...Lifespan and Personality Development: Middle Childhood Taylor Nail PSY/103 February 02, 2015 Michael Phillips Lifespan and Personality Development: Middle Childhood What kinds of things can affect an individual from the age of 6 to 12 years? There are many things that can affect a person of this age group (middle childhood). During the middle childhood, Social and Moral Development describes that “children either develop a sense of their own competence at a variety of tasks, especially schoolwork, or they come to believe they are not capable of success (n.d.)”. Even though this age group can determine their own success and their own identity, there are factors that can affect these individuals’ physical, cognitive and social, moral, and personality development. There are many things that can affect the physical development in young children during their middle childhood, including environmental influences. With all of the research going on these days, it all loops back around to one issue these children face in the environment; obesity. For example, more and more children are spending more time watching television, and while watching the television they are snacking or having more meal time causing them to increase in weight, ultimately affecting their physical development. This problem increases as the children grow older. “Children’s TV time and home environment factors were assessed longitudinally among 169 families with children followed from 6 to 12 years of age...
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...Abstract The quest for an answer to what determines human behavior has been going on for many years now, is it nature or nurture? The broad scope of human behavior has compelled researchers across various fields to systematically analyze what compels individuals to act the way they do. Is human behavior encoded in genetics or does it evolve by way of individual experience and environment. Through the review of recent empirical data across these various fields it is clear that both nature and nurture plan an important role in the development of human behavior. Subsequently multidirectional models have emerged with a mounting emphasis on how nature and nurture act independently in addition to collectively each forever shaping the other. Together Nature and Nurture Shape Human Behavior. The discussion concerning the appropriate significance of genetics and environment in human behavior has been around for quite a long while. This topic has generated massive attention, throughout the years, gaining numerous supporters on both sides of the debate. This attention essentially, has lead to some of the most remarkable psychological discoveries in recent years. The terms nature and nurture can be traced back to13th century France, expressed by Francis Galton in 1874 (Nature versus nurture, 2011). The term nurture in refers to the manner in which behavior is shaped by culture and environment. It builds its foundation on John B. Watson's theory of behaviorism...
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...Discuss genetic and environmental influences on behaviour. (22) There has been a debate in psychology regarding nature (genetics) and nurture (the environment) and whether one of these explanations alone determine human behaviour, or whether there are other factors influencing our actions. There are two different stances that people take on whether language development is genetic or environmental. Nativists believe that the capacity for language can be classed as ‘innate’. Whereas empiricists suggest that, it is environmental variables that play a vital role in language development. It would be ethically impossible to study behaviour in total isolation in order to determine whether genetics or environmental influences for our behaviour. The closest research recorded, focusing on this case is a girl named Genie (1970); who was socially isolated for the first 13 years of her life, by her father. Genie’s case presented researchers with a unique opportunity. Psychologist James Kent described Genie as a ‘profoundly damaged child’ as it was discovered that she could hardly walk and could only speak around 20 simple words. It was suggested that although she started learning single words. In most cases it is thought that after a few words have been acquired it is then followed by what is called language explosion. However, this never happened for genie her language abilities didn’t improve, and she appeared unable to apply grammatical rules and use language in a meaningful way...
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...childhood development, there are two important periods of development namely critical periods and sensitive periods of development. According to our textbook a sensitive period of development is a time that is optimal for certain type of development to occur (Berger, 2011, pp. 8).At this stage, a child develops a lot in terms of language, social skills, and emotional control. For example, in infancy is where children first learn they can trust their mother to take care of their needs, give them love and keep them safe, but if they grow up in abusive environment children will have a difficult time getting these skills (Oswalt,2017). Critical period on the other hand, is a time in which a child's development must be triggered to ensure normal development. For example, an embryo between 28-54 days after conception grows its arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers and toes after that it’s too late (Berger, 2011, pp. 8)....
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...years there has been a pretty big debate over nature verses nurture and which one plays the larger role in human development and how they act. Nature is the genetics or hereditary influences of a person; basically nature is the genes you are born with that can’t be changed. Nurture is experiential or environmental influences that you develop over time after you are born, such as how your parents raise you which gives you a large variety to how you will act as you develop. The question is which one of these two determines what kind of person you are. Im going to try to give a better idea of the difference in nature and nurture. Lots of people believe nature plays the larger part. A person’s genes can determine whether a person is predisposed to a disease or illness for example people who are born with genetic disorder such as Down syndrome have trouble with information processing. Their mental hardware, which are cognitive structures including different memories where information is stored, and their mental software, which are organized sets of cognitive processes that enable people to complete specific takes like reading sentences, playing video games, or hitting a baseball. These things will ultimately effect the way they grow up and the way they see and do things. A person who is affected with those types of diseases shows how nature can directly effect the development of an individual. A new technique called developmental genetic analysis is a procedure that examines the effects...
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...TITLE PAGE Case study analysis AZA2040 - Issues, crises and social responsibility. Analyse and critique issue identification and management in a case study Done by: Fungai Dingani Contents Page 1. Issues and crises 3 2. The issue development lifecycle 3 3. DESTEP and SWOT analysis tools 5 3.1.1 Strengths of DETI 5 3.1.2 Weaknesses of DETI 6 3.1.3 Threats of DETI 6 3.1.4 Opportunities of DETI 6 3.2.1Demographic Macro environmental factors affecting DETI 6 3.2.2 Economic Macro environmental factors affecting DETI 7 3.2.3 Political Macro environmental factors affecting DETI 7 3.2.4 Social Macro environmental factors affecting DETI 7 3.2.5 Ecological Macro environmental factors affecting DETI 8 4. Importance of Issue management 9 5. Reference List 10 Identify some of the negative issues within DETI as highlighted in the case study. Start your discussion by defining an issue and in so doing, discuss the difference between an issue and a crisis. Use academic references to substantiate your points. (20) An issue could be described as a focused conflict or an occurrence that is in a dispute that develops gradually between an organisation and another party such as a stakeholder between them and develop into an opinion in differences between them. it usually boils up from a discrepancy in expectations and decisions between a company and its various stakeholders (Sellnow & Seeger; 2013)...
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...change? In this essay, I will put forward to the idea of Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism and the factors that influence our personality There are many influences affecting our personality and behavior such as the social environment, people’s education level, cognitive skills and attitudes. At the same time, people’s behaviors can also change the environment. The aspects of individual and the aspects of situation are interacted. These are what Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism advocate. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to see that citizens parade the streets. They fight for their own needs and the community needs. They are changing our living environment and the social culture. Why are people being more and more active in pursuing their needs? Thanks to 12-year free education, more and more citizens can enjoy the benefits of education. Citizens broaden their horizons and have the ability to understand more difficult social issues like social justice. They started to distinguish between right and wrong on community and concern about the development of the community. Also, economic factors like the high inflation are causes which lead to such active behaviors of citizens. Such factors make citizen expect an improvement to our community and they believe that if they strive for, desirable outcomes appear. Cognitive processes and environmental factors influence people’s expectations. The expectations and beliefs become the powers to change citizens’ behaviors. When parade...
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...Numerous environmental factors have distinct and definitive and effects on childhood development. These factors vary widely, and encompass social, economic and ecological areas, as well as the physical environment in which a child is raised, influenced by neighborhood location, home life and educational facilities. Lorraine Maxwell, associate professor of design and environmental analysis at Cornell University defines these environments as "settings where a person spends a great deal of time and establishes important relationships." (Ulrich 12) When combined, these factors directly and indirectly influence the physical and emotional development of children. Negative impacts of environment on early upbringing have been shown to affect many areas, including behavior and academic performance, social and emotional issues, as well as actual physical development of the brain. Urie Brofenbrenner defined this relationship between development and the environment in his "Proposition 1" which went on to say, "especially in its early phases, and to a great extent throughout the life course, human development takes place through processes of progressively more complex reciprocal interaction between an active, evolving biopsychological human organism and persons, objects, and symbols in its immediate environment." (Brofenbrenner 38). In this early work Brofenbrenner explains the ecological model of human development, and his Proposition 1 explains the importance of the environment in the...
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... Sarah Enston. Understanding Child and Young Person Development. 3.1. Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. • Assessment Frameworks. There are frameworks in place to asses a child’s development, especially their academic performance. • Observation. Observations can be made at any time to record what a child is doing. The observer can either participate or not. • Standard measurements. Standard measurements are used by many different professionals. They include reasoning tests, Cognitive Aptitude Tests, auditory assessments and health assessments. • Information from carers and colleagues....
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...Intellectual and emotional impoverished early years impair learning and social functioning over an individual’s entire life. Furthermore, influences such as distribution of economic and social resources result in the variation of health status in a community, among groups and individuals differently. This paper will further examine the critical factors affecting childhood development and the run-on issues that follow suit such as health deficits, juvenile delinquency, attachment issues and how community involvement and an increased sense of self-worth are potential protective factors for health. We then discuss how community immersion will increase standard of living and be a preventative and reconcile most health deficits that otherwise would...
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...Children’s development is usually a natural and effortless progression. Biologically children are born, they develop, and they grow but sometimes their growth and development is sidetracked and this interruption causes physical, social/emotional, and cognitive issues that if they are not addressed early can be problematic for a child for his whole life. Using a case study about Tonya who is an eight year old child in the first grade who is having some difficulties with school and with her peer relationships I will explain how her development is affected because of environmental and biological factors and present information about developmental theories that I would use in assisting Tonya. Due to Tonya being retained in Kindergarten she is older and bigger than her peers, she was also observed bulling the other children and stealing food from them. At eight years old and in middle childhood Tonya’s physical growth is steady at this time but she is still undergoing some physical changes such as losing her primary teeth and developing muscle strength and greater coordination (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010) middle childhood is also a time for increased cognitive ability that allows children to remember more, have more focused attention, and they are able to express themselves with more clarity (Nuttal, 1991). Although she is in the middle childhood stage her peers are still in early childhood so there are obviously differences in physical, social-emotional...
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...answers that readily come to mind include the influences of parents, peers, temperament, a moral compass, a strong sense of self, and sometimes critical life experiences such as parental divorce. Social and personality development encompasses these and many other influences on the growth of the person. In addition, it addresses questions that are at the heart of understanding how we develop as unique people. How much are we products of nature or nurture? How enduring are the influences of early experiences? The study of social and personality development offers perspective on these and other issues, often by showing how complex and multifaceted are the influences on developing children, and thus the intricate processes that have made you the person you are today (Thompson, 2006a). Understanding social and personality development requires looking at children from three perspectives that interact to shape development. The first is the social context in which each child lives, especially the relationships that provide security, guidance, and knowledge. The second is biological maturation that supports developing social and emotional competencies and underlies temperamental individuality. The third is children’s developing representations of themselves and the social world. Social and personality development is best understood as the continuous interaction between these social, biological, and representational aspects of psychological development. PERSONALITY Parents look into the faces...
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...John Locke, with each philosopher projecting their own individual thoughts on the matter. Although nature depicts the development of a person in terms of their appearance and certain personality traits, nature and the setting and situations in which a person grows up is more important in explaining the development of a person because ultimately a person is an overall reflection of the environment of which they were brought up in. Each person comes from different backgrounds, religions, and environments, which are all external factors that play a large role in the development of an individual. Diet, stress, prenatal nutrition, peer pressure, and television are just some of the more specific environmental factors that can affect a person. Clearly, there are many more aspects of the nurture debate that contribute to the argument that a person’s upbringing is what will influence their development. For example, NBC reported that in a study where teenagers played violent video games and non violent video games, the violent video games were proven to enhance emotion in the amygdale, or the center for fear and aggression (Kalning). In this case the emotional effect from the video games supports the nurture debate because normal teenagers with non violent behaviors and tendencies were affected by an outside force that has the potential of affecting the teenager’s personalities. Nurture is more important in developing a...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Luis Cervantes PSY/103 January 11, 2016 Susanne Nishino Lifespan Development and Personality Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growth development. The physical growth transformations infants undergo in stage two of lifespan development range from, brain, motor, to sensory/perceptual development, and infant’s overall body height and weight. During the first two years, brain development and the central nervous system experience the most growth increase of any other infant’s body parts. Brain growth and learning transpire simply because neurons grow in size and the number of axons and dendrites, escalate (Carpenter S, & Huffman K. 2013a. pp. 237, 238). Meanwhile on the outside of the infant’s skull the fontanels or soft spots close off (Bjorklund, D. F., & Bering, J. M. 2002., pp. 272- 275). Motor skill development fall into two categories fine, and gross motor skills. Fine motor skill development involves the muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems generating precise operations of motions on the infant hands (Fluetsch, K. 2015 p. 9). Example of fine motor skills, a child’s ability to grasp a fork, spoon,...
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...The purpose of this essay is to discuss the influences of parenting on children’s mental health; with a particular focus, on the role played by parent’s attachment styles, in cohesion with the parent’s physical and psychological health. The essay will further highlight an existence of additional complex factors, above and above parenting, that affect children’s mental health, varying from, social, environmental, cultural, stigma and poverty effects. Mental health can described as state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Research outlines that, a child mental well being is thought to depend a combination of factors such healthy and balanced nutrition, socialization, and nurturing, provided by primary caregivers, extended family, and the community of residence, a potential impact to which, the child development process can proceeds along a healthy, or potentially traumatic trajectory (Gardner, & Gunn, 2012). From a social and nurturing perspective, the attachment theory supports the above notion, by stating that the quality of mother-child (or primary caregiver) attachment, is regarded as a pervasive factor in the development of an individual’s relational psychology throughout the entire lifespan (Bowlby, 1982; Freud, 1932). Attachment theory evolves from a basic premise that attachment behaviours are part of...
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