...SR-ht-003 Documentation Entities and Attributes When writing application programs and designing databases the first step is traditionally to document program logic into what is known as flowcharts, object diagrams, and data models. Before this can be done you must first decide which technique you are going to use. The most popular form of data models is what’s known as entity-relationship model (ERD) which was designed and published for the first time ever by Peter Chan in 1976. The basic components that make up and ERD are entities, attributes, identifiers, and relationships. Entities (real world object, semantic object, physical thing, logical abstraction) are something that the user wants to keep track of and are classified and grouped as an entity class, entity classes are always capitalized. There are also different variations of entities, strong and weak. A weak entity cannot exist in a database unless another entity exists also. Anything that is not a weak entity has to be a strong entity. It is also important to follow entity integrity, an important constraint meaning that no two records are identical or duplicates (no duplicate primary keys and non-null values). Next up is what’s known as the entity instance. First you must be able to distinguish the difference between an entity class and an entity instance. The difference between the two is that an entity class is a collection of entities described by the structure of entities in its class. There are usually...
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...Advantages of a Relational database Relational databases are the standard when creating industrial standard efficient and scalable databases. They are based on a structure of tables which are logically connected to each other and can be queried in complex way to extract relevant and meaningful information. The querying of a relational database is done using a high level language called SQL which stands for structured query language. SQL is very easy to understand and unlike traditional programming languages does not rely on arcane syntax, rather structured query language uses English like meaningful syntax in its operations. As opposed to flat file databases this logical organization of data across tables in the form of columns greatly simplifies the organization and retrieval of highly complex data. As the business needs of the client rises so will the size and complexity of data, on of the biggest advantages of relational databases is the scalability associated with them, so as the company grows expanding the database will not be a problem and making sense of the data and extracting meaningful information from it will only get slightly harder. Relational databases come with a plethora of security options and views can be enforced to ensure that unauthorized access to the sensitive information in the database is not allowed. Relational databases also avoid redundancy of information and such databases can be highly optimized by methods such as normalization and good database...
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...models describe the logical and physical structure of data that the information systems maintain and process. The main goal of data modeling is to identify all of the data elements that the enterprise uses to manage its business, along with the structure and interrelationships of these elements. Data modeling typically follows activity modeling, which defines the functional requirements for the system. Its focus is to build a standard representation for the system’s data elements with little regard for when components of the system may create, modify, or access the data. This representation affords all applications a consistent, integrated view of the corporate information. The entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is the most commonly used model for designing databases. The ERD model identifies the important data elements and organizes them into a collection of entities and...
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...Contents INTRODUCTION 2 ENTITY- RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM 3 List of Entities 3 Entity-Relationship Diagram one (1) 4 Entity-Relationship Diagram Two (2) 5 Entity-Relationship Diagram Three(3) 5 NORMALIZATION 7 Normalization Process 7 Un-normalized data 8 1st Normal Form 8 2nd Normal Form 9 3rd Normal Form 9 Normalized Tables 10 INTRODUCTION Planning a wedding is one of the most exciting and most stressful events in one’s lifetime and in Planning this there is a number of factors that need to be considered such as the guest list, venues, and suppliers. Hence on the quest to organize the scheduling and selection of activities for planning Of weddings a database System will be designed to accommodate its operation, providing a high degree of Usability and efficiency for the people using the application within the company. The database would be built in Oracle having forms that provide at least the minimum basic CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) functions and the following are the specific forms required; Basic wedding detail form, Supplier type form, Event type form, Supplier detail form, Event detail Form along with the advanced forms such as Wedding event schedule form, wedding event guest form, wedding event supplies and company work schedule summary. The system will be constructed from a number of normalized tables that will be used to construct the Forms and an entity relationship diagram will be formed showing relationships...
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...1. Diagramming Method When it comes to recording the results of a system analysis, there are so many diagramming tools and methods available that it can be difficult deciding which one to use. Before discussing the details of any template or methodology, there are two principles that are common to all diagramming techniques. First, the context of a diagram must be clear, and second, each diagram must present a view of the system that is independent of other views. A diagram's context must be fully understood by its title, title block, a reference to a larger (smaller) context, or some combination thereof. Time and version dependencies should also be considered. Care to waste your time writing a new program - from an old database document? A date and time stamp will resolve any confusion. If you can expect a second version to be made (almost always), a version identification will also help. Some media (e.g. the Internet) facilitate keeping a document within context, while others (e.g. paper) require extra care. If there will be more than one type of diagram for a system, each diagram type must be Orthogonal to all the others. Orthogonal projections show aspects of a system from perspectives that are fully independent of each other. In the same way that an architect views a building plan from front, side and planar elevations (relating to the perpendicular x, y and z axes), we we want to view a system from similar orthogonal views. Given a 3-dimensional system, any 2-dimensional...
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...Data Warehousing Methodologies Using a common set of attributes to determine which methodology to use in a particular data warehousing project. DATA INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES have experienced explosive growth in the last few years, and data warehousing has played a major role in the integration process. A data warehouse is a subjectoriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data that supports managerial decision making [4]. Data warehousing has been cited as the highest-priority post-millennium project of more than half of IT executives. A large number of data warehousing methodologies and tools are available to support the growing market. However, with so many methodologies to choose from, a major concern for many firms is which one to employ in a given data warehousing project. In this article, we review and compare several prominent data warehousing methodologies based on a common set of attributes. Online transaction processing (OLTP) systems are useful for addressing the operational data needs of a firm. However, they are not well suited for supporting decision-support queries or business questions that managers typically need to address. Such questions involve analytics including aggregation, drilldown, and slicing/dicing of data, which are best supported by online analytical processing (OLAP) systems. Data warehouses support OLAP applications by storing and maintaining data in multidimensional format. Data in an OLAP warehouse is extracted and loaded...
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...I. INTRODUCTION This IDoc describes use of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model and document Accounting Information Systems (AIS). The objective of modeling AIS is multifaceted and can be to: visualize, understand, summarize, detail, analyze, design, develop, implement, operate, secure, control, or audit the AIS. UML is a powerful modeling language and technique for all of these modeling tasks and is more robust and semantically superior to the commonly used Structured Analysis (SA) modeling tools of flowcharts (FC), data flow diagrams (DFD), and entity-relationship diagrams (ERD). Dr. White suggests that using UML diagrams as a tool to document AIS is a viable alternative to the Structured Analysis’s diagrams of FC, DFD, and ERD. What follows in Section II is a brief comparison of the two alternative approaches to systems documentation: Structured Analysis (SA) and Object Orientation (OO). Section III presents the definition and description of the major structural and behavioral elements used in UML including classifiers, instances, relationships, collaborations, activities, interactions, and states. Section IV discusses the organization and presentation of UML documentation of AIS as a collection of diagrams and packages. Section V contains various UML diagrams of the business revenue cycle (system) as examples of how to use UML to document a business system. Section VI contains examples of UML models of two special systems of great importance to accountants:...
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... The planning phase is the fundamental two-step process of understanding why an information system should be developed and creating a plan for how the project team will develop it. The deliverables from this phase is the project plan. The analysis phase answers the questions of who will use the system, what the system will do, and where and when it will be used. A system proposal is the deliverable of this phase. The design phase decides how the system will operate. The final stage is the implementation phase, during which the system is actually built or purchased in the case of packaged software design. The system development life cycle (SDLC) is the process of understanding how information system can support business needs, designing the system, building it, and delivering it to users. The system analyst plays a key role in information systems development projects. The system analyst assists and guides the project team so that the team develops the right system in an effective way. System analysts also identify the needs of the organization and design systems to implement those changes. Analysts must have the technical skills to understand the organizations existing technical...
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...business applications and information systems. The most common database model used commercially is the relational one. The aim of this unit is to: * Provide a knowledge and understanding of database systems, including * Design principles * Practical implementation and development skills for both the system designer and software engineer. The importance of structured query languages should be stressed, in terms of how they can be used to manipulate data and how they are used for a variety of tasks including querying and report writing. On completion of this unit the learner should be able to understand, design, query and implement a database(s). Learners will also have a theoretical insight into the requirement for designing a database that meets a given user or system requirement and that is functional, user friendly and robust. Learning outcomes On successful completion of this unit a learner will: 1. Understand data models and database technologies 2. Be able to design and implement relational database systems 3. Be able to use manipulation and querying tools 4. Be able to test and document relational database systems. Unit content 1. Understand data models and database technologies Data models: Hierarchical; Network; Relational; data manipulation languages; data definition languages; data independence; data...
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...Smith Consulting Database Environment Student Name DBM/380 Date: Instructor name: Smith Consulting Database Environment Smith Consulting’s current employee management system is inefficient involving a one table database, which produces duplication of many attributes throughout the system. The first iteration of database design provided a new version consisting of various one-to-many relationships to link its various modules. There are currently four modules that consist of an employees, jobs, skills, and projects tables. Smith Consulting has many employees filling many jobs descriptions. Furthermore, each job position may encompass many skills. Finally, many employees may be working on many projects. This first iteration of database design provided a database model that is inadequate and requires a return to the database development life cycle (DDLC) to incorporate the needed many-to-many relationships among tables for efficient allocation of human resources in order to better meet company customer needs. An analysis of the database environment has surfaced the various problems and constraints with the current system. This in turn has determined the scope and boundaries for the new system version. An overall objective and supporting objectives provided the needed data specifications, which is depicted in a logical model table and database schema. Database Environment Analysis The current database environment involves a one table database. This current system has various...
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...1) Planning Phase During this phase, the group that is responsible for creating the system must first determine what the system needs to do for the organization (requirements gathering), asking questions such as: What is the system needed for? What will the system do for the organization? How is the system going to be made? Analysis In this phase is the group that has been placed in charge of the project must decide if the project should initialize with the resources available. This also includes looking at any existing system to see what it is doing for the organization and how well that system is doing its job. Feasibility is also considered in this phase which gives rise to questions such as: Can the system be created with the resources presently available? Will the system significantly improve the organization? Does the old system even need to be replaced? Design This phase involves the actual creation and design of a system. This is where the team puts together the different pieces that will create the system. In a database approach, this would include the server hosting the database, software that will form the database, other needed Database Management System software. Implementation This phase involves the actual construction and installation of a system. Implementation also includes the maintenance of the system and any future updates or expansion of the system. With the database project example, the following activities are examples of...
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...to the processes involved in defining one of the key components of a data model; the relationship diagram (RD). In this lab, you will draw a relationship diagram for two of the steps shown. Keep in mind when you are trying to decide which side of the relationship should be the "one" side and which should be the "many" that you must first decide which side has the primary key, or unique identifier. Once you have decided the primary key of the relationship, you have identified the "one" side of the relationship. Note that for an RD, the foreign key "many" side of the relationship points to the primary key "one" side. The "one" side should have the arrowhead point of the connecting line. This is different than an entity/relationship diagram (ERD) that we will draw next week, where the "many" side has crow's feet. This will familiarize you with how to set up MS Visio to draw database diagrams. Steps 1 - 3 below use the Customer, Order, and Employee tables of a simplified Order Entry database. The Customer table records clients who have placed orders. The Order table contains the basic facts about customer orders. The Employee table contains facts about employees who take orders. The primary keys of the tables are CustNo for Customer, EmpNo for Employee, and OrdNo for Order. The following are the TABLE definitions for the first three tables showing the PRIMARY KEY constraints. TABLE Customer has the following attributes CustNo NUMBER(5) CustFirstName VARCHAR2(20) CustLastName VARCHAR2(30)...
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...St. Rita’s College of Balingasag Balingasag, Misamis Oriental St. Rita’s College of Balingasag Point of Sales System An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College in Information Technology, St. Rita’s College of Balingasag Balingasag, Misamis Oriental In Partial Fulfillment for Capstone Project – 1 of the Requirement for Bachelor of Science in Information Technology John Rigor Ochigue Jake Jesus Llido Shina Cabactulan Jovy Llanita Jonalyn Acierto March 20, 2014 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Rationale Pantry is one of the important and useful places in Saint Rita’s College of Balingasag, where the students, faculties, teachers, non-teaching personnel and parents who buy snacks, foods, drinks and especially the school supplies. Pantry is placed between from the Religious Virgin Mary (RVM) convent and HRM laboratory before. The processes of deliveries of snacks are weekly and recorded manually. Soft drinks are delivered in every two weeks and it is separately recorded manually. The school supplies are delivered monthly that is separated from snacks and soft drinks all of them are recorded manually. Recipes or ingredients for the lunch meal are bought outside from the campus and it is daily recorded manually. All files are separately recorded for them to easily find the files. The inventory of the SRCB Pantry is daily recorded and remitted. All the total credits and expenses are also listed in the...
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...CHAPTER 1 1 The word ________ indicates that the facts have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning. a. data b. dictionary c. raw d. information correct: c 2 Processed data, or ________, can be used as the foundation for decision making. a. information b. DP c. raw data d. queries correct: a 3 Raw data must be properly ________ for storage, processing, and presentation. a. sorted b. grouped c. formatted d. arranged correct: c 4 What is a key characteristic of knowledge? a. "new" Knowledge can be derived from "old" knowledge. b. It is assembled from raw data. c. It cannot be duplicated. d. It exists in a vacuum. correct: a 5 Accurate, relevant, and timely ________ is the key to good decision making. a. relationships b. data c. processing d. information correct: d 6 What is the name for data about data? a. unique data b. superdata c. metadata d. raw data correct: c 7 Data management is a discipline that focuses on ________. a. the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data b. the help items to be used by end users c. the management of end users d. the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of information correct: a 8 What is a benefit of using a DBMS? a. It provides seamless Internet access to database data. b. It creates automatic backups. c. It helps create an environment for end users to have access to more data. d. It provides full security to data using private/public key encryption. correct: c 9 The ________ manages interaction between the end...
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... | | | |U10230366, U1008620 ,U0929909 | Table of Contents 1. Brief History of British Airways 3 The decision making process 4 British Airways uses the following information tools at its strategic level. 4 Executive Support System (ESS) 5 Senior management in BA use the following information tools. 6 Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 7 Roles for Management Information Systems in British Airways 8 References: 9 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 10 The Entities: 11 Entities and Attributes: 11 Entities and Attributes 2 12 First cut ERD Diagram for ELRSC. 13 Normalisation Diagram 14 Requirement Specification for the E L R C System 16 Use case Description for ELRSC 18 Screen shot of use case For ELRSC. 34 Screen Shot Turnitin Report 35 1. Brief History of British Airways The purpose of this project is explore how information systems helps organisations to make decisions at different levels to achieve set objectives and...
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