...War 1945 - 1991 Outcomes Students: H1.1 describe the role of key features, issues, individuals, groups and events of select twentieth-century studies (Extract from Modern History Stage 6 Syllabus Board of Studies NSW 2004.) Key features and issues: • origins and development of the Cold War • influence of ideologies on the Cold War • impact of crises on changing superpower relations • the arms race • reasons for the end of the Cold War This is the transcript of a talk given at a seminar co-sponsored by the History Teachers’ Association of New South Wales and the US Information Service in Sydney on 2 September 1995. From this tutorial you will learn about: • influence of ideologies that led resulted in the division of the world into two opposed camps from 1945 • emerging differences between the superpowers Contents 1. US – Soviet relations were not synonymous with the Cold War 2. Chronology of the Cold War 3. Influence of ideologies of communism and capitalism on the Cold War 4. Soviet Objectives 5. American objectives 6. The Arms Race 7. The Third World was important for the Cold War 8. Why did the Cold War not end earlier? 9. Did the United States win the Cold War? Notes Suggestions for further reading 1. US – Soviet relations were not synonymous with the Cold War While the Cold War was central to post-1945 United States-Soviet relations,...
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...Russia has never been a happy place. Since the 12th Century it has been bogged down in poverty, horrific living conditions, and an extremely separated class system. It took many years for the workers and slaves of Russian life to finally organize themselves and revolt against the causes of such hardship; many years of pain, suffering, and oppression that were brought on by the czars. It was this stagnant suffering that would finally begin to lift, and eventually bring power to the Bolsheviks and communism to Russia. Many revolutionaries encouraged killing, robbery, and used terror to advance their effort. However, there were other kinds of revolutionaries, some violent, some not. Gorky, Dostoevsky, and Turgenev all contributed to the progress of the revolution by communicating through literature. All four books were intended to identify critical issues of life, to instigate social and political changes throughout Russia, and to wholly improve Russian life. Gorky’s My Childhood explains the terrible conditions Russia peasants faced. Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons represents the struggle between two ideologies, romanticism and liberalism. Gorky’s next book Mother is the idea of insurgency cells and how a group with no distinct leader can be effective. Finally, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Possessed shows how violence can be a major tool in fuelling a rebellion, although it also shows how extreme nihilism is self-destructive. Simply listing the problems with Russia up to the 19th and early...
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...Karachi school for business and leadership | Financial Institutions (Banks) & Industrial Development in Germany, Russia & India | Global and South Asian Business Development | Dr. Imran Ali | | 3/24/2014 | Salik Chaturbhai M2130024 Taimour Abdullah M2130017 Zeeshan Jessani M2130034 Salik Chaturbhai M2130024 Taimour Abdullah M2130017 Zeeshan Jessani M2130034 Contents Introduction 2 Review of Literature 3 Looking at the Past: Industrialization and Financial Institutions 8 Germany 8 Deutsche Bank, Germany 10 Russia 13 Sberbank, Russia 16 India 17 The State Bank of India 18 Major Themes: Comparison & Contrast 24 The debate between Capitalist and Communist Industrialization 25 Fiscal and Industrialization policy 27 Mission Statement and goals 30 The Banking Sector 31 Target Markets 32 Colonized Industrialization or De-industrialization 34 Conclusion 37 Appendix 1 39 Appendix 2 40 Work Cited 42 Introduction Mankind as a whole and the world as has been observed in the past has undergone much change in all aspects of human life. The concept of economic development in light of increasing industrial growth, free labour, the growth of private property as an institution and the development of the international trade as a concept have changed the way humans and hence nations interact and intervene in the world economic system. These gradual yet drastic changes in the structure of human interactions led to a wave...
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...Enlightenment thinking; therefore, some historians believe the process of Enlightenment continues today. Inspired by the scientific revolution and prepared to challenge traditional intellectual and theological authority, Enlightenment writers believed that human beings can comprehend the operation of physical nature and mold it to achieve material and moral improvement, economic growth, and administrative reform. Enlightenment intellectuals advocated agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, and the application of innovative rational methods to traditional social and economic practices. The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society. Politically, the Enlightenment had a direct impact on some rulers--in eastern and central Europe—whose policies came to be known as enlightened absolutism. Section One: Formative Influences of the Enlightenment Section Overview Chief factors that fostered the ideas of the Enlightenment The Newtonian worldview the political stability and commercial prosperity in Great Britain after 1688 the need for administrative and economic reform after the wars of Louis XIV the consolidation of what is known as a print culture Ideas of Newton and Locke Isaac Newton The achievements in science from Copernicus to Newton convinced European thinkers that both the ancient and medieval Christian worlds were incorrect and confused...
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...1. Which of the following states did not become a colonial power in the period 1450–1750? a. Italy b. Russia c. Spain d. France FEEDBACK: Italy was not a unified state in the period 1450–1750 and thus did not have colonies. (See the chapter introduction in your textbook.) 2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Europe’s global position in 1450? a. Europe had climbed to relative equality in Eurasian commerce. b. Europe had little trade contact with Africa or Asia. c. Europe remained marginal in Eurasian commerce. d. Europe had come to dominate Eurasian commerce. FEEDBACK: The determination of European elites to progress beyond their marginal position in Eurasian commerce was a main incentive for European exploration after 1450. (See section “The European Advantage” in your textbook.) 3. What was the single most important factor that aided the European conquest of the Americas? a. Gunpowder b. Disease c. Horses d. Superior organization FEEDBACK: The peoples of the Americas had no immunity to European disease and up to 90 percent of the population died after contact with the Europeans, greatly easing the process of conquest. (See section “The Great Dying” in your textbook.) 4. Which of the following is an old-world crop that was soon established in Europe’s American colonies? a. Tobacco b. Potatoes c. Corn d. Rice FEEDBACK: Rice is a Eurasian product that soon became an agricultural staple in many locations in the...
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...At 6,592,800 square miles it covers more than a ninth of the Earth’s surface. It is a great and proud country. Up until the 1990’s it was the only surviving superpower in the globe after World War II along with the United States. The Russian Federation is located east of Europe and north of Asia. Russia has boundaries with fourteen other countries, like China in Asia, Kazakhstan in the Middle East, and Finland in Europe. In this country there are only two distinct seasons winter and summer. Spring and autumn are brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. The coldest month is usually in January. The warmest month is usually in July. Russia has a pretty broad population but mostly by Russians and the main language there is Russian. Russia is the ninth most populous nation in the world with 139 million people. The currency is the Ruble. One dollar is equivalent to 30 rubles. The capital city of Russia is Moscow. Russia is home to the famous St Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow which looks like a castle with onion shaped domes. The Kremlin is also located in Russia which is where government business is conducted. Some famous Russian ornament is the Fabergé Egg. Made by Peter Carl Fabergé o nly 65 eggs were ever made and they are worth millions. Russia is also famous or infamous for its assault rifle the AK-47. This is just a brief overview of Russia. We are covering many different facets about this magnificent country. We will cover...
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...Vlad Shtyrts Mr. Caruso H Mod Literature 1 May 2014 Analysis of corruption in Russia “They steal,” said Nikolai Karamzin, Russian poet, historian, and philosopher, to sum up Russia. His statement is quite accurate, because that is exactly what has been happening in Russia for the past half a millennia. Corruption is one of the main causes of all the problems in Russia. It has spread from the central government into the economy, education, health care, and national defense. Corruption directly impacts the lives of Russian citizens and the relationship with foreign nations. Russia is known to have a long history of corruption, every year it is becoming an increasing problem because it brings an overall instability to the country and affects all of its citizens. The money intended for the social systems is being routed into the pockets of rapacious politicians and criminals. What is corruption? According to the Oxford dictionary corruption is “dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery,” this is exactly what it means, but in Russia it is much more complex. There are many categories, types, and tier of corruption in Russia, each dealing with different aspects of the practice. Two main types exist, the grand and petty corruption. Grand corruption deals with the government branches, and has a greater monetary value. This type involves corruption in politics, lawmaking, and government contracts. Petty corruption is are the insignificant bribes...
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...the examination, focus your study on the following general topics: 1) 1.Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? 1. 2) Examine the career of Martin Luther. 1:What were the foundations of his Reformation? 2: What legacy did he leave Europe? (Bentley & Zeigler, Chap. 23) A: 1: POLITICAL INTRIGUES, COMBINED WITH THE CHURCH’S GROWING WEALTH AND POWER, ALSO FOSTERED GREED AND CORRUPTION, WHICH UNDERMINED THE CHURCH’S SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY AND MADE IT VALNERABLE TO CRITISISM. 2: IT LED TO THE CHURCH REFORM ALONG TO LUTHERS TEACHINGS, WHICH MANY CITIES PASSED LAWS PROHIBITING ROMAN CATHOLIC OBSERVANCES AND REQUIRING RELIGIOUS SERVICES TO FOLLOW PROTESTANT DOCTRINE AND PROCEDURE. 3) Learn about the Scientific Revolution and 1:why the early discoveries of the Scientific Revolution met with such resistance? 2: In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one? (Class notes and Bentley & Zeigler, Chap. 23) 1: Copernicus’s ideas not only challenged prevailing scientific theories but also threatened cherishedreligious beliefs. His theory implied that the earth was just another planet and that human beings did not occupy the central position in the universe. To some it...
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...To demonstrate their rejection of the Mongols, the Ming emperors a. severed relations with the Middle East and Central Asia and closed the borders to foreigners. b. built the Great Wall of China and deported all Mongols. c. changed the official language from Mongolian to Chinese. d. marched all the Mongols to the Korean border. e. formed close ties with the Manchu instead. a The emperor Yongle improved the imperial complex built by the Mongols called the a. Imperial House. b. Forbidden City. c. Heavenly Gates. d. Dragon's Court. e. Red Square. b Because Mongols controlled access to the Silk Road after the overthrow of the Yuan, the emperor Yongle put an emphasis on a. trade by ships. b. overland trade through India and Arabia. c. trade through Buddhist monasteries. d. trans-Pacific exploration. e. none of these; trade decreased because people could not afford to travel by Silk Road and pay Mongol tariffs. a Zheng He's primary accomplishment was a. converting barbarians to Islam. b. discovering new lands in the East. c. bringing wealth to China. d. acquiring Ming tributary states. e. discovering the Philippines. d Why didn't Ming China develop seafaring for commercial and military gain? a. The emperor feared outside contacts and influence. b. The peasantry were a strong voting lobby and refused to support it. c. The merchants were opposed to losing their domestic markets. d. The Mongol threat from the north took priority over...
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...Within the context of the period 1801-1917, to what extent was the fall of Tsarism a consequence of significant social development in Russian society? Tsar Nicholas II’s abdication on 2nd March 1917 marked the end of Tsarism’s iron grip on Russia and the subsequent revolution was the clearest possible sign of political and social upheaval. Finally, its people had tired of their nation’s own backwardness and were looking for improvements to an archaic system which they had endured for hundreds of years. Seldom does a revolution succeed without violence being an integral part of its development, and the Russian revolution was no exception. However, there are economic and political factors that helped contribute to the outbreak of this civil disobedience, which must be considered. Underpinning these issues is the stark difference in the social dynamics of Russia between the early 19th century and the early 20th century. The social dichotomy that had presented itself was one that no other European power had experienced. Russia was the only European super-power to still employ serfdom by the time of its termination, for its roots had been deeply embedded in Russian culture. Historian Jonathon Bromley believes the longevity of serfdom was because it “served the economic interests of the nobility and the political interests of the Tsarist state.” This implies that the economic policy and political foundations of the country were predicated on its social structure; therefore social stability...
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...|compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more accurate name for this period because it incorporates a variety of intellectual movements that today| | |we do not consider sciences: philosophy, theology, economics, history, and political theory. | | |The word scientist did...
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...much the unknown to many countries. The history of China is shown to display that this country has been a highly progressive country within the scope of law but also being one of the slowest countries to implement Intellectual Property Law which has sparked an interest into where the progression in the legal system relating to Intellectual Property Law went into disrepute and the arrival of Intellectual Property Law within the 1980s to the present day but was there a historical time before the 1980s where there was intellectual Property Law and why Mao Ze Dong's era just was not China. Firstly this halt within the legal system came about on the arrival of Mao Ze Dongs Communist party. Communist Mao Rule: The Mao Ze Dong Communist Party did very little in relation to the advancement of the Intellectual...
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...“Napoleon – Revolutionary Influence or Beneficiary?” Napoleon Bonaparte is widely regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time. At the height of his power, he had “expanded the conquests of France from her revolutionary borders to that of an empire that stretched from Spain to the steppes of Russia.”[1] In his book The Napoleonic Wars, noted historian Gunther Rothenberg states that Napoleon “created the most effective army of its time, transforming the art of war itself.”[2] While it is true that the French army under Napoleon was the superior force in Europe for some time, credit for its creation and the ways in which it was employed can not be attributed to him alone. In fact, as Hew Strachan points out in European Armies and the Conduct of War, “The components, the technology and the techniques of Napoleonic warfare were all present before Bonaparte’s first successful campaign in 1796.”[3] Napoleon was indeed a superb military commander, but he inherited, rather than created, the conditions and practices which enabled his success. Napoleonic warfare was dominated by large, mobile armies. Decisive battles were sought and the primacy of the offensive was encouraged. The destruction of the enemy’s forces took precedence over geographic aims and victory was to be pursued at all costs. Warfare under Napoleon has been described as being more ‘total’ in nature than those which preceded him. There is little doubt that the ways in which wars were...
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...The Great Recession and the Great Depression John Maynard Keynes wrote in the depths of the Great Depression that, “Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influence, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist.”1 This acute observation is applicable to our current Great Recession as well. In fact, the newly discredited ideas are not too different from the old, suggesting that Keynes may have overestimated the ability of people to learn from their mistakes. I discuss the parallels between these two watersheds in recent economic history in three steps. The first and most important step is the causes of the crises and their relation to economic theory. The second step is the spread of the crises as they affected the whole world. I close with the final step, recovery—at least as far as we can see it at this point. Marx said famously that history repeats itself, “the first time as tragedy, the second as farce.”2 I argue that this observation also fits our current condition. Both of these dramatic and costly economic crises came from the interaction of economic imbalances in the world economy and the ruling ideology of financial decision makers who confronted these imbalances. The first imbalance came from the First World War. This paroxysm of violence brought the long economic expansion of the nineteenth century to a sudden end. Britain, the workshop of the prewar world, was exhausted by the struggle. America, the rising...
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...The Commercial Revolution “The Moneylender and His Wife,” Quentin Metsys (1514) AP European History J.F. Walters (2010) 1 Commercial Revolution: Essential Questions 1. How did developments in the late Middle Ages impact the Commercial Revolution? 2. What contribution did Luca Pacioli make to the Commercial Revolution? 3. What was the nature of banking in the Commercial Revolution? 4. What was a joint-stock company? 5. What was the Domestic System” in England? 6. What was the Price Revolution and what were its results? 7. What were the principles of mercantilism and what impact did it have on economics and politics? 8. In what ways did the Commercial Revolution sow the seeds of capitalism? 9. What was “Tulip Mania” in the Netherlands? AP European History • The Commercial Revolution • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton 2 The Commercial Revolution Journal 12/A: What important economic changes in the early modern centuries does the term “Commercial Revolution” signify? ––Palmer Chapter 12 • pp. 106-114–– Directions; Using sentences or detailed bulleted notes, identify & explain the evidence Palmer uses to support the thesis listed above. AP European History • The Commercial Revolution • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton 3 Background to the Commercial Revolution • Commercial Revolution basics ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ • change from a town-centered (medieval manorial) to a nation-centered (early modern European) economic system in spite of name, the...
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