...Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini is a name you probably hear often, but you don’t really know much about him except that he was an evil man and that he was sort of similar to Hitler. Mussolini was the creator of the Fascist Movement/Fascist Party in Italy in 1919. He made himself prime minister and ruled from 1922-1945. He had ideas pretty similar to Hitler and even started his own anti-Jew laws in Italy. While he may not have done as many horrid things as Hitler, he was still incredibly evil. But, we’ll talk more about that later. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was born on July 29, 1883, in Dovia di Predappio, Forlì, Romagna, Italy. He was the oldest child of three from his parents, Rosa Maltoni Mussolini and Alessandro Mussolini. His father was a passionate socialist and blacksmith. His mother was a Catholic schoolteacher, and she provided most of the family income because the father was busy doing political things and spending money on his mistress (not Benito’s mom, scandalous!). Mussolini was a very bright and...
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...this assessment? This essay explicitly explains the ways in which Mussolini’s fascist foreign policy did in fact lead to the fall of the regime in 1943. The three most significant factors of causation were Imperialism, Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War and an alliance with Germany. Despite achieving some domestic and foreign short-term success, Imperialism as an Italian fascist foreign policy was truly destructive for fascism. Modeled upon the old Roman Empire, Mussolini strived to ensure that the idea of ‘Romanità’ was deeply engrained within fascist ideology and culture, predominantly through propaganda. He made no secret of his desire to make Italy ‘great, respected and feared’ (Urmila Sharma, S.K. Sharma Page 388), often alluding to the power and dominance of the Roman Empire as a tool to inflame national patriotism. In order to sustain this idea, Mussolini wanted a spectacular foreign policy achievement that would boost the popularity of the fascist regime whilst diverting attentions away from unpopular domestic policies (Page 57, Mussolini and Italian Fascism, Hamish Macdonald). In this way, an invasion of Abyssinia had perfectly logical long-term nationalistic aspirations; a war would train fascists for a seemingly inevitable future war in as much as fulfilling their obligation to war, which would make them good fascists. Whilst Mussolini regarded the invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 as an important stepping-stone into the expansion of Italian influence...
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...Kaitlyn Daignault December 2, 2012 Research Paper Hitler and Mussolini The relationship between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini helped to instill fear throughout the rest of Europe through the 1930s and 1940s. The powerhouse duo was very similar in many ways including persuasion and public speaking; however they also had different key qualities to make them unique. Having risen to power years earlier during the 1920s, Benito Mussolini was the senior of the two, and an initial inspiration and mentor for a young Adolf Hitler. Mussolini’s ideas of a fascist Italy became a building block for Hitler and Nazi Germany. However, early on their relationship was not a good one as Mussolini saw himself as superior. Mussolini had little respect for Hitler and the Nazi Germany as a whole. He did not agree with Hitler’s beliefs regarding racialism and his desire of an Aryan race. As time continued Mussolini’s view of Nazi Germany and Hitler would change completely. As the Germans became the powerhouse of Europe, Mussolini was forced to take a backseat to Hitler throughout World War II. A young Benito Mussolini began his rise to power in Italy as early as 1918. It is then that he realized that in order for Italy to grow as a dominant force in Europe, a dictatorship was necessary. With his good looks and his persuasive speeches, a young Mussolini was able to gain the support of the Italian people. Although the content of his speeches was often incorrect, opinions contradictory...
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...tAccess to History Online Edexcel Unit 1 – E3/F3 The Collapse of the Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 Edexcel – AS GCE Unit 1: Historical Themes in Breadth Option E and F E3/F3 The Collapse of the Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 General Advice for Unit 1 General Advice for Unit 1 Approaching Unit 1 Unit 1 answers require you to produce a reasoned, analytical essay that comes to a judgement as to extent, significance, importance etc. To reach a Level 5 answer of 25–30 marks you need to write an evaluative or integrated essay that answers the essay question set, showing direct understanding and backed up by detailed, accurate supporting evidence spread across the time period specified. You will almost certainly need to achieve at least one High Level 4 and a Level 5 answer to gain an A grade. Most candidates produce an essay which provides some of the above qualities but not all, achieving at least Level 3 (starting at 13 marks). You will almost certainly need to produce two Level 3 answers to gain an E grade. The key to gaining a good grade is to try to produce an essay with all the required qualities. However, before you can write your essay it is essential that you know your topic. In the specification (exam guidelines) each topic is divided into four bullet points across a specified period of time. You need to revise all the information for your topic because the questions asked can be about the whole topic...
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...controlling what the public think and do. This kind of government was used by the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany. Also, they control the state’s economy which is a command economy rather than a demand economy. Command economy is a kind of economy that controls how much was made and where it goes by the government. Demand economy is what the people choose and how much is made, the law of supply and demand which is also known as the free market. The Great Depression contributed to totalitarianism and the rise of dictatorships such as Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin. After the Great War, the world economy went down. This caused...
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...How successful was Fascism in achieving its totalitarianism ambitions? The first time Mussolini used the term ‘totalitarian’ was in a speech at the Fascists Party’s fourth national congress in 1995*1 , he declared the ‘goal that is defined as our ferocious totalitarian will be pursued with even greater ferociousness’*1 . There is no doubt that Benito Mussolini was a very determined dictator. His aim was to create a long lasting Fascist Italy*1. In order to achieve his aim he required the total involvement and participation of every member of the state, in other words he needed to ‘Fascistize the masses’*1. Unfortunately Fascism was a very ambitious plan that failed to properly execute its aims*2. In order to delve deeper into the ways that Mussolini failed in his totalitarianism aims, we must first define what totalitarianism is. The essence of totalitarianism can be seen as a regime’s total control of the everyday life of its citizens, of its control, and more particularly of their thoughts and attitudes as well as their activities *3. A totalitarian dictatorship must have an elaborate ideology, a single mass party which is led by the ‘dictator’, a system of terror, near complete control over weapons of armed combat, control over all means of effective mass communication including the press, radio and cinema, and finally central control over the entire economy*3. While Mussolini dabbled in all of these areas he failed to execute them in an effective manner. It is interesting...
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...Italy During the Inter-War Years Italy had joined World War 1 on the side of the Allies after the promises at the secret Treaty of London signed in 1915. Via this treaty, Italy was promised large sections of the Adriatic Sea region – Istria, Dalmatia and Tyrol. During the war came the disaster of Caporetto. Italians -forced to fight the entire Austrian army and 7 German divisions- lost a total of 300,000 men. The defeat impacted heavily on the psychology of the Italian populace. By the end of the war, Italy was fewer by more than a million men and had spent more than it had in the last 50 years. The only consolation would be the achievement of the territories that had brought Italy to war in the first place. After the victory, Italy sent its delegation to the Treaty of Versailles. Along with the promised territories, Italy also aimed to gain lands such as Fiume, which had a majority Italian population. Disaster struck when Italy’s demands were ignored by the Big Three. The promises of the Treaty of London were not kept -indeed Winston Churchill refused to even recognize the Treaty. The Italian government was humiliated in front of its public, as the public was dismayed at all the war costs amounting to nothing. It was this feeling that led to a rise in irredentism in Italy and collected support for the notion of a ‘mutilated victory’. The public desired for Italy to rank alongside the Big Three powers. It was with this feeling that nationalist poet Gabriele D’Annunzio led 2600...
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...How successful were Mussolini’s economic policies between 1922 and 1943? Mussolini’s had three key economic aims when he became the Duce in 1922, first to consolidate the political system, second to make Italy economically self-sufficient (Autarky) and lastly to provide the economic base for military might. These aims were desired to make Italy a great power, like Germany and France. However the economy of the Italy was effectively split into two eras, pre-world war two and during world war two, making many of these economic policies less effective and irrelevant after 1939. After 1922, Mussolini aimed all his policies, including his economic ones, to consolidate his power. Mussolini aimed to improve social and economic conditions for Italians across the nation – he wanted to appease the masses so that his grip on the nation would become far stronger. Mussolini aimed to fix the Lira at 90 for £1 and this was achieved in 1927 when the Lira was returned to the ‘Gold Standard’ and the exchange was fixed. Exports became more expensive and so smaller firms were undermined; they were the foundations of Italy’s economy and were being put on the back foot by Mussolini’s poor economic policies. Furthermore, serious deflation corresponding to a 20% wage cut meant that firms and consumers were both struggling financially and consequently, the standard of living across Italy diminished greatly. The great extent to at which the quota 90 failed is exemplified by the decision to devalue the...
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...should lead, and how they should do it. There have been a variety of answers: monarchy, democracy, aristocracy, a republic, or something entirely different. For European nations, the mid-1900s was a time of growth in one specific type of government. Totalitarianism, or dictatorships, became one of the most common types of government after World War I. Although the results of Adolf Hitler’s leadership in Nazi Germany are the most widely known, multiple dictators came to power before him. Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Adolf Hitler all shared the same fundamentals when related to leadership. These three dictators were able to gain power in their...
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...The League of Nations In this module you will learn: The FOUR aims of the League of Nations [SIDE]. How many members the League had in 1919 and in the 1930s. The names of THREE countries who weren’t members of the League (and why). the four main members of the league. Four strengths of the League. THREE weaknesses of the League. FOUR powers of the League. EIGHT parts of the League’s organisation. NINE successes of the League in the 1920s. FOUR failures of the League in the 1920s. TWO failures of the League in the 1930s – and their effect on the League. SEVEN reasons why the League failed in the 1930s [WAS DUMB]. You must do the following written work: A spidergram showing the main aims of the League. Written notes on the League’s powers. Written notes on the League’s organisation. An essay: ‘How strong was the League of Nations?’ Written notes on the work done by the League. Written notes on Manchuria, 1931 Written notes on Abyssinia, 1935 A 35-word ‘last word’ comment on the League. Written answers to 15 questions on the League. Have you read: Peter Moss, History Alive 4, page 29. T Rea and J Wright, International Relations, chapter 4. Christopher Culpin, Making History, chapter 11. J Traynor and I Dawson, The Struggle for Peace, chapter 5. N deMarco and R Radway, The Twentieth Century, pages 148–155. | | |Source A | |The League of Nations ...
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...Treaty of Versailles, amongst them Italy and Germany, both of which felt they had been humiliated and cheated. Riding on these feelings of national humiliation, two leaders under the banner of Fascism rose to power. Through...
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...------------------------------------------------- FASCISM ------------------------------------------------- Etymology The term fascismo is derived from the Latin word fasces. The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods that were tied around an axe which symbolises strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. Moreover, Fasces was an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate. They were carried by his lictors and could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command. The word fascismo also relates to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. Definition +"Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State" - Mussolini +The only official definition of Fascism comes from Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, in which he outlines three principles of a fascist philosophy. 1."Everything in the state". The Government is supreme and the country is all-encompasing, and all within it must conform to the ruling body, often a dictator. 2."Nothing outside the state". The country must grow and the implied goal of any fascist nation is to rule the world, and have every human submit to the government. 3."Nothing against the state". Any type of questioning the government is not to be tolerated. If you do not see things our way, you are wrong. If you do not agree with the government, you cannot be allowed to live and...
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...Hitler, Mussolini and the British, 1935-36 The year 1935 began with the question of Germany getting back its coal producing Saar region – a region just south of independent Luxembourg, and about as big. The treaty that had ended World War I, signed at Versailles, had entrusted the Saar region to the League of Nations and an occupation by France, and a plebiscite was to decide the region's future. A little over two thousand people (0.4 percent) in the Saar voted to join France; nine percent voted to remain under the League of Nations; and ninety percent voted to join Germany. Hitler responded by saying he was proud of the German people. He announced that Germany had no more territorial claims against France (in other words no claim on Alsace and Lorraine) and he spoke of hope that the decision regarding the Saar was a decisive step on the road to gradual reconciliation with Germany's former enemies. Instead of moving closer to reconciliation, as the year progressed Europe moved closer to war. In 1935 Britain announced an increase in armaments, and the French increased conscripted military service from one to two years because of a shortage of young men of draft age. Hitler said he was responding to the failure of other European powers to disarm and to the Soviet Union having enlarged its military forces. He announced to the world that Germany was rearming, that he was establishing military conscription, enlarging Germany's army to thirty-six divisions and increasing Germany's...
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...governments, their accomplishments, and their failures? What accounts for the fact that the masses mobilized to support these movements? Elaborate. Communism is founded by Karal Marx and Friedrich Engels. Communism is Classless society, government-less and automatic system based on the common ownership and social sameness. There is no one is rich or poor people in a communist system. It stands for a stateless society where all are equal. On the other hand, Fascism was founded in Italy by Benito Mussolini. Fascism is the glorification of the state and it considers state on top of everything; believes in nationalism where state control everything. Communism means state ownership and fascism means state control. Fascism became popular between 1919 and 1945. Communism became popular after the Revolution of Russia in 1917. Fascism began to rise in Europe directly following the First World War because there was a fear of Socialism. The first nation where fascism rose to power was in Italy with Mussolini and his government. He created this ideology as the exact opposite of socialism and the way to combat the rise of socialism. He saw the rise of the Soviet Union and was afraid that they would move across Europe to force communism. Fascism has the government supporting private business instead of the government . In the start of communism people believe that everyone should be the same and not classified by a certain class. Where in Fascism takes the views of karl Marks but use...
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...Guys, On Dope? Let us first look into the event where Italy took Ethiopia. By the year 1935, most of Africa was already overwhelmed with European imperialism. However, Ethiopia was one of the few African states that seemed to have dodged the bullet. Around this time is when Italian fascist politician Benito Mussolini said, “Hey, my regime is full of youth! It’s full of vigor! I ought to show this off to the world and make Italy a big man on campus! I think I’ll take one of these little freshman punks and terrify him into giving me and my gang his lunch money every day from now on. Wait, do I see that scrawny little punk Ethiopia? Is he just walking through the halls without a bully on his back? Yo, Ethiopia, come here…” Ethiopia may have been poorly equipped, but they still put up an amazingly feisty fight with their spears and shields. Still, their capital, Addis Ababa, fell to Italy’s military might and fresher technology and tactics in 1936 (Hunt, An Age of Catastrophes 846). How did the League of Nations respond to this? They were disappointed enough to vote sanctions against Italy. Regardless of that, Britain and France kept the sanctions from going into effect since they didn’t want an embargo on oil (Hunt, An Age of Catastrophes 846). I also believe these two nations thought, “We still don’t want to lose Italy like this! If Germany goes crazy, we might need Italy to back us up against this monster! Snap out of it, Italy, and come back to the days of the Entente!” I also think...
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