...אוניברסיטת בר אילן החוג המשולב למדעי החברה הקשר בין זיכרון מסולף לשינה ולמצב רגשי סקירה ספרותית במסגרת הקורס: שיטות מחקר | | |מגיש: | | | |יוסי נגר. | סקירה ספרותית זיכרון מסולף או שיקרי קורה כאשר אדם זוכר מאורע אשר לא התרחש. מנקודת מבט מעשית, זיכרונות מסולפים הם איום לתוקפן של עדויות מפי עדי ראיה, מקור מוטעה למידע אוטוביוגרפי בפסיכותרפיה, והצגה מוטה של שיעורים בקונסטלציה לימודית (Reyna, V. F. et al. Cornell University 2006). זיכרון מסולף נבדק, בין היתר, באמצעות פרדיגמת DRM (Deese-Roediger–McDermott). בפרדיגמת DRM, הנחקרים לומדים רשימת מילים (לדוגמא : מיטה, מנוחה, ערות, חלום) אשר מתקשרות לנושא אחד (כלומר : שינה). כאשר הם נבחנים על זכירת המילים שלמדו, הנחקרים לעיתים קרובות שוגים ומציינים את מילת הנושא (Critical Target) כאחת מהמילים ברשימה. בחינת זיכרון מסולף נבדקה באמצעות פרדיגמת DRM במסגרת מחקרים שונים. דוגמא לכך ניתן למצוא במחקרן של קטרינה סוגרו והרלין היינה ( Sugrue, C. & Hayne, H. 2006), אשר בדק את ביצועיהם של ילדים ומבוגרים ברשימות מילים בעלות אורך משתנה (שבע מילים או ארבע-עשרה מילים). נמצא כי אצל ילדים ומבוגרים, זיכרון מסולף ניכר יותר ברשימות הארוכות מברשימות...
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...Memory is one of the most important attributes that we as humans have access to. Memory involves the power to store experiences and bring them forward into the field of consciousness. However remembering issues as memories that are completely false is known as false memory syndrome (FMS). False memory syndrome can occur when you experience a traumatic or life changing event and you can’t recall the memories you experienced from that day properly but are strongly convinced that they happened to you. most people tend to recall memories not as exact as they happened because of events that occurred prior and preceding it that can alter the way we remember how they happened. However False memories are complete made up experiences that never took...
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...Child Sexual Abuse Versus False Memory Syndrome People can experience sexual abuse memories from their childhood. These individuals believe that they went through such a traumatic experience of this kind. By remembering how these events occurred in details, these memories are truly experienced by all of these individuals’ emotions and beliefs. Research shows than child sexual abuse memories can occur in the form of repressed childhood experience and/or in the form of False Memory Syndrome. Personally, I identify both of these matters as important psychological and social problems. This is due to the fact that too many innocent children go through sexual abuse by their relatives. With today’s technology, societies are still not able to recognize it, prevent it, and threat it accurately in the timely matter. For instance, those sexual abused traumas cannot be identified easily because of the child emotional bounding to their loved ones. These facts cause children to repress their unacceptable emotional and physical memories into their unconscious mind, which increases the likelihood to develop other psychological disorders. On the other hand, people are mistreated by their therapists and develop False Memory Syndrome. I considered this a serious psychological and social problem. Due to that fact, many professional workers use their educational advantage against individuals who in the need for medical help. These help seeking people’s health and well-beings are highly...
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...Mani Obhrai was born and lives in London, which is somewhere in the United Kingdom. He enjoys tea, chips, beer, cricket, Morris dancing, bulldogs and double-decker buses. He is regularly spotted wearing a pin-striped suit, carrying a newspaper under his arm, shouting, “Cheerio!” False Memory 15 stories that I think are actually true First published 2007 This paperback edition published 2007 Copyright © 2007 by Mani Obhrai A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84799-022-8 1 This book is dedicated to those who have strived to make my life easier. For the most part, these people probably know who they are, but in case there is any doubt, they are listed below. If you did not make my life easier in any way, but would still like, for some reason, to have this book dedicated to you, please write your name in the space provided below and feel free to show it to your friends and loved ones, or simply to people you might wish to impress. Thanks to: Paige Baird, _____________, Serena Obhrai, Greer Baird, Indy Lalli and Amy Laurence for all their help with editing and moral support. Introduction by the author The triangular white stain The great pencil heist of ‘85 Willie’s accident Rental van Carly Afflicted ICE NO ICE Bursting Plastic and clicks Whisky Squiggle Country and western Double-bill The unexpected shadow The chocolate binge 1 2 4 7 10 13 16 20 22 27 31 36 41 49 55 60 Introduction by the author happened...
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...The Mandela Effect Have you ever been so sure of a memory you had in your life, only to discover that it was completely wrong? If so, it sounds like you have experienced the Mandela Effect. The Mandela Effect is the state of people having clear memories of events that did not occur or misremembering certain events and facts. The phenomenon first originated after Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa, was released from prison. A mammoth amount of people shared the same false memory that Mandela had died in prison during the 1980’s. People even remembered his funeral being broadcasted on television. Nelson Mandela, who was living at that point, was released from prison in 1990 and lived until he was 95. He passed away in 2013....
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...will be explaining five concepts that I have gained knowledge on during this semester first I will define the concept and I will apply it to a real life situation and how it is relevant to the situation, the five concepts I will be discussion are Groupthink, False Memories, Classical Conditioning, Phobias, Latent Learning. According to Allpsych.com the definition of Groupthink is the tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all the facts, especially those contradicting the majority opinion, a good example of this would be a group of teenagers wanting to go out on a school night, and one person suggests a weekend but he is left reserved and goes along anyways, although the one individual does not want to go out on a school night he does not want to conflict, and goes anyways this would be an example of group thinking which is pretty much the de individualization of one person due to them being part of the group. According to dictionary.com false memory syndrome is a psychological condition in which a person believes that he or she remembers events that have not actually occurred, during a traumatic incident such as rape or a murder someone observing it might fall victim to false memory syndrome to the witnesses description this has happened in many cases and some have even wrongly jailed innocent people. According to thefreedictionary.com Classical Conditioning is a process of behavior by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner...
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...to him directly nor does he show any interest towards his father. Although he ignores his father’s plight, he idolizes his mother and attempts to make her proud. While ignoring Willy and trying to impress his mother, Happy is following in the same footsteps as his father which will also lead to the same “death of a salesman” as his father has. In order to prevent the suffering within his family from festering inside of him, he avoids any form of confrontation. For example, in every instance Biff and Willy argue he keeps his mouth and butts in at the very end in order to try and “resolve” the problem, even though it’s just a lie. Such as when Biff and Willy are arguing over getting a job in the city for Bill Oliver. Happy brings up the false idea of “the Loman Line”, sporting goods the he and his brother can sell together. It’s a plan even he knows he can’t accomplish, but he says it anyway just to appease his father. This also leads to Happy’s excessive lying. The best example for Happy’s lying is when he lies to the girls by saying “No, that’s not my father. He’s just a guy,” (p. 63) when they ask him about his father. His pride and image (although it’s all a lie) mean more to him than his own father’s sanity. His idolization of his mother also leads to his future downfall. He attempts to make his mother proud by trying to be what he thinks she wants him to be. Happy is a kiss-up, but his mother doesn’t buy any of it. When Biff and Happy came back home after their father...
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...1. Pranatipat: In short, this papasthanak means to cause violence upon someone or something, this can be caused by our physical or mental activities. An example would be deliberately calling someone names or hunting other animals as an activity. 2. Mrushivad: This papasthanak means speaking of falsehood, or in other words lies. Usually lies can come as a result of greed, anger or even mischievous. An example would be giving someone false information, or telling your friends a lie out of jealousy. 3. Adattadana: In all, this papasthanak means stealing. An example would be cheating someone some money which was not deserved for you. Or another example would be taking clothes from a store without paying. 4. Maithuna: This means to engage in sexual activities. In Jainism, there is no space for sexual relationships because sensual desires bring bad karma. An example would be degrade a women by secretly calling her pretty or hot to your friends, all behind her back. 5. Parigraha: This means to have an attachment for articles or wealth. An example would be of someone owning more pair of shoes than they really need. For example they would have 7 pair of shoes, when, in reality, all they need for everyday work is just 2. 6. Krodha: In short, this papasthanak means to have or obtain anger. An example of this would be having unnecessary anger, for example having your favorite sports team lose and then become mad at not only the team, but also your surrounding environment...
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...National Geographic’s “Searching for the Real Cleopatra” by Chip Brown, claims that Cleopatra's tomb is still out there hidden. Though no ruins have been found for a very long time, Dominican archaeologist Kathleen Martinez has been excavating, and believes that she is going to be found. I know source is credible because National Geographic is a non-profit organization that publish factual information about science, nature andexpiditions. This source is also credible because the information presented is within a 15 min recentness limit, being published in 2011. Information about Martinez’s quest to find Cleopatra is also pbs.org. ¨Searching for the Real Cleopatra is ocjective,¨ the articles isint biased, it simply tells the story in...
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...Elizabeth Loftus: Biography and False Memoires Psy/310 When looking at the field of psychology, we will learn about males who have contributed to the growth of psychology. Some examples of men we study in beginners psychology are E.G Boring, Robert I. Watson and of course Sigmund Freud. There is little mention of females who have contributed to psychology. Why is it that females are not really mentioned in the history of psychology? Females have contributed to the growth of psychology just as men have. A woman that has spent her whole life trying to understand memory is Elizabeth Loftus. We will begin with a short biography and also touch on how she has helped psychology to grow. Elizabeth Loftus was born Elizabeth Fishman on October 16, 1944 to Sidney and Rebecca Fishman in Los Angeles, California (Born, 1997). She was raised in Bel Air with both her parents. Then in 1959 her mother passed away, she had drowned in a swimming pool when Loftus was only 14 years old. Loftus wanted to be a high school math teacher, but after attending a psychology class at UCLA she changed her mind. She continued in school to receive her Bachelors in 1966 in math and psychology. She met Geoffrey Loftus in 1968 while attending graduate school at Stanford, and married him. While attending Stanford she was introduced to the study of long term memory and was very interested in this subject. Loftus got her Masters in 1967. She continued her education at Stanford and got her Ph...
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...of young individuals when it comes to unlawful behaviours they engage in, how competent these individuals are when it comes to engaging in the Youth Justice System (YJS), and the consequences of getting them involved in the criminal justice system at a young age. These issues must be addressed and taken into consideration when creating the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Culpability Culpability refers to understanding and being responsible for the actions and consequences of a wrong. During adolescence, there are substantial developments in executive functioning (EF), emotional processing and social cognition (Farmer, 2011). These EF skills play a critical role in controlling and coordinating thoughts and behaviours, working memory, selective attention and inhibition of emotional responses, which is used in everyday tasks like decision making, problem solving, long-term planning and social interaction (Farmer, 2011). The changes that occur in the prefrontal cortex are associated with the improvement of EF skills through adolescence (Farmer, 2011)....
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...It is very hard to understand why a person would confess to a crime they did not commit. Until I became a psychology major I felt it was impossible for any sane person to confess to something they did not do and even go to jail for it. There are many reasons an innocent person may make a false confession; for the sake of this discussion I chose confession through coerced internalization. Experts explain that these types of confessions occur when individuals truly believe they are guilty despite the evidence to the contrary. (Chapman 2013) The psychological research has found that some of these false confession happen during interrogation when the interrogator believes the suspect is guilty and they employ whatever means possible to get that confession. So not only will the suspect confess they will form false memories of the crime. (Chapman 2013)The regular american not studying Forensic psychology or criminal justice may assume that an innocent person would only confess if they were beaten or tortured; however there is evidence in our criminal justice system that techniques far less coercive than torture have produced verifiably false confessions in a surprising number of cases. (Contanzo, Krauss 2013) Through the readings for this discussion I have discovered, and while I do not believe it would be fair to say that all investigators use coercion to get confessions, many police interrogation techniques used are designed to elicit a confession and overcome any denial even if...
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...RESEARCH PAPER - DREAMS About a month ago the two of us brainstormed a few ideas for our first Psychology project. After a weighing the pros and cons of our options, we decided to research dreams and dreaming. We were hoping to learn some information over the vague topic of dreams such as the biology, the causes of dreams, and possibly some of the meanings behind certain dreams. Not only that, but we were interested in the different varieties of dreams people had and why they had them. From the beginning, we had hoped to answer some seemingly basic questions such as “What is a dream?” “What are some different types of dreams people experience?” and “Why would someone experience a certain type of dream?” After many hours and much research, we feel that we were rather successful in answering these and many more questions regarding the topic. So what IS a dream? Well, according to Sigmund Freud, dreams are the, “royal road to the unconscious.” Coming into this project with little to no experience on the topic, it was more than difficult to comprehend why it was that important. “They’re only dreams,” we would say, but after extensive research and reading, it is much easier to follow where Freud was coming from. You see, dreams are not simple; you have to admire the intricacy of a dream interweaving thoughts, ideas, and experiences a person has had in his/her lifetime. The process of dreaming itself connects different parts of the mind that may not be able to find each other...
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...Instrumental-coerced confessions mean that long hours of intense interrogations without any break can lead a suspect to confess to a crime they did not commit. Even if a suspect knows they are innocent they end up confessing due to mental and emotional exhaustion caused by intense interrogation. This is evident in the case of the Central Park Jogger case where five suspects were exonerated years after they had falsely confessed to raping and beating a woman who was jogging through Central Park. Four of the five defendants had videotaped their confessions sharing gruesome details of the crime. Nevertheless, no physical or DNA evidence convicted them of the crime. Years later the perpetrator Matias Reyes, a convicted serial rapist, and murderer,...
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...Witnesses rely on their memories to testify as to what they believe is a true account of the event. However, memories have been found to be fallible with no guarantee of corresponding with objective reality (Johnson, 2001). Research has found that false memories (FM), where a person recalls an event that did not occur and mistakes it to be a true representation of that event (Gleaves & Smith, 2004; Johnson, 2001) exists within the realm of eyewitness testimony (ET) (Loftus, Miller & Burns, 1978). This raises the issue of how well does ET reflect reality. Some theories that explain FM include the source monitoring failure theory (Johnson, Hastroudi & Lindsay, 1993), activation monitoring theory (Roediger, Balota &Watson, 2001) and fuzzy trace theory (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). Due to word count limitations, this paper will explore the concept of FM using fuzzy trace theory, source monitoring errors and the misinformation effect to explain how FM occurs in the context of ET and why ET can never the representation of the complete truth. The FTT proposes that there are two parallel memory traces, the verbatim trace and the gist trace (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). The verbatim trace stores information item-by-item and is a verdicial representation of an event. The gist trace stores a generalised meaning based representation of an event. The FTT proposes that verbatim trace decays quickly whereas the gist trace lingers in memory longer resulting...
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