...): What was the “Enlightenment”? What sort of things occurred during this time period? The “Enlightenment” was a movement that would transform an era of misery and exploitation (the European middle ages) to one of change and intellect. In this period people began to challenge authority, look towards new ideas, and aim for bettering their current lives rather than waiting for the afterlife. The “Enlightenment” not only brought new ways of thinking about government, social values and personal rights, but was the driving force behind action for change and rebellion against authorities. During the Industrial Revolution, for example, the impoverished workers educated themselves in order to be...
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...What was the Enlightenment and how did it influence the politics of the 19th century? The Enlightenment was, in its simplest sense, a body of writers and writings of 18th century Europe which advocated reason and the belief in human rationality above all else and challenged long-standing values and institutions which were based on traditional and religious beliefs. The political ideas of the Enlightenment, which can be best understood against the backdrop of 18th century absolutism and the dominance of Christian world-views, denounced the ‘divine right of kings’ and called for reform in governance (Gieben and Hall, 1992:23). These were the ideas that influenced 19th century politics, and gradually led to the switch from all-powerful monarchies to the democracies of the modern world. In this essay I shall give a brief overview of the Enlightenment whilst focusing mainly on its political ideas and put these ideas in context by describing the political landscape of the time. I will then discuss how these political ideas shaped the politics of the 19th century. I will limit myself to looking at the influence of the Enlightenment on European politics as that is where its affect was most sharply felt and was the main location for the Enlightenment movement (Gieben and Hall,1992:72). The Enlightenment was the emergence of new ways of thinking which came about mainly in 18th century Europe, although Enlightenment ideas can also be seen in the 17th century, for example in the writings...
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...To what extent was the French Revolution of 1789 a bourgeois revolution? The French Revolution was a revolutionary movement which signified the end of the ancien régime and the increase of the ‘bourgeois’ class. However, it is still a long debated topic of interest when it comes to the idea if the French revolution was a bourgeois revolution or did other events come into play. Throughout 1787 and 1789 ‘one step led to another through a series of moves and counter-moves that later proved to have been an escalation’ of problems already highlighted earlier on in the history of France. To begin with, we analysis the idea presented in the original question of to what extent was the French revolution of 1789 a bourgeois revolution. When it comes to the events that led to the French Revolution ‘the origins must therefore be sought not merely in the general conditions of Europe, but in the specific situation of France’. This was due to the ongoing conflict between the ‘vested interests of the old régime and the new rising social forces’ which were much more prominent in France. These new rising social forces are more than likely the bourgeois class so this clearly highlights the fact that the French revolution was indeed to with if not caused by the bourgeois. It has also be stated that the French revolution was purely down to an uprising which instated the ideology and literally actions which allowed the ‘middle class to assume power by overthrowing the political and social order...
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...like the Reformation, Absolutism, and the Enlightenment dramatically influenced how parents thought they should raise their children. Some of the topics that saw the most change between periods were the ways to interact with and treat children, roles of family members inside the home, and the best way to punish a child. Raising the new leaders is an extremely vital task, which is seen a momentous change over the almost 300 year period. The ways that parents interacted and loved their children...
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...Gutenberg – Johannes Gutenberg was “a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher”. Gutenberg started the Printing Revolution by introducing printing to Europe after he invented the printing press. Many people in Europe were unable to read, but after the invention of the printing press, many books became available and literacy levels rose. This invention also lead to the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. The Enlightenment was a time when people could think for themselves and new ideas were expressed. Without the printing press to publish new ideas from philosophers such as John Locke, people would not know about new ideas of society or government. Since new ideas about the government were being published, this lead to the French Revolution. Without the information of the government, common people would have been unable to overthrow the French government. Immanuel Kant – Immanuel Kant was a German...
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...exercise on what prompts the U.S. to go to war. This shall be placed on the board in a Venn diagram (10 min maybe tell students what page and do as a shared group assignment). 3. Students working in groups will complete Ch 19 sec 3 and 4 guided reading exercises (15 min). 4. Students will complete questions 20-26 from the Howard Zinn handout 20-26. Pivotal Point: How could the United States avoid entering into WWI? IO: To analyze the role of the United States as a global peace maker. IO: To analyze the political and cultural changes caused by the spread of the enlightenment throughout Europe. Do Now: Students will find the following words and express how they relate of the spread of enlightenment ideas: Censorship Salons, Rococo, Baroque, Enlightened Despot, Catherine the Great, Joseph II. Motivation: What music are art forms of the present day happen to be your favorites? Activities: 1) Complete Do Now and Motivation. 2) Online Map questions will be answered by students. 3) Students will listen to and be shown art and music from the enlightenment era...
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...affairs of humans. * 3) Chronologically suggests no causation of any kind. Events take place divorced from each other, i.e., there is no cause and effect. * * * * How do we know if an event really took place? * Here is the criterion often used to determine if an event really took place. Note: If this criterion is not met it does not mean that the historical claim is false. * * 1) Multiple Attestation rests on the premise that, the more independent testimonies to a tradition there are, the greater is the probability that it is authentic i.e., more than one independent source refers to the same person, place or thing. 2) Contradiction is when a source mentions a person, place or thing in a way that serves not to benefit the author in any way Sept. 7 What is a fact? 1. Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed: Genetic engineering is now a fact. That Chaucer was a real person is an undisputed fact. 2. A real occurrence; an event: had to prove the facts of the case. 3. Something believed to be true or real: a document laced with mistaken facts. 1. Movement to Poland -Poland was home to the largest Jewish population in Europe and served as a centre for Jewish culture. -A diverse population of Jews from all over Europe sought refuge in Poland, contributing to a wide variety of religious and...
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...expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying force for all of Europe was a. the Byzantine empire. b. the Holy Roman empire. c. the Catholic church. d. the Auld Alliance. e. the Umayyad dynasty. 7. Henry VIII’s reformation in England a. was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists. b. was much more politically driven than Luther’s reformation. c. was inspired more by John Calvin’s thought than by Luther’s thought. d....
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...before as the people gained political control over their own nation. Therefore the aspects of this revolution have been debated as the beginning concept of “modern history.” This concept is derived from how the French Revolution demonstrated the will of the citizens as a political entity that could dictate governmental change by showing how the people, not the monarchy, could reform a nation. Through the establishment of a new government by the people, new institutions and policies were developed that the world we live as modern; such innovations included a system of power based on wealth and status instead of birth, and a new state bureaucracy. The ideas that drove the revolution came from the innovative thinkers of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, and inspired the people of France to question those who reigned over them. While the events of the French Revolution transformed France, the reign of Napoleon turned the revolution into a European event by sparking revolution in countries that had not already. Napoleon’s conquests helped spread the mind set created in the French Revolution around Europe. The French Revolution marked the beginning of “modern history,” because the revolutionary ideas that it created sparked the creation of citizen-governed nations across Europe. One of the aspects of the French Revolution that helped establish the modern idea of country as a nation governed by its citizens was the establishment of the “people as sovereign now legitimate political...
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... | | |describe the scientific method and its effect on Western Europe | | |distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more accurate name for this period because it incorporates a variety of intellectual movements...
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...History 103g Did Women Have An Early Modern Europe During the emergence of the Early Modern Europe, nations were known to have developed both intellectually and culturally. Movements such as the Renaissance, Reformation, religious wars, scientific revolution, industrialization, Enlightenment, and French Revolution had brought about the nations’ development in terms of thoughts, expressions, and societal and political issues that characterized the Early Modern Europe. New knowledge was increasingly acquired. New thoughts on religion, natural, and political philosophy were increasingly developed. New instruments and machines were increasingly invented. Yet, only the males contributed to most of these tremendous developments, questioning whether or not women have an Early Modern Europe. Thus, to conclude whether women did experience an Early Modern Europe, women’s role on the movements that characterized the Early Modern Europe would have to be assessed. The period of the Renaissance was characterized by the emergence of a cultural movement, ‘humanism’, and classical art and architecture that are naturalistic, realistic, and humanistic. During this period, classical ideas were reintroduced in the increasing works of humanists and artists. Such include Petrarch’s ‘Rules for the Successful Ruler’, Machiavelli’s ‘From the Discourses on Livy’, Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Vitruvian Man’, and Dürer’s ‘Adam and Eve’. These primary sources are all the works of male humanists and artists...
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...Chapter 17 Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes 1750–1914 MARGIN REVIEW QUESTIONS Q. In what ways did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions? • The Enlightenment promoted the idea that human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action. • New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, popular sovereignty, natural rights, the consent of the governed, and social contracts developed during the Enlightenment, providing the intellectual underpinnings of the Atlantic revolutions. Q. What was revolutionary about the American Revolution, and what was not? • The American Revolution was revolutionary in that it marked a decisive political change. • It was not revolutionary in that it sought to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than to create new ones. Q. How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? • While the American Revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within French society. • The French Revolution, especially during its first five years, was a much more violent, far-reaching, and radical movement than its American counterpart. • The French revolutionaries perceived themselves as starting from scratch in recreating the social order, while the Americans sought...
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...Ellis Simerly III AP European History Chapter 17—The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Thought Chapter Overview: The Enlightenment is a movement of people and ideas that fostered the expansion of literate sectors of European society and that economic improvement and political reform were both possible and desirable. Contemporary western political and economic thought is a product of Enlightenment thinking; therefore, some historians believe the process of Enlightenment continues today. Inspired by the scientific revolution and prepared to challenge traditional intellectual and theological authority, Enlightenment writers believed that human beings can comprehend the operation of physical nature and mold it to achieve material and moral improvement, economic growth, and administrative reform. Enlightenment intellectuals advocated agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, and the application of innovative rational methods to traditional social and economic practices. The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society. Politically, the Enlightenment had a direct impact on some rulers--in eastern and central Europe—whose policies came to be known as enlightened absolutism. Section One: Formative Influences of the Enlightenment Section Overview Chief factors that fostered the ideas of the Enlightenment The Newtonian worldview the political stability and commercial...
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...discussion this semester. They were different than the other ideas that we discussed this semester. The school presented ideas in different aspects than politics and economics through their different variety of minds that worked together on understanding how did the man reached the form he exists in now. Summary: The first reading was discussing the concept on enlightenment and how the world deals with ideas and knowledge these days. The writing of that piece was done by Adorno and Horkheimer in a very dark period in the human history which is after the World War 2. What they meant by enlightenment wasn’t a certain period of time or a philosophical movement, they were addressing the way of thinking that existed in Europe. Before that spreading of enlightenment, anything wasn’t scientific, a combination between myths and magic. Then enlightenment arrived to bring knowledge and logic and to make the world more scientific. Not all of the information that excited the man was able to fit it and analysis with it with logic and numbers so it has become not scientific. Then people took that division to be the ultimate truth and ignore any new attempts to question both the scientific and not scientific ideas. For them the enlightenment has created a kind of fear; people are afraid to break the scientific ideas and questioning them. The other reading that was really interesting was cultural industry. Adorno here discussed the domination of every aspect of art and media on the social...
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...time of 1850 in the continent of Europe the people underwent periods of Romanticism and nationalism. These two movements in many European countries had strong ties to each other in many ways that could be seen expressed through highly populated countries across the farthest reaches of the continent. Pre 1850, Romanticism and nationalism can be grouped together because both forms of expression were based on emotion, heroism, and devotion one has in a certain thing, whether it be the arts or a country. Certain people such as Beethoven and Victor Hugo were results of such movements across the European continent, both coming from very well-known and high powered...
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