...Australia’s Federal system is significant in ensuring the operation of parliaments, legislations and laws, and governments to maintain peace and justice in society. The federal system can be defined as a constitutional system that separates power among a dominant commonwealth government and inferior regional governments. It was inherited from Indigenous custodians but invasion emerged by the colonisation of British-European settlers since the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, leading to a ‘new federal system’. For this Federal system in Australia to operate effectively it requires the: separation of powers that separates equal power between the Commonwealth and the states, division of powers which divides legislative power between federal...
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...whose children were born in the United States were finally considered US citizens. This clause allows all individuals born in the United States the right to be a US citizen. Another clause that I believe is covered by the Fourteenth Amendment is the due process clause. After reading the section, what I understood was that it protects the First Amendment rights of the people and it prevents citizens rights from being taken away without a due process. Although some people may think that the first amendment covers this portion, the Fourteenth Amendment enforces the Bill of Rights on the states and federal level. This insures and clarifies that no one can ever limit the rights of its citizens without fairness. Another clause that is covered in the Fourteenth Amendment is the equal protection clause. This section of the amendment states that there may be no discrimination against the accused by law. The federal government enforces this protection on the states. In the years to follow, this clause was used to end discrimination and segregation in...
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...Theory of Justice Analysis Conception and reality often clash when applied to everyday. In the most optimal society justice is served by punishing criminals so that law abiding citizens can live their lives in peace. The reality is that criminals receive punishments that are less than justice demands and the non-criminals are cheated. This short paper examines justice theories, the utilitarian view, modern justice view and the security based justice. It is important to consider individual justice, mob justice and societal justice as separate institutions. To better understand these institutions the next section explains justice theories. Justice Theories In this section two types of justice will be discussed: Rawl's Theory of Justice as Fairness and Libertarianism. Rawls focused on a hypothetical model in order to describe his form of justice. In this hypothetical model individuals are required to choose fundamental principles of basic institutions of a given society (Ilstu). The result choices made by the members of this society will be both fair and just. The two principles are as follows: Equal Liberty and Difference. "The Equal Liberty Principle states each person is to have the maximum civil liberties compatible with the same liberty for all (Ilstu)". These would be the principles of the United States Constitution; all American citizens are privileged to receive full civil liberties based on the laws of the land. "The Difference Principle states inequalities...
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...Keeping the peace (Including making certain activities crimes) 2. Shaping moral standards (e.g., enacting laws that discourage drug and alcohol abuse) 3. Promoting social justice (e.g., enacting statutes that prohibit discrimination in employment) 4. Maintaining the status quo (e.g., passing laws preventing the forceful overthrow of the government) 5. Facilitating orderly change (e.g., passing statutes only after considerable study, debate, and public input) 6. Providing a basis for compromise (approximately 90 percent of all lawsuits are settled prior to trial) 7. Facilitating planning (e.g., well-designed commercial laws allow businesses to plan their activities, allocate their resources, and assess their risks) 8. Maximizing individual freedom (e.g., the rights of freedom of speech, religion, and association granted by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) What is Law? Definition A body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal force. That which must be obeyed and followed by citizens subject to sanctions or legal consequences is a law. Qualities of Good Law What qualities make for good law? Fairness Flexibility As time changes, our values and our thought of fairness changes so the law has to flexible enough to change with society Brown v. Board of Education (1954) U.S. Supreme Court Brown V. Board of Education (1954) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) U.S. Supreme Court Separate but Equal ...
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...In 1954, the Supreme Court stated that public school segregation is illegal, which opposed the “separate but equal” aspect of the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. In 1955, Emmet Till was beaten and killed because he allegedly spoke to and whistled at a White girl in Mississippi. Also in 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus, which triggered Martin Luther King Jr to initiate the Montgomery bus boycotts. That’s when African-Americans said enough is enough! After 16 months of relentless efforts, it was declared that segregation on buses was illegal. Also in 1956, Autherine Lucy was the first African-American to be admitted into the University of Alabama and in 1957, African-Americans tried to integrate schools in Arkansas. The integration process was not easily accepted, which resulted in federal troops being sent to protect the Black students...
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...intended to give His “word” to man He would have made it clear and unambiguous and would have made it equally available to all mankind rather than to a select few with reliance on them to disperse it to the remaining majority, especially when the myriad of groups dispersing it cannot agree on what it says. It seems to me that this idea of evangelism or ‘spreading the word’ is in contradiction of the belief itself. It implies that the salvation of the lost is the responsibility of the saved to ‘let them know’. It seems to remove the responsibility of knowing God’s will from God and place it upon His chosen. It suggests that many people are lost because the ‘saved’ can’t or don’t for whatever reasons make all the rounds. Where is love or fairness in this proposition? Many try to explain it by saying, “well, those that do not know will be judged on the basis of what they do know”. This makes absolutely no sense and is in direct contradiction to the crux of the belief that says there can be no salvation without accepting Christ and His shed blood. Furthermore, it makes a mockery of the sacrifice of Jesus. If some could be...
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...than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country 7. Ethnocentricity - Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. 8. Sexism - prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. 9. Heterosexist - a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favour of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that other people are heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm[2] and therefore superior 10. Homophobia - an extreme and irrational aversion to homosexuality and homosexual people. 11. Equal opportunity - the right to be treated without discrimination, especially on the grounds of one's sex, race, or age. 12. Equality - the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities. 13. Prejudiced – having or showing a dislike or distrust that...
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...feel frustrated and unhappy with the way they are being treated in society. they join together to make a change. the civil rights movement achieved dramatic and significant change. the civil right movement not only changed the way African Americans lived and was treated but also affected how white american saw african american. It prompted many citizens to demand that the government live up to its principles, uphold standards of fairness, and provide equal protection to all races. the civil movement displayed an extraordinary amount of courage and determination from the movement's leaders, and millions of activists, and followers. For white american that are against equal rights for African Americans, the civil rights movement brought on intense feelings of fear, resentment, and rage. This often led to acts of hostility and outright violence. On many occasions, civil rights activists and followers placed themselves in heated confrontation with white americans. They risked their jobs, their homes, and their personal safety to fight for justice and equal rights. The conflicts between blacks and whites americans played out on the streets and in the schools, in courthouses, and in the halls of government, both state and federal. Victories were achieved for african american with a lot of handwork and difficulty. there was numerous setbacks and obstacles but at the end they achieved there goal. there was many tactics used in the civil rights movement on both sides. for african americans...
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...culture. * It changes from one environment to another. (E.g. Multinational companies) Explanation in My Views: Any human organization develops culture over time, from small family business to global national companies to village and country try to develop its own culture over time. It is like an iceberg whose very small portion can be seen while travelling in sea but the major portion of it is under water, which can only be observed when you get under water. Now, Why it is important? It is important as every organization try to develop its own unique identity. Here I think it is important to define organization. “An organization is a group of people with a particular purpose, and has a specific boundary that separates it from others” such as a business or government department. Every company tries to develop a foundation of its core values. Most common are: * Communication * Integrity * Respect * Excellence Now who will get into conflict with these key values? These values...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Transforming gender relations in Ghana agenda will remain so for some time to come. In spite of decades of gender equity activism and public efforts which had been undertaken in the last three decades within the ambit of electoral policies, the transformation process was stalled with many challenges. In the gender equality intervention, especially following the Beijing declaration of 1995, the agenda has been pursued in some societies as if it is only women’s business. Initially, some gender equality activities were undertaken as if it was a battle between women and men. In certain instances some men thought that promotion of gender equality or women’s empowerment was an attempt to take their power from then and give to women such misconceptions have made gender equality measure for empowerment of women face some resistance from both males and some females who believe that governance of society and women must be under the control of men. A critical explanation of gender will, however, reveal that the gender strategy rather recognizes the relationship between males and females and for that matter the need to support each other to attain their maximum best in society, efforts have, therefore, been recently intensified at the international level to promote the involvement of males for attainment of gender equality. The question then is how do we harness the male support for the promotion of gender equality? It is within this context that this term...
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...[pic] ADVANTAGES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN A COUNTRY Governance definition varies from an institution to another, an author to another and from one setting to another. This paper intertwines various definitions of governance as a basis of understanding good governance, outlines the principles of good governance, and discusses the advantage of good governance based on six key principles with variance examples across the continent. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Governance refers to the manner in which public officials and public institutions acquire and exercise the authority to provide public goods and services, including the delivery of basic services, infrastructure, and a sound investment climate (World Bank, 2007). It is also the exercise of power or authority; political, economic, administrative or otherwise to manage a country's resources and affairs (Kefela, 2011). The United Nation (2008) has defined governance in terms of process of government action and how things are done, not just what is done. Governance covers the quality of institutions and their effectiveness in translating policy into successful implementation, which includes the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences (Kefela, 2011). The referred institutions are the bodies setting formal rules (property rights, rule of law etc) while taking...
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...Sarawak Campus Assignment Cover Sheet for Undergraduate Programs (for individual and group assignments) This cover sheet is to be attached to all assignments, both hard copy and electronic format. ASSIGNMENT DETAILS | Unit Code | ORG30002 | Unit Title | Leadership in Context | Tute/Lab Group | Group A | Lecturer/Tutor Name | Professor D. P. Dash | Assignment Title | #2 Group AssignmentMartin Luther King Jr. - I Have A Dream | Due Date | Week 8 | Date Received | | DECLARATION | To be completed if this is an individual assignment: I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not worked collaboratively nor have I copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person. | Student ID | Student Name | Student Signature | Student 1 | | | | To be completed if this is a group assignment: We declare that this is a group assignment and that no part of this submission has been copied from any other student's work or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for us by another person. | Student ID | Student Name | Student Signature | Student 1 | 4240138 | Danushka Nirmal De Silva | | Student 2 | 4235150 | Ngu Ing Sung | | Student 3 | 4237293 | Dashilla Ladaey | | Student 4 | 4237323 | Ahmad Akmal Afiq | | Student 5 | 100070566...
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...HELAL UDDIN MUHAMMAD AL-HELAL Course Title: Administrative Law Class Roll: ZH-26, 4th Batch, 5th Semester Dept. of Public Administration, University of Dhaka. Cell : 01924202090, E-mail : helal_pad_du@yahoo.com RULE OF LAW IN BANGLADESH: AN OVERVIEW ABSTRACT: "No free man shall be taken or imprison or disseized or exiled or in any way destroyed nor will we go or send for him, except under a lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land". --MAGNA CARTA This paper is a presentation of the concept of rule of law, Dicey's theory of 'Rule of Law', rule of law in true and modern sense and rule of law in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh context I have discussed the provisions for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh constitution. I also have discussed the provisions of the constitution, which are contrary to the concept of rule of law in Bangladesh. It has been also identified the difficulties of application of rule of law in Bangladesh. INTRODUCTION One of the basic principles of the English constitution is the rule of law. This doctrine is accepted in the constitution of U.S.A. and also in the constitution of Bangladesh. Now a days rule of law is one of the most discussed subjects of developing countries. Developed countries and donor agencies always instruct the developing countries for sustainable development and good governance. Actually sustainable development and good governance mostly depends on the proper application of rule of law. Laws are made for...
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...HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms which everyone is entitled to. Human rights demand recognition and respect for the inherent dignity and value of every human beings, and provide the shared values and the legal basis to ensure that everyone is protected against abuses which undermine their dignity, and give the opportunities they need to realise their full potential, free from discrimination. Human rights are for all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. The history of rights can be articulated to the ancient laws (such as the Hammurabi Codes of Babylon), to Greco-Roman doctrines and through the work of philosophers and humanists such as St. Thomas Aquinas, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Hugo Grotius, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. These philosophers all contributed to the concept of "natural law" which set the stage for wide recognition of human rights and freedoms. Natural law holds that people are born in an innately "good" state, and that certain fundamental rights can be reasonably deduced from this fact. Great precedents in the recognition and protection of specific human rights lie in such documents as the British Magna Carta, the United States Bill of Rights, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man. Moreover, Human Rights law developed mostly in the 20th century in response to World War 11. Although the world had...
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...Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. In May 26, 1956, a few Florida A&M students got on the bus to a short trip to downtown Tallahassee, where these two young black woman wanted to seat in front of the bus rather than stand, for the bus was full and no seats were available in the back. When the driver notice that these to black woman were sitting in the front of the bus beside a white woman; he immediately pulled over the bus and told them to get up. When the young ladies kindle said if you refund us we will get off the bus, the driver said no and called the cops, though the white woman they sat next to made no objection. Which further leads to them being arrested and charged with incite a riot, After this story made headlines in the Sunday paper many people such as minster Metz Rollins was hoping for the black community to act with determination and sprit as others did in Montgomery, Alabama a few months prior. (Rabby,10-11) Rev. C. K. Steele and Robert Saunders representing the NAACP began talks while blacks started boycotting the city's buses. This boycott was similar to that in the Montgomery Boycott with Rosa Parks. Former bus patrons began a car pool lasting through May 26 of 1957, several...
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