking of a new business theory one comes to mind of ” AFT” which stands for Attention, Focus, and Thinking. Steve Case CEO of AOL.com used his own theory when he started his businesses in the early 1990‘s towards his success which were People, Passion and Perseverance. This logic of think has made his company what it is today a fortune 500 company and a major player in todays internet business market. In todays entrepreneurial leadership processing, new theories can be tried and proven effective or not. So beginning with the first word of AFT being attention, can be implemented in every business decision and planning you can become successful. Attention begins the fa major step in planning strategies or creating a plan of attack with the goals for leading your project from beginning to end. Webster defines attention as condition of readiness for such attention involving especially a selective narrowing or focusing of consciousness and receptivity (Webster, 2011). Attention is a very important piece of planing and decision making for any project to begin to come to fruition. The next piece of “AFT” is Focus, focus is defined as adjustment for distinct vision; also; the...
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...What is Transformational Leadership? Is there a relationship between transformational leadership and emotional intelligence? Introduction For more than three decades, the paradigm of transformational leadership has attracted a vast amount of academic interest. A large number of empirical studies lend credibility to this interest by linking aspects of transformational leadership to a range of positive organisational and individual outcomes (Bass, 1997; Bass & Avolio, 1994; Lowe, Kroeck & Sivasubramaniam, 1996). Due to these desirable effects, a significant amount of research has also been undertaken in trying to understand factors that predict or contribute to transformational leadership behaviours. For this reason, the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership is one that has attracted much attention. The following paper examines this proposition in more detail. In order to gain a more detailed understanding of transformational leadership and its relationship with emotional intelligence, the paper first examines the two subjects as standalone concepts. In determining if and how a relationship exists, the paper subsequently brings the two constructs together so that a critical examination and analysis of the research available can be undertaken. Lastly, after examining the case for and against a relationship, a conclusion is drawn from the analysis presented. Transformational Leadership The notion of transforming leadership was first introduced...
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