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Paola Díaz, Nathaly Morales, Jeisson Rodríguez y Mireya Vásquez
INFLACIÓN EN COLOMBIA
La inflación es un factor muy importante en la historia de la economía a nivel mundial, este se conoce como el aumento de los bienes y servicios que afecta en primer estancia a los consumidores, a los inversionistas, al estado y asi mismo al crecimiento económico de un país.
Por lo tanto el siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender claramente el concepto de inflación para lo cual es necesario dar su definición y algunos ejemplos para su pleno entendimiento. Posteriormente analizaremos los índices de inflación desde la decada de los cincuenta en Colombia dando a conocer porque ha tenido cambios tanto positivos como negativos. A demás de eso es importante saber cuales son los factores que causan que haya inflación y después de eso conocer las consecuencias que puede traer para un país este cambio de los precios, adicionalmente observaremos lo que ha hecho el Estado Colombiano para regular la inflación. También analizaremos y compararemos la inflación de Colombia con respecto a otros paises en Latinoamérica dandonos una idea de como estamos posicionados economicamente con respecto a ellos.
Generalmente se entiende por inflación el "incremento en el nivel general de precios" (Case, p.179), o sea que la mayoría de los precios de los bienes y servicios disponibles en la economía empiezan a crecer en forma simultánea. La inflación implica por ende una pérdida en el poder de compra del dinero, es decir, las personas cada vez podrían comprar menos con sus ingresos, ya que en períodos de inflación los precios de los bienes y servicios crecen a una tasa superior a la de los salarios. http://www.elprisma.com/apuntes/economia/inflacionconcepto/ La inflación es causada por shocks de oferta, que son todos aquellos sucesos que afectan al productor, como son: el aumento en el precio de los insumos, desastres naturales entre otros; shocks de demanda que son todos aquellos sucesos que afectan al consumidor como pueden ser políticas fiscales que incentivan o frenan el consumo, la renta, entre otros, la oferta monetaria también causa inflación porque como podemos ver en la ecuación cuantitativa del dinero P x Q=M x V donde M es la oferta monetaria, si esta aumenta causa un incremento en los precios (P) o en la producción (Q) para que exista un aumento de la producción y no de los precios, es decir, para evitar un efecto inflacionario es importante que existan unas ciertas características que permitan el aumento de la producción como son la tecnología, mano de obra, etc. Y si las condiciones no están dadas la oferta monetaria (M) afectara la demanda y eso a su vez afectara los precios. Por último la tasa de cambio afecta los precios debido a la devaluación que es cuando debo entregar más de la moneda nacional por una moneda extranjera, esto afecta a los precios debido a que si un productor quiere importar insumos debe pagar más pesos por el producto y esto produce un alza en los precios del mercado. En Colombia existe una tasa representativa del mercado (TRM) que es la cantidad de pesos colombianos por un dólar de los Estados Unidos, esta tasa es importante porque la mayoría de las transacciones internacionales se realizan en dólares americanos. En Colombia la inflación se mide por medio del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC) este índice incluye alimentación, vivienda, vestuario, salud, educación, cultura, esparcimiento, transporte, comunicaciones, entre otros. Sin embargo este índice no incluye la totalidad de los bienes como son los bienes de lujo y los insumos esto es debido a que el IPC analiza principalmente la canasta familiar en la clase media y baja.
Un ejemplo claro de la inflación se puede observar en la siguiente tabla con el cambio de los precios de la canasta familiar entre los años 1970 y 1971, generando una inflación del 23%.

AÑO | 1970 | 1971 | Alimentos | $3,200 | $4,000 | Salud | $1,000 | $1,500 | Vivienda | $2,000 | $2,500 | Educación | $2,500 | $2,800 | Vestuario | $200 | $200 | Actividades de Entretenimiento | $300 | $400 | Transporte | $500 | $600 | TOTAL | $10,000 | $12,300 |

Como podemos ver en el siguiente cuadro (inflación en Colombia desde 1955 a 2012) el comportamiento de la inflación ha viariado radicalmente teniendo las mayores cifras en los años anteriores a 1999, durante los últimos años la inflación en Colombia ha cambiado positivamente pasando de una inflación de 32.37% en 1990 a 2.44% en el año 2012, de los años cincuenta a los años noventa la inflación era muy alta con inflaciones anuales de hasta 28.28%, después de los años noventa la inflación ha disminuido notablemente. Estos cambios se deben a diferente hechos que han alterado la economía Colombiana.

En 1955 había una sobrevaluación de la tasa de cambio real y crisis en la balanza de pagos, para pagar la deuda del sector externo que exisitia en estos años se expidió el decreto 107 de 1957 cuyo principal obejtivo era crear una balanza comercial positiva y eliminar la sobrevaluación de la tasa de cambio, esto limito las importaciones con altos aranceles y establecio impuestos del 15% a las exportaciones y un gravamen del 10% sobre los giros para recaudar fondos para pagar la deuda externa y esto a su vez causó una devaluación del peso colombiano de 91% e hizo que la tasa de cambio aumentara, como consecuencia de este aumento de la tasa de cambio, los precios de los bienes importados suben y como hay empresas que trabajan con insumos extranjeros estas tambien tienen que subir sus precios, por lo cual hubo una alta inflacion ese año. De 1958 a 1962 a pesar del aumento del gasto público que la mayoría de veces causa inflación, en estos años hubo mas bien una disminución de esta misma porque la expansión fiscal no fue suficiente para afectar la demanda agregada. De 1962 a 1968 Colombia sufre un gran escazes de divisas lo cual causó una devaluación de peso colombiano en 1962 frente a esto el Banco de la República salio a comprar divisas lo cual aumentó la oferta monetaria, es decir, la cantidad de dinero circulante y esto causa una de las mayores inflaciones en Colombia del 32,41%.
Desde 1970 hasta 1990 la inflacion se genero por cuatro principales causas: la primera fue que en 1967 fue la implementación del corwling peg, el cual se basabá en un sistema de devaluación progresiva y controlada de la moneda (en estos casos la devaluación esta predeterminada y la tasa de cambio es conocido con anterioridad). Otra de las causas fue que la reservas internacionales de divisas aumentó debido a diferentes factores entre los que se encuentra que el precio internacional del café aumentó lo que hizo que las exportaciones de café aumentaran (haciendo asi que la entrada de divisas al pais tambien tuviera su aumento por el cambio de dolares por pesos en el Banco de la Republica) y el crecimiento de la deuda pública externa para financiar la construcción de infraestructura por el Estado, lo cual también aumento la compra de las divisas obetenidas en calidad de prestamo y por lo tanto el aumento de la base monetaria. Como tercerca causa hubo un aumento del gasto público lo que a su vez implicó un aumento del déficit fiscal y para cubrir este déficit se imprimió dinero. La cuarta y última causa se produce en 1987 debido a que se busca que los prodcutores obtengan mayores ganancias por sus productos para esto lo que se hacer es regular las importaciones y esto causó que en 1990 se generará una de las inflaciones mas altas de la historia de Colombia.
A partir e 1990 la inflación comenzó a descender debido a: la disminución de aranceles (incentivo al libre cambio), la independencia del Banco de la Republica y la política monetaria y la prohibición de que el Banco de la República financiara la deuda externa.
“La política monetaria en Colombia se rige por un esquema de meta de inflación, en el cual el objetivo principal es alcanzar tasas bajas de inflación y buscar la estabilidad del crecimiento del producto alrededor de su tendencia de largo plazo.” http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/politica-monetaria.
Según el Banco de la República las consecuencias de la inflación son: * El impacto sobre los sectores con menos ingresos. * Frena el crecimiento debido a que hay incertidumbre y los inversionistas prefieren no tomar grandes riesgos. * Reduce la eficiencia de la economía debido a que los recursos son destinados a actividades menos productivas (se destinan a proteger a los inversionistas).
En la siguiente gráfica se muestra una comparacion de la inflación acumulada a Agosto del 2012 de todos los paises de américa latina.

La inflación más alta de Latinoamérica es la de Venezuela con 9.8% en Agosto de 2012, según una publicación del sitio web 247wallst.com “la única razón para que esta economía siga siendo importante a nivel global es el negocio petrolero”, Argentina es el segundo país de Latinoamérica con una inflación del 6.8% por un déficit fiscal crónico, los siguientes dos que van de la mano son Uruguay y Brasil con 5,39% y 5,24% respectivamente. Como consecuencia a esta alta inflación podemos concluir que la vida en estos países es mucho más costosa que en Colombia, que se ha posicionado en el tercer puesto después de El Salvador y México.

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