...Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide 7/21/15, 11:51 AM General Writing • Research and Citation • Teaching and Tutoring • Subject-Specific Writing • Job Search Writing • ESL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. In-Text Citations: The Basics Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing). Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck Last Edited: 2014-11-11 10:20:40 Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay. Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found... APA citation basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text...
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...Learner (ELL) cases in Instructional Consultation (IC) Teams schools. Archival data from 838 cases (12% of which were ELL cases) within five mid-Atlantic public school districts implementing IC Teams were analyzed for outcomes using logistic regression. Results included statistically significant differences in ELL versus non-ELL student initial team referral (IC or other prereferral intervention team) and ultimate IEP Team referrals. Initial referral concerns also differed significantly between ELL and non-ELL students. IC Teams were found to be more effective than existing prereferral intervention teams in decreasing the special education referrals of ELL and non-ELL students. The results of the present study serve as a foundation for future research in the areas of at-risk ELL students and their referrals to prereferral intervention teams and special education. ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNER SPECIAL EDUCATION REFERRAL AND PLACEMENT OUTCOMES IN INSTRUCTIONAL CONSULTATION TEAMS SCHOOLS by Arlene E. Silva Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2005 Advisory Committee: Professor Sylvia Rosenfield, Chair Assistant Professor Millicent I. Kushner Associate Professor William Strein ©Copyright by Arlene E. Silva 2005 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES...
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...Reading and Second Language Learners Research Report May 1999 This report prepared by Magda Costantino, Ph.D. The Evergreen Center for Education Improvement The Evergreen State College Olympia, Washington 98505 With assistance from: Joe St. Charles Susan Tepper Edlamae Baird Acknowledgment to Gary Burris and Lynne Adair For their invaluable assistance with the project This material is available in alternative format by request. Contact Bilingual Education at 360-753-2573, TDD 360-664-3631. The Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction complies with all federal and state rules and regulations and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, age or marital status. Table of Contents (click on page number for access) Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Chapter One Language Acquisition and the Language Learner .......................................................... 7 Section One: How Does First Language Develop? .................................................... 7 Section Two: How Does Second Language Develop? ............................................... 9 Foundational Theories ...............................................................................................
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...Academic Press. I have had a great deal of help and feedback from many people in writing this book. Among the many scholars and friends I am indebted to are Marina Burt, Earl Stevick, Heidi Dulay, Robin Scarcella, Rosario Gingras, Nathalie Bailey, Carolyn Madden, Georgette Ioup, Linda Galloway, Herbert Seliger, Noel Houck, Judith Robertson, Steven Sternfeld, Batyia Elbaum, Adrian Palmer, John Oller, John Lamendella, Evelyn Hatch, John Schumann, Eugene Brière, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Larry Hyman, Tina Bennet, Ann Fathman, Janet Kayfetz, Ann Peters, Kenji Hakuta, Elinor Ochs, Elaine Andersen, Peter Shaw, and Larry Selinker. I also would like to express my thanks to those scholars whose work has stimulated my own thinking in the early stages of the research reported on here: John Upshur, Leonard Newmark, and S. Pit Corder all recognized the reality of language "acquisition" in the adult long before I did. I would also like the thank Eula P. Krashen and Judy Winn-Bell Olsen for their special contributions. ii Contents Introduction 1. Individual Variation in the Use of the Monitor 2. Attitude and Aptitude in Second Language Acquisition and Learning 3. Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in...
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...INVESTIGATION RESULTS Maria Stathopoulou and Doriana Nikaki National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Abstract: This paper reports on results of one aspect of a larger research project carried out at the Research Centre in English Language Teaching, Testing and Assessment (RCEL), University of Athens. The overall aim of the project is to investigate the test-taking strategies used by Greek users of English when performing the activities of the Greek State Language Exams, known as Kratiko Pistopiitiko Glossomathias (KPG) and whether these can be successfully taught. The aim of this paper is twofold. It firstly aims at discussing findings regarding the testtaking strategies candidates claim to use when responding to the KPG reading tasks and, secondly, at presenting the research instrument used for such an investigation. The research instrument, which is a closedresponse questionnaire, has been designed at the RCEL and administered to candidates who sat for the KPG examination at the November 2008 administration. The findings, which actually demystify the way candidates deal with the reading activities, may prove useful not only for teachers who prepare students for the KPG exam and for the actual candidates but also for syllabus and materials designers. 1. Background to the study One of the projects presently being carried out at the Research Centre in English Language Teaching, Testing and Assessment (RCEL)1, University of JAL 25 (2009) 129 130 Maria Stathopoulou...
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...Teaching year at Lincoln Elementary School for Ms. Branson. She has 30 fifth-graders of whom 13 are girls and 17 are boys, 12 participate in the free and reduced lunch program, 5 are English language learners, and 4 have individualized education programs (IEPs). As she plans her lesson on paragraph writing, she is trying to keep the special needs of each of her students in mind. Because Jessica has a hearing impairment, Ms. Branson decides to make a written outline that includes the important parts of a paragraph and examples of good and bad paragraphs. She also decides to go over the outline several times because Fred and Alex have a reading disability. In her plan, there is also a note to herself to find a bigger pencil and wide-lined paper for Suzy, who requires these modifications according to her IEP. Based on past writing experiences, she expects Monica to finish writing her paragraph pretty quickly, so she needs to think about an appropriate second task to keep her busy and motivated—most likely, a creative writing assignment. Ms. Branson feels about ready for the lesson, except for Jung Ju, a recent immigrant from South Korea. He seems to be falling behind despite her efforts to help him develop English skills. After giving it some thought, she decides to have Jung Ju...
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...Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction English language teaching has become very important because of the global status of English and people all over the world are learning this language. English language programs worldwide have become increasingly aware of the needs for curriculum review due to both demographic and situational changes taking place. As students’ populations, societal views, and institutional factors are constantly changing, English language programs need to be implemented routinely to make the changes necessary to facilitate the desired outcome of the program. Determining the needs of students is seen as a direct way to inform the teachers of the possible goals and objectives necessary to create a teaching and learning environment suited to the needs of the students. According to Nunan, 1989, the effectiveness of a language program will be dictated as much by the attitudes and expectations of the learners by the specifications of the official curriculum. It is important to understand how students’ perceived language needs because this will give the language teachers the idea on what to teach to the learners. The needs of a learner represent the gap between what the learner wants to get out of the learning experience and his or her current state of knowledge, skill, and enthusiasm (Noessel, 2003). Each learner is unique, and brings to the learning situation his or her own different learning style, knowledge set, pool of past experiences...
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...Latin American origin” (Schaefer, 2006, p. 236). The writer, after taking the data from the same book, asserts that among the population of America, one third is constituted by these Hispanic groups. Among the major Hispanic groups, Mexican Americans take the major portion. The other groups, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, and others have relevant influence in America. These Hispanic or Latino groups, that constitute a major portion among the population of America, are not well considered in the land. This research paper takes a study on Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban, and central/south Americans and analyses the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious and familial problems of these groups in America. Mexicans: Mexicans are the largest group among the Latino Americans. They contribute about one third of all Hispanic groups: “as of 2002, about 23 percent of Mexican Americans are English dominant, 26 percent are bilingual, and 51 percent are Spanish dominant” (Schaefer, 2006, p. 241). It indicates that Mexicans in America use a different language other than what is commonly spoken in America. Many times the Mexicans are denied of their heritage towards their language- Spanish. The people who speak Spanish are considered to be less able before those who speak English. This language handicap is there among the people of Mexican Americans. The author, Schaefer in the same book makes out the distinction of Mexicans...
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...Review of “Research Summary and Bibliography for Structured English Immersion Programs” of the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force Stephen Krashen University of Southern California Kellie Rolstad Arizona State University Jeff MacSwan Arizona State University The “Research Summary and Bibliography for Structured English Immersion Programs” of the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force purports to present a scholarly and balanced review of current scientific knowledge regarding effective programs for English Language Learners (ELLs) in general and Structured English Immersion (SEI) in particular. However, we find that the review neglects to reference significant research bearing on the questions raised, and frequently draws inappropriate conclusions from the research presented. Perhaps most disappointing is the tendency in the review to neglect important conceptual distinctions which could have usefully guided the research summary. Below we address each area of literature review in turn, pointing out significant limitations and incorrect interpretations as they arise. 1. What is the current state of scientific research in the area of effective instruction for English Learners? The review cites references to make the point that there are relatively few high quality studies regarding program effectiveness for English Language Learners, with estimates ranging from five (Gersten & Baker, 2000) to fifty (Genesee, Lindholm-Leary, Saunders...
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...Learning Skills Unit Academic Preparation Program Harvard Referencing Workbook Author - Date Revised 22/5/12 by KMcK, JD, ERP, BRK & RJL saved as G:\Departments\LSU\Projects and Operations\LSU Workshops\T2 2012\Referencing T1 2012\LSU Harvard Referencing Master T2 12 v1.1 DISCLAIMER This resource has been developed by the LSU, CQU-SIC. It is not a substitute for the official CQU guide and should be used in conjunction with the official CQU guide and specific instructions in course profiles. The CQU official guide to referencing is available online at: http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing . LEARNING SKILLS UNIT TEACHING MATERIALS: HARVARD REFERENCING Academic writing must use referencing. Harvard Referencing involves: 1. In-text Referencing, which provides information about the source material of direct quotations and paraphrases within the body of your assignment; and 2. Reference list of sources. This is an alphabetical list of all the books, articles and electronic sources that you have referred to within the body of your assignment. The Reference list is the final page of your assignment. Quotations and the Reference list are not included in your word count. Paraphrases can make up approximately 30-40% of your whole text. The rest of your text (60-70%) should be your own arguments or ‘point of view’ stated in your own words. You should develop this point of view by continuing study in lectures and tutorials, as well as wide reading of relevant source material...
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...CHALLENGES STUDENTS FACE IN LEARNING ESSAY WRITING SKILLS IN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MANGA DISTRICT, NYAMIRA COUNTY, KENYA BY NYANG’AU BENARD NYASIMI E55/CE/14078/2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JULY 2013 * DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for degree in any other university. Signature: ______________________________ Date: ________________________ BY NYANG’AU BENARD NYASIMI E55/CE/14078/2009 We confirm that this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision as university supervisors. Signature------------------------------------------------------ Date-------------------------- Dr .Sophia. Ndethiu. Department of Educational Communication and Technology. Kenyatta University. Signature------------------------------------------------------ Date------------------------- Dr. John. Kimemia. Department of Educational Communication and Technology. Kenyatta University. * DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my loving wife Zipporah Nyasimi and our sons Philemon Siko and Enock Ongeri . * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge the support of those individuals who made it possible for a successful completion of this work. Special thanks go to my supervisors Dr. Sophia Ndethiu and Dr. John. Kimemia for the support, guidance...
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...performance Call: +1 323 892 0530 Email: support@qessays.com Country: USA Qessays Research Papers Term Papers Book Reports Custom Essays Editing Services ORDER NOW Q e ssays Live C hat Contact Us LEGO strategic management case study Share Tw eet 1 0 Search... Username When his son Godtfred took over the business LEGO products continued to gain popularity as the company started to make new products to go with the current needs and demand. One of the features of a strategy is that the decision must be satisfy the expectations and value of the stakeholders such as customers. This is evident from LEGO which has input all its efforts in the growth of the company through innovation of new products. In 1990s when Godtfred’s son had taken over the leadership of the company and the company had gone global to seek foreign markets, many competitors began to emerge. Sony, Visual Arts and Nintendo started producing sophisticated electronic toys and gadgets. The company through its new CEO Kjeld set new strategic objectives to ensure that its global brand became known among the fast maturing children. The company also decided to build more Password Remember Me Login Forgot your password? Forgot your username? Create an account RELATED ARTICLES Write my term paper Essay About Teen Drugs and Abuse Benefits of Enabling Networking Caching Reaction Papers Writing Tips Dissertation Writing OUR ADVANTAGES LEGOLAND parks in various countries...
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...and personnel management HRM in practice 1.1: A new role for HR professionals Neo-liberalism: individualism and HRM Management and HRM The meaning of ‘human resource’ The meaning of ‘management’ The nature of the employment relationship Scope and functions of HRM Theoretical perspectives on HRM HRM in practice 1.2: Twenty-first-century senior HR leaders have a changing role The Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna model of HRM The Harvard model of HRM The Guest model of HRM The Warwick model of HRM The Storey model of HRM HRM and globalization: The HRM model in advancing economies? Ulrich’s strategic partner model of HRM Studying HRM Critique and paradox in HRM viii contents ix Case study: Canterbury Hospital Summary, Vocab checklist for ESL students, Review questions and Further reading to improve your mark 33 34 37 37 37 38 38 39 41 44 44 45 46 48 50 52 54 55 56 56 58 60 62 65 66 69 69 69 70 70 71 72 72 73 73 74 77 78 80 81 88 92 2 corporate strategy and strategic HRM John Bratton Outline Objectives Introduction Strategic management Model of strategic management Hierarchy of strategy Ethics and corporate social responsibility Business ethics Corporate social responsibility HRM in practice 2.1: Killer chemicals and greased palms Exploring corporate sustainability Strategic HRM HRM and globalization: Business urged to keep on eco-track HRM in practice...
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....=-.8 Gontext in Teaching its social Language English c, s o c i o l i n g u i s tech n o g r a p h ia n d it, n e _ - r l l i s hL a n g u a gT e a c h i ni g i t s s o c i a lc o n t e x t o f f e r s h a n d i n t r o d u c ets e and learning on pe , , , a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a lr s p e c t i v e s T E S 0 L t e a c h i n g e l s I l e . . = . a n tl i t e r a t u r e n s e c o n da n g u a ga c q u i s i t i o nt. p r e s e n tE n g l i s ha n g u a gte a c h i n g o contexts' g, i c o . . a r i e t y f s p e c i f i n s t i t u t i o n a l e o g r a p h acn dc u l t u r a l p i e c e - h a v eb e e n s y a b . : . : i c l e s w h i c hi n c l u d e o t hc l a s s i c n d s p e c i a l lc o m m i s s i o n e d e l s - _ .. . , y c h o s e n n o e d i t e d o p r e s e ntth e m a i np r i n c i p l eo f E n g l i s ha n g u a gte a c h i n g ' t a y h r,e c o g n i ste e i n d i v i d u a l i to f s b : , 3 c u so n t h e r o l e sp l a y e d y t e a c h e r a n d l e a r n e r s g u i d a n c eo r s t u d e n t s ' f o i , j . a g e l e a r n e r ss u p p o r t e a c h e r sn t h e p r o v i s i o n f a c t i v e learners between interaction patterns of and negative bothpositive and =-.- r1g, examine :-,rteacherS. n - -ls o v e r a lu n d e r s t a n d io fg l n p u r R e a d eo f f e r s e o p l e n f a m i l i aw i t h r e s e a r cih t h i sf i e l da n r a l l o w i n t h em o r ee x p e r i e n c e d g e g l . = . us s u eis c o n t e m p o r a Ey g l i s...
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...second language (ESL) learners and examining these difficulties within the three-phase model of language comprehension proposed by Anderson (1995, Cognitive Psychology and its Implications, 4th Edition. Freeman, New York). Data were elicited from learners' self-reports through the procedures of learner diaries, small group interviews and immediate retrospective verbalisations. My analysis showed 10 problems which occurred during the cognitive processing phases of perception, parsing and utilisation. Five problems were linked to word recognition and attention failure during perceptual processing. There were also problems related to inefficient parsing and failure to utilise the mental representations of parsed input. A comparison of two groups of learners with different listening abilities showed some similarities in the difficulties experienced, but low ability listeners had more problems with low-level processing. In the last part of the article, I highlight the benefits of researching real-time cognitive constraints during listening and obtaining data through learners' introspection, and offer some practical suggestions for helping learners become better listeners. Keywords * Listening comprehension problems; * Language learning; * Cognitive framework 1. Introduction All language learners face difficulties when listening to the target language. Nevertheless, the types and the extent of difficulty differ, and much listening comprehension research has been conducted...
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