...Natural Sciences | | |BIO/101 Version 2 | | |Principles of Biology | Copyright © 2010, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is designed to introduce biology at an entry level by examining the hierarchy that ranges from the fundamentals of cell biology to the physiology of organisms, and the interactions among those organisms in their environment. The topics in this course include cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, physiology, and ecology. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Simon, E. J., Reece, J. B., & Dickey...
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...research is my number one reason for being in favor of animal cloning. Biomedical research is where cloning can produce genetically indistinguishable laboratory animals that can be used as models for human sickness. The most commonly used lab animal is a mouse, mice have successfully been cloned. Mice produce again very quickly and their genetics have been highly studied, they will probably make it easy for the discovery of new treatments for diseases. Reason Two: Cells can be gathered from early embryos to supply cell and tissue replacement without the dangers of transplantation rejection. Many people die every year because human organs for transplantation are unavailable. Genetic modification of animals is an application of the cloning technique used so the animals cells and organs can be transplanted into humans. Other diseases could be treated from the cloning process as well, such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s disease. Transplantation therapy can possibly alleviate suffering in thousands of sick people, possibly...
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...going to be talking about GMO’s, which stands for genetically modified organism. While humans have had an impact on the genetics of plants for thousands of years. For example the ancient selection of wolves that would eventually become dogs, or the selection of certain plants to be moved or domesticated. However, a genetically modified organism defined by modern standards applies to an organism that has been altered through the use of genetic modification or genetic engineering techniques. Essentially, the technique involves identifying desired traits and characteristics from one organism and injecting them into another organism. This results in an organism that has the desired trait. Generally, GMO’s tend to be crops that have been modified to survive herbicide or that produce insecticide, enhance the nutritional value of the crop, or to increase the overall yield of the crop. There are also animals that have been genetically modified, which are referred to as “transgenic” animals. Transgenic animals include the transgenic mouse, commonly used in lab experiments. Interestingly enough, no commercial meat is directly genetically modified. BACKGROUND About 20 years after James Watson discovered the structure of DNA(1953), Scientists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen developed the process of genetic modification. From there experimentation with genetic engineering led to the creation of GMO animals and GMO crops. By 1983 the US Supreme Court ruled that GMO’s could be...
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...Difference between Heterocrony and Paedomorphisism ● paedomorphasis is one type of heterochrony ○ = juvenille of the ancestor looks like the adult of descendant ○ Ex: salamanders that stay in the water as adults=they can keep the gills of juvenile form and stay in the water ○ Ex: human evolution; dog breeds in lab ○ ex: Dog Labtruncated development so various breeds of dogs looked like juveniles of wolf ○ ex: pedomorphic foxes that came from the breeding of them for tameness ● paramorphasis ○ = adult of ancestor looks like juvenille of descendant ○ Ex: Irish elk = a simple extension of the growth of the antlers ■ an extension of the development of the juvenile Mosaic Evolution: ● = “different rates for different traits” ● Some parts of the body develop at different rates or at different times than othersdifferent morphological features change at different times in Jablonski’s words ● EX: birds; these early birdshad feathers and wish bone also had teeth in skull and welldeveloped claws in forelimbs like ancestral dinosaurs ● Tetrapods had flattened tail to swim in water but at the same time had limbs for land ● Humans: upright posture came before the enlargement of the brain ● Mammals; whaleswhalelike ears and aspects of skull but vertebral column; still had hindlimbs ● organisms tend to be modularso head can evolve separately from limbs, body, aspects of behavior Amniotic Egg: ● Huge leap in terms of animals the reproduce that way...
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...attendance is correlated with your grade, cramming doesn’t work. How did psychology developed? * is it a combination of 2 Greek words * psych * logy * The study of your soul, then changed to the study of your mind * Comes rom philosophy and physiology (how the mind influences the body) * 1870 = more focus on the mind (eg. How do the mind and bosy interact?) (need to know dates for exams) * psychology was a sub discipline of these areas William Wundt * Professor od physiology * 1879 created first experimental psych lab in Germany * The father of psych * 1879 = psych date of birth * Focused on consciousness * He taught many students, and they began teaching once they graduated and it began to spread * 1883 – 1893 = new psych research labs in north America G. Stanley Hall * former student of Wundt * 1883 = started first US research lab in John Hopkins Uni, Baltimore Maryland * 1887 = first psych journal * Early theories: structuralism vs. Functionalism * Structuralism – late 1800’s to 1927 * Edward Tichener (student of Wundt) * Studying...
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...a different approach and use different methods to suppress rebellion. The world state uses scientific development and technological advances to manipulate human behaviour into making the citizens happy with their predestined roles. Specifically, the use of conditioning, the controlled reproduction and medical labs, and the use of soma is all used as different factors in order to manipulate the citizens and create a society based on science and technology, consumerism and happiness. By having the citizens being manipulated to enjoy their lives and be happy, there is little room for rebellion resulting in maintained stability and order for the world state. The use of classical conditioning is thoroughly described and used in the book and is a major factor that contributes to the manipulation of the citizens. This process was first discovered when a young boy recited an entire broadcast that was played during his sleep without comprehending what was heard. This discovery makes this process efficient and effective for the citizens to be brainwashed into however the world state chooses to teach. In the book, young babies are taken in from labs and are exposed to things such as books and flowers while simultaneously sending electric shocks to them. This programs their brain into associating them with...
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...Forensics Professor: Gary Naylor January 8, 2017 Forensic science, has been around for quite some time now. In this paper I will include insight into the role of forensic science, the applications of forensic science for use within the evaluation and/or processing of major crime scenes, and its role in the criminal justice system. Brief history of forensic science. Forensic science dates back all the to the 18th century. “One of the earliest pioneers of forensic science was a Spanish doctor, Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)” (Gaensslen & Larsen, 2013, pg. 1.2). Mathieu is known as the father of forensic toxicology. His primary focus was in forensic science, his work influenced the development of modern day criminalistics labs. He was also was...
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...Applying the Basic Priniciples of Science and Methods of Scientific Inquiry Observation: The plants that are on the left side of the flowerbed are growing better than the flowers on the right side of the flowerbed. There is a dog that constantly pees on the left side of the flowerbed. The left side of the flowerbed receives more sunlight than the right side. Problem: The plants on the right side of the flowerbed are not growing as well as the flowers on the left side of the flowerbed Hypothesis One: Because the left side of the flowerbed receives more sun light, the flowers grow better on that side. Hypothesis Two: The flowers on the left side grow better than the right side because of the sunlight and dog pee combination. Experiment: Collect samples of the soil from both sides of the flowerbed. Test the soil for nutrients. Note the amount of time the flowers on each side of the flowerbed receives sunlight. Water the flowerbed as usual. Note how often the dog pees on the flowerbed. Place some of the flowers that are on the right side of the flowerbed in another container using the same soil they are growing in and put on the left side of the flowerbed so that they receive the same amount of sunlight as the plants that are growing well. Observation of Experiment: The results from the soil sample testing for nutrients revealed that there are elevated levels of nitrogen in the...
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...Running head: The Ethics of Cloning The Ethics of Cloning Team D: Casey Krueger, Erin Lee, Ferdinand Malarayap, Marvin Monge, and Ibrahim Mortada August 14, 2011 DeVry University Online Stem cell research and cloning have become a major topic of interest in countries all around the world ever since Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in 1997. Every single country has their own views about stem cell research and cloning because of their moral and ethical issues. Muslims, for example, are individuals who are firm believers that knowledge is acquired in a form of worship, and any human achievement must be performed in conformity with God’s will. The introduction of new science in Islam is not perceived with open arms and new technology has to prove benefits before it is accepted because of the fear and respect the Muslim culture has for their God. Any new knowledge or discovery must be implemented within the confines of God’s laws and limits to maintain a healthy balance in the creation. Science and religion have to work together in the Muslim culture to determine if new knowledge or research such as stem cell and cloning are linked to the broad ethical base set forth in the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Cloning began from the very earliest if civilization. Historians and scientist believe that early farmers took the strongest of their crop, self-pollinated them with same plant, extracted the seeds, and planted them to create a field of genetically identical plants. This...
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...HEALTH CARE TIPS FOR YOUR SENIOR DOG The Good News: Dogs Are Living Longer! Thanks to advances in veterinary medicine our pets are living longer than ever! Inevitably as our dogs advance in age, they face a variety of conditions that can adversely affect their health during these golden years. As they age, they often suffer a decline in functioning and could suffer deterioration in their memory, their ability to learn, their level of awareness and their senses of sight and hearing. This deterioration can cause disturbances in their sleep-wake cycles, making them restless at night but sleepy during the day. It can make them forget previously learned commands or habits they were once used to, such as house training and coming when called. It...
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...topic that is I know is a very touchy subject for most people whether it’s supporting or against it, is cloning. Have you ever wondered what it would be like if you could clone a dying family dog or cat that everyone is extremely attached too or even cloning fish, cows, and chickens when food source is scarce in a certain region of the world. The world population is continuously growing and will not slow down anytime soon and the food supply can only grow so fast This topic has been in discussion and arguments for years. There are many arguments that make sense and can convince people that this might be a great idea to do and there are also many great points of why cloning is a really bad and shouldn’t be done. It will always be a hot topic in society and will always be arguments whether it’s in a classroom discussing touchy subjects or in congress to pass a bill that involves the topic of cloning. Some of the big pros of cloning especially for human cloning that caught my attention are defective genes could be eliminated, faster recovery from traumatic injury, and organ cloning. According to Healthresearchfunding.org , The Genetic illnesses caused my damaged DNA lines will disappear because the cloning of the human healthy human cells. This could prevent so many young children that have Genetic diseases especially the deadly ones. I feel this is very convincing for me because seeing young children with diseases like that breaks my heart and feel they deserve to how regular life...
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...Introduction: Imagine a world with no cancer, no diseases, every child born perfectly healthy, and living hundreds of years. Seems impossible, right? This will become our future with a new gene editing technique called CRISPR/Cas-9. Although humans have been altering genes and DNA for many years, CRISPR/Cas9 will prove to be one of the most important innovations in American History because it will revolutionize medical treatments, allowing us to make "perfect" designer babies, and perhaps even enabling humans to live forever. Background: Genetic Engineering has been an important technique for most of our modern history. Humans have been selectively breeding and domesticating animals and plants for our own purposes for millennia. By selectively...
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...Blood Disorders May 1, 2011 HCA/240 Bethany Dowse There are many types of blood disorders. Some are caused by genetics, others are caused by the person who has the disorder, and others can be caused by environmental factors. The blood disorders that are genetic people have no control over. Most of the blood disorders that we can cause ourselves are caused by how we eat, and this we can control. This is why it is important to know about blood disorders, what kind is being experienced, and how to prevent the blood disorders that we can control. Amy, a four-year-old Caucasian female, has been pale and is complaining of fatigue all the time. She is also a picky eater. Her mother is a single-mother that has a small budget to feed a large family and Amy will only eat pasta, bread, hot dogs, and artificial fruit punch to drink (Course Syllabus HCA/240, 2011). Amy has had a physical by her physician and appears to be well, but her mother still wants to have blood work done and the doctor suspects iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used in the body to produce hemoglobin (transports oxygen throughout the body) and without enough iron the body cannot produce sufficient amounts of hemoglobin in red blood cells (WebMD, 2010). To test for iron-deficiency anemia a blood sample is taken and sent to a laboratory to be examined; other specific tests that may be done to check iron levels in the body include a hematocrit, serum ferritin, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) (HealthCentral...
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...Clinical Connection 1.1 Exome Sequencing Saves a Boy’s Life Bioethics: Choices for the Future Genetic Testing and Privacy CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 1 provides a glimpse of the basic concepts of genetics and genomics, and offers examples of DNA information impacting daily life. In this new era of genomics, individuals have access to their own genetic information, and health care providers are learning how to incorporate DNA data into diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Bioethics deals with issues of privacy, discrimination, and justice that arise from use and misuse of genetic information. DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genomes are the levels of genetic information, and they impact biology at the cell, tissue, organ, individual, family, and population levels. Genes encode proteins, and the exome is the small part of the genome that does so. Most traits arise from interactions of genes and environmental factors. Genetic information is in health care to identify individuals, in investigating the environment, and in understanding evolution. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Introducing Genes and Genomes 1. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with inherited traits and their variation, and how these traits are passed from one generation to the next (heredity). 2. With continuing analysis of human genome sequences, human genetics has grown from a largely academic science to touch many areas of medicine, with practical and societal implications...
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...have been cloning animals from embryonic cells for decades (Cowen, 2001). With the introduction of Dolly, the first animal cloned from mature tissue, the issue of cloning has reached a fevered pitch. Individuals for cloning and those against are taking their battle to new arenas, such as congress. The battle will continue as research progresses. The process of cloning and the information compiled from cloned animal experiments are as important as the benefits and complications as well as the ethical and legal ramifications of it, which are at the core of the modern day debate. In 1997, a sheep named Dolly gained national recognition. Dr. Ian Wilmut, a Scottish scientist from the Roslin Institute, introduced her to the world as a genetic copy of her mother. Animals, as humans, receive half of their DNA from their mother and half from their father. This creates a unique individual. It took scientists 277 tries to succeed in creating Dolly. While Dolly has the same DNA as her mother, they are different in many ways. Human twins share the same DNA but have different personalities due to life experiences. The process Dr. Wilmut used to create Dolly is called “nuclear transfer.” Scientists took udder cells from her mother and let the cells multiply until they divided many times. At this point they took an egg from a second ewe and removed the nucleus. One udder cell was placed next to the egg cell and they were joined using electricity. This egg cell now contained the...
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