...to create a set of frames that perpetuate ideological hegemony. Ideology is a culmination of social beliefs and values that are upheld by members of society. Hegemony is the power or dominance that one social group holds over others (Lull, 1995). Ideological hegemony is a concept that describes an intertwined system of everyday realities that are created by dominant individuals. As a result, ideological hegemony can often go undetected by common members of society. For example, ideological hegemony can be detected in image advertisements. Gender stereotypes and dominant norms are often perpetuated in daily advertisements. Clothing advertisers often feature young women and men and exaggerate potential sexual relationships. This could indicate the importance of heterosexuality, and the importance of beauty in our society. Due to the amount of messages an individual sees on a daily basis, these common stereotypes are not as obvious to the American consumer. As active consumers, it is our responsibility to challenge the existing...
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...5gendpolite4.doc; Oct 2002 word count: 13,276 Chapter 5: Gender and Politeness Introduction Given the model of gender described in the last chapter where gender is dispersed into practices and contexts/communities of practice, and is oriented to by individuals in relation to their perceptions of race and class stereotypes, rather than being located at the level of the individual, and also given the model of linguistic politeness as described in Chapters 2 and 3, where politeness/impoliteness is considered to be a matter of assessment within a context and the result of complex negotiations with perceptions of appropriacy norms and stereotypes, it is difficult, if not impossible, simply to approach the relation between gender and politeness as a question of an investigation of the production, by individual men or women of a number of linguistic features which are assumed to be unequivocally polite or impolite. What I would like to do instead is to consider the complexity of the relationship between gender and politeness, so that the common-sense nature of gender and politeness and their relation to each other is troubled. Here, I aim to analyse the way that certain practices which are considered to be polite or impolite are, within particular communities of practice, stereotypically gendered. As I discussed in Chapter 4, these stereotypes do not actually exist as such, but are hypothesised by particular speakers and hearers within communities of practices, on the...
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...‘Illness is simply a matter of bad luck, bad judgement, or bad genetics’ is a statement that expressed how health can be affected by the ‘luck’ of the environment that an individual is born into. The aforementioned statement expressed how health can be affected through a bad judgement of misdiagnoses made by health practitioners. The statement then declared how having bad genes allows an individual to become more susceptible to specific disease (Marvell, 2012). This statement focused on how health is influenced by psychological (bad judgement) and biomedical (bad genes) determinants, for example, being overweight is seen has having bad genes however, sociocultural factors such as gender, media and age can also largely affect an individuals’ health status. In 2002 the World Health Organization (WHO) released the Madrid Statement, saying: "to achieve the highest standard of health, health policies have to recognize that women and men, owing to their biological differences and their gender roles, have different needs, obstacles and opportunities." Meaning that the needs and barriers of both women and men (for example, women are more likely to develop breast cancer than males) are a major influence on the health of the individual and if the Government wants to achieve high national health, knowing the needs and overcoming the barriers must be addressed. A bad luck obstacle males have to face is the expectancy to participate in labour intensive jobs such as being a constructor and...
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...Education, Socialisation and Citizenship: Structuralists: Focus on purpose of education for wider society. Consensus Perspective: Functionalist- Emphasise positive effects Conflict Perspective: Marxist & Feminist- Critical Functionalist- Consensus Perspective Durkheim * Education important in preventing anomie * Being taught history important; teaches shared heritage, integration and solidarity. * Family based on affective (affectionate) relationships. Society is based on instrumental (mutual self- interest). School teaches instrumental relationships gradually- ‘easing’ them into it! Parsons * Education teaches the value of achieved status’ rather than ascribed. * Education teaches universalistic standards- rather than the particularistic standards seen in family * Competition, equality and individualism are taught within education. These are crucial to capitalism and cannot be taught in family due to its cooperative nature. Marxism- Conflict Perspective Schools make proletariat passive and resigned to their fate. Making sure they don’t rebel! Althusser * Education acts as an Ideological apparatus- ‘brainwashing’ Apply this to schools, it can be argued hidden curriculum teaches obedience etc. and punishes free thinking. Official Curriculum teaches that alternatives to capitalism as dangerous! Study: Bowles & Gintis (1976) Schools mirror workplace. This is the correspondence principle, and it prepares children...
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...EMBEDDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CURRICULUM 1 Rights and Responsibilities Curriculum of Inclusion Inclusive Learning Responding To Diversity Discrimination, Harassment and Bullying Celebrating the diversity of achievement Learning Support Needs and interests of communities Respecting Diversity Beyond Europe – Encompassing World knowledge in Teaching & Learning Learner Support Skills and Knowledge for Work in the Multicultural World Differentiation of Teaching and Learning Citizenship Legal Compliance Ofsted Inspection EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE VOCATIONAL CURRICULUM ©Gordon Ffrench Associates Depending on the nature of the subject and the learners, it includes some or all of the following ingredients: Inclusive teaching which takes account of the diverse learning needs, styles and preferences of learners. Responsive teaching which aims to manage the learning experience in a way which empowers and validates the diverse perspectives of learners. ©Gordon Ffrench Associates 3 Anti-discriminatory teaching which teaches learners about their rights and responsibilities to each other in the classroom, the workplace and the wider society. Attitudinal teaching which fosters understanding of how stereotyped attitudes and prejudiced thinking damage relationships, hinder communication and are therefore bad for education and bad for business. Diversity teaching which acknowledges and celebrates the contributions of men and women of all backgrounds, ages...
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...view of the employer and stereotypes of the employees given that these circumstances highlight what the working class experience at the workplace. The Office emphasizes and influences many aspects of stereotypes and social norms in a satirical manner. The television series is shown as a mockumentary that criticizes the popular culture of corporate Americans and presents everything in a comedic fashion style. It demonstrates the lives of employees at the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company branch at Scranton, Pennsylvania. The main point of the show is to exemplify the stereotypes, oppression, and prejudice towards race, sex, working class, and higher positions that happens at the workplace. The show revolves around racial slurs where employees and employers often have unpleasant interpretation of each other. Normal conversations may take place between employees that would usually involve a negative compliment about race, sex and religion which would generally lead to an awkward moment of silence or discomfort from the other employees. The workplace at the Office shows that male employees are often seen as aggressive and sociable while the female employees are seen as calm and passive. Furthermore, men are represented as greater hierarchy in control of everything compared to women. The main employer of the show is regional manager Michael Scott. He is viewed as someone that's impolite and inappropriate with little awareness. Social norms and stereotypes by Michael are results of...
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...|Analysing an Essay Question | 1. Introduction Common criteria of undergraduate essay writing focus on the following requirements: students need to be analytical and critical in their response students need to structure their writing logically students need to be persuasive writers | students need to answer the question | This booklet looks at, how to analyse your essay question. Other Learning Centre booklets in this series deal with the other aspects: • Analytical Writing deals with the difference between analytical and descriptive writing • Planning and Structuring an Essay deals with logical structures • Developing and Supporting an Argument deals with persuasion Expectations of student assignments One of the difficulties experienced by students, particularly in first year, is understanding what standard is expected in essays at tertiary level. As well as this, each subject discipline has its own ways of doing things and its own conventions about essay structure and writing style. For instance, in some subjects it is acceptable to write very personally and put forward your own opinions and feelings on a topic and in others such a personal response would not be appropriate. You need to find out the expectations and conventions...
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...ARGUMENT AND CITATIONS OF AUTHORITY I THIS COURT SHOULD AFFIRM THE DISTRICT COURT’S ORDER AND JUDGEMENT BECAUSE THE APPELLANT FAILED TO SHOW THAT THERE WAS A GENIUINE DISPUTE AS TO ANY MATERIAL FACT THEREFORE FARM TOWN MORTGAGE IS ENTITLED TO JUDGEMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW. TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 DOES NOT INCLUDE TRANSSEXUALS AS A PROTECTED CLASS FROM DISCRIMNATION IN THE WORK PLACE THUS, THE APPELLANT’S APPEAL FOR SEX DISCRIMINATION SHOULD BE DISMISSED. The district court’s holding in Lopez v. Farmtown Mortgage Services (FMS) that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act does not protect transgendered or transsexuals was correct and should be affirmed on appeal. The district court’s grant of summary judgment to FMS demonstrated the plaintiff Veronica Lopez’s (VL) lack of sufficient evidence to prove that there was a genuine dispute as to any material fact for a Title VII discrimination claim. (R. 1.) This Court of Appeals reviews a district court’s grant of motion for summary judgment pursuant to federal rule 56(c) de novo. (R. 1.) According to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964(Title VII), it shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color...
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...Critically analyse methods which might be used to overcome prejudice. According to the oxford shorter dictionary prejudice is; a previous judgement especially a premature or hasty judgement, preconceived opinion; bias, favourable or unfavourable prepossession, usually with unfavourable condition, an unreasoning prediction or objection. Therefore prejudice is usually theorized as an attitude that has a cognitive element e.g. how people hold a certain belief about another group. It has an emotional element e.g. either they dislike or like the other group or it has an impulse element e.g. they might have a natural predisposition to have negative thoughts towards the other group. However most researchers define prejudice as a negative attitude. Alport (1954) in his seminal volume the nature of prejudice defined prejudice as “an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization i.e. it’s an outgrowth of normal human function. He believed that “the human mind must think with the aid of categories…. Once formed categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. Humans cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it (p.20). This explanation tells us that prejudice is not something logical or based in fact, but rather, on a series of assumptions, half-truths and guesses. Based on recent evaluations of what prejudice is, I have come to understand prejudice is based on an individual’s attitude whether positive or negative toward groups which creates a standard...
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...CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Application Exercise - II Developing communication for a new brand in skin cream category Submitted to - Prof. S Ramesh Kumar Group 17 Gunjan Kumar Prashant Gutch Kartik Yeleswaram Prashant Singh 1111344 1111345 1111348 1111362 Table of Contents 1. Category and Brand Information ........................................................................................... 2 1.1 Category summary ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Key Brands summary..................................................................................................................... 3 2. Category Analysis & Linkages to concepts ............................................................................. 4 3. Issues Identification ............................................................................................................... 6 4. Selection of Articles ............................................................................................................... 8 5. Addressing the issues using article ...................................................................................... 12 6. Recommendations for new brand communication ............................................................. 16 7. Process Employed ............................................................................................................... 17 8. References ..........
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...Carter, C. (2011) “Sex/Gender and the Media: From Sex Roles to Social Construction and Beyond,” in Ross, K. (ed) The Handbook of Gender, Sex and Media, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN-10: 1444338544; 365-82. ISBN-13: 978-1444338546 Sex/Gender and the Media From Sex Roles to Social Construction and Beyond Cynthia Carter Introduction In the early years of second-wave western feminism, many gender researchers and feminist scholars distinguished between the notion of sex, defined as biological differences between male and female, and ‘sex roles,’ referring to certain behaviors and characteristics attributed to each sex that was a social construction. The resulting media research centered on images of women in the media (much less emphasis was placed on men) in order to draw attention to inequities in their portrayal in relation to men (in quantitative terms as well as in terms of the use of stereotypes). Since the 1970s, however, the scope of social constructionism has greatly expanded in feminist theory. Some suggest that the distinction between the biological and the social has, as a result, eroded to such an extent that it is no longer possible to understand the difference, while others question the need for this distinction. For instance, in queer and transgender theory and feminist cultural studies, theorists have sought to make strange the ‘sex/gender’ distinction. The key argument made is that biology is no less a cultural construct than gender socialization into masculinity...
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...Use of Force by Police in Law Enforcement Name Institution Professor Course Date Abstract This paper seeks to explore the use of force among police officers in law enforcement in urban cities and how it relates with common variables regarding police officers. Some of the police variables that will be discussed include race, education, experience, age. These variables will be comprehensively studied so as to ascertain if there exists any relationship among these variables and use of force among police office in law enforcement. Introduction The use of force presents one of the most controversial sectors of law enforcement in any given society. Recent developments have escalated concern about police use of force. These ranges from properly publicized occurrences involving accusations of excessive force to the inception of violent policing whose frequent emphasis is on zero tolerance law enforcement. The kind of police actions that most provoke public concern include fatal shootings, severe beatings with fists or batons that result in hospitalization of the victims, choke holds that cause oblivion or even death. The use of force by law enforcement personnel is permitted by law under certain circumstances such as in self-defense or in defense of another individual or group of persons (Barrett 2008). Law enforcement officers receive direction from their respective agencies on when to apply force during law enforcement, but there exists no universal set of regulations...
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...Use of Force by Police in Law Enforcement Name Institution Professor Course Date Abstract This paper seeks to explore the use of force among police officers in law enforcement in urban cities and how it relates with common variables regarding police officers. Some of the police variables that will be discussed include race, education, experience, age. These variables will be comprehensively studied so as to ascertain if there exists any relationship among these variables and use of force among police office in law enforcement. Introduction The use of force presents one of the most controversial sectors of law enforcement in any given society. Recent developments have escalated concern about police use of force. These ranges from properly publicized occurrences involving accusations of excessive force to the inception of violent policing whose frequent emphasis is on zero tolerance law enforcement. The kind of police actions that most provoke public concern include fatal shootings, severe beatings with fists or batons that result in hospitalization of the victims, choke holds that cause oblivion or even death. The use of force by law enforcement personnel is permitted by law under certain circumstances such as in self-defense or in defense of another individual or group of persons (Barrett 2008). Law enforcement officers receive direction from their respective agencies on when to apply force during law enforcement, but there exists no universal set of regulations...
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...sadomasochistic attraction” Angela Carter; Foreword to Perrault’s Short Stories. In much of today’s feminist writings, the Gothic era is frequently defined as a period in which the oppression of females was at its most intense. In response to fin de siècle anxieties of a social revolution in which gender stereotypes could be overhauled, gothic writers, it is claimed, sought to reassert cultural and gender norms – a reassertion which inevitably resulted in the oppression of women. In view of such contemporary analysis, it is thus all too tempting to offer a sweeping judgement of gothic literature as victimising, oppressive and misogynistic; Dracula’s “victims” are all “unambiguously women[1]”, Poe victimises through an “idealised and dehumanising image of women[2]”, while Carter is a “pseudo feminist” who merely “reinforces patriarchal views” with her “pornographic” writing[3]. Yet such views are largely artificial, and are primarily based on potted summaries of the above works, rather than a closer textual analysis. If one takes the definition of a victim as a being who is subject to the successful predatory actions of another, and who is resultantly devoid of power[4], then such primitive analysis in blindly labelling “all women as victims of the beastly male[5]” becomes flawed. Read in the context of Carter’s ironic foreword[6] to Perrault’s Short Stories, a deeper exploration reveals women as being willingly complicit in adopting the role of victim. Such complicity can be further explained...
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...this study had public managers responding to questionnaires that measured their leadership style, decision-making style, and motivation profile. Findings – Statistical analyses of data from three groups of Swedish public managers (n ¼ 385) revealed virtually no significant differences in behaviour between female and male managers. Regardless of whether there is a female or male majority of employees or a female or male majority of managers, no effect on leadership behaviour occurs. Originality/value – A number of studies indicate that managers’ behaviour is different in different types of organizations. This study suggests, therefore, that, independent of gender, organizational and demographic characteristics modify leadership behaviours, thus explaining similarities in leadership behaviour. Keywords Women, Men, Gender, Leadership behaviour, Public sector organizations, Sweden Paper type Research paper Leadership & Organization Development Journal Vol. 32 No. 5, 2011 pp. 428-441 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0143-7739 DOI 10.1108/01437731111146550 Introduction Researchers have...
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