...antibiotics, but he refused. The choice: send him back to the street, a possible violation of the “First do no harm” oath, or seek a court order declaring the man incapable of making decisions for himself, essentially forcing him into the doctors’ care. The Ethical Dilemma in the Case The moral values at stake are the principles of autonomy as well as, the ethics of protecting the patient and doing no harm. The principle of autonomy stems from the ethics of respects for persons. Robert M. Veatch, the author of The Basics of Bioethics, explains that the ethics of respect for persons stresses that “humans deserve respect independent of the consequences of actions” (p 62). Treating individuals with autonomy, and protecting people with diminished autonomy are the two main principles that underlie the ethics of respect for persons (The Belmont Report, 1979). Autonomy is defined as “a psychological state of an individual who is capable of being self-determining or self-legislating” (Veatch, 2011, p 81). In this case the concept of autonomy relates to the patients capability of choosing to accept or deny any medical treatment. Why is autonomy at stake? The case presents the question on whether the doctors should respect the patient’s decision to refuse care, or force him into their care. By forcing him into their care, the principle of...
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... * Went over class Thursday 28, 2014 Ethics * Is the study of rightness or wrongness of human deliberation, decision, and action * Such study assume that moral evaluations criteria exist above the level of individual human choice ( sheer relativism) * There is disagreement about the scope and nature of evaluative criteria Medical Ethics * Practical, deliberation process of addressing the rightness and wrongness of medical act * Involves question of what I ought to do or not as relates to the rightness or wrongness of particular actions * Involves questions of motives or intent Principles * A principles may be defined as a basic truth or general law or doctrine that is used as a basis of reasoning or a guide to action or behavior. Principlism * The Belmont report * Beauchamp and childress’ text The Georgetown mantra * The principles Beneficence * Doing the best of someone well being * It’s going to benefit the patient the some way * An obligations to help others further their important and legitimate interests * Paternalism- consists in the judgment that beneficence trumps autonomy Non-maleficence * Do no harm * We need to make sure were not doing harm to the patients, make the patient understand what treatment they are getting. That the harm is out weighted for benefits. * Respect for autonomy * Respect the choice of the patients, and protect the people who can’t make choices themselves...
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...medicines that heave cure and protected the health of millions of people. The National Institute of Health (NIH) is the federal Government’s primary agency for advancing knowledge in the biomedical and behavior sciences in order to understand and treat human disease. In the past, research process often involved many unethical practices where the research participants lacked adequate protection. To protect human research participants from undo harm, biomedical researchers must follow the four basic ethical principles on which standards of ethical research are based: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Such ethical requirements on biomedical research are found in documents such as the Declaration of Helsinki or the Belmont Report. The four principles and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the principal regulations and ethical protocols when conducted human research. In the United States, the National Institute of Health (NIH) is the primary agency responsible in enforcing ethic in human research but the IRBs falls within the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In other countries, different names might be used, such as research ethics committees or ethics review committees. Where ever human research is conducted, either within the US regulations or internationally, it should be conducted only after an appropriate ethical reviewed has occurred. Whether ethical standards are practice according to...
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...Contents: Topic Page Number Glossary Of Terms 1 Introduction 2 Aspect Of Care 3 The DNACPR Policy 4 Ethics 7 Patients Consent 9 Withholding Information 14 Informed Choice 17 Forcing Information Upon Patients 20 The Nurses Role 22 Conclusion 25 References 26 Appendix 27 Glossary of terms CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. DNACPR: Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. NMC: Nursing & Midwifery Council. GMC: General Medical Council. BMA: British Medical Association. GP: General Practitioner Introduction The Aim of this module is to encourage me to enhance my personal and professional skills, to increase the efficacy of patient care and interaction. Also to make me more aware of the legal, professional and ethical implications of practice. The module allowed me to further develop my knowledge of these topics: Ethics & Accountability, Legal Aspects of Practice, finally Accountability & Professional Practice. I was then asked to submit an essay of 4500 words based on the following: “Critically analyse an aspect of care from your practice setting that encompasses the ethical, professional & legal role of the nurse. Issues of accountability should be incorporated into this essay”. Aspect of care The aspect of care I have chosen to include in my essay is the “Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR)” Adult Policy...
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...idiographic to discover individual traits. He also made criteria of a mature personality. First is self-extension, second is warm human interaction, third is self-acceptance or emotional security, third is realistic perception, fourth is self-objectification, and last is unifying principle of life. He also discussed ten possible units of the study of personality. Those are intellectual capacity, syndromes of temperament, unconscious motives, social attitudes, ideational schemata, expressive traits, stylistic traits, pathological trends, and factorial clusters. Characters and attitudes may also be used as units of study, but these present some complications. Character involves the judgment of moral rights and wrongs. Attitudes, or a disposition to an object or toward an object of value, involve an emotional response from a very narrow range of stimuli towards an object of value. It can be evaluated, but a trait cannot be evaluated because it naturally exists within the individual. Thus, attitude is difficult to work with as a unit of measurement. He also discussed about Functional Autonomy which represents the present “go” if interests and tendencies that initiates and sustains current behavior. It has two types, the preservative functional autonomy and propionate functional autonomy. Although both types are essential to motivation, proportionate functional autonomy is more important because of its open system, and the personality is led to achieve progressively higher levels of behavior...
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...Ethical Healthcare Issues HCS545 May 11th, 2015 Ethical Healthcare Issues Ethical issues arise in all types of industry no matter the magnitude of the issue decisions will have to be made regarding it. The health care industry is no different, some of those ethical issues include patient privacy (or lack of), transplant allocation, refusal of care, patient dumping, access of care, biomedical research and patient noncompliance with treatment. For this paper I will focus on patient privacy, the ethical issue of patient privacy is how patient information is getting leaked unintentionally. An examination of how each of the four major ethical principles can be applied towards this issue will be provided. Patient Privacy The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) original intents were to enable workers to change jobs without fear of losing health care coverage (Liebler & McConnell, 2012), but HIPAA is more commonly known for protecting patient privacy. When organizations had to be HIPAA compliant by April 14, 2003 those organizations were required to train employees in the proper handling of protected health information (PHI), publish policies and procedures addressing the handling of patient medical information (Liebler & McConnell, 2012) . Any release of patient information for purposes other than treatment, payment, or operations requires written authorization (Buppert, 2002). Under the patient privacy rule EVERYTHING is protected, diagnosis...
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...The model For all these models, the equation that was produced is: π=esAα+1-λ-p, and u=p+esAλ-12e2 where. π =profit of the firm u = worker’s utility s = worker’s skill in specific project, where s≥0 e = worker’s effort, where e≥0 A = contribution of the firm esA = Total value of a project λ = Portion of decision rights of the worker (incentive or autonomy of worker) 1-λ = Portion of decision controlled by the firm α = Spillovers to the other firm projects, where α>0 p = payoff, where p≥0 w = 12e2 = worker F = firm The worker has a disutility from the effort 12e2 and compensate from the payment. If the payoff from the firm is not high enough, the worker may obtain the outside option rather than work with that firm. Thus, we have the equation for the outside option, s2+γ2, where γ≥0 γ = How quickly the worker’s outside option increases relative to the payoff from the project Contractibility assumption In the model, the firm can control the payment and the degree of allocation of decision by setting p≥0 and λ. However, there is the case that the firm doesn’t have the complete information, which the worker’s effort (e) is hidden. This is because we don’t know how much effort worker places before work is verified. For example, the very high skilled worker has no need to exert high effort. The firm has to establish the variable λ and p to make the worker accept the offer from the firm. The worker’s decision depends on how much the utility he/she receives...
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...Legal and Ethical Principles in Health Care 08/19/2015 Ethics is a study which seeks to understand the nature, purposes, justification, and the founding principles of moral rules and the systems they comprise. Ethics deals with values relating to human conduct. It focuses on the rightness and wrongness of actions, as well as the goodness and badness of motives and ends. In the healthcare industry, ethics is about anticipating and recognizing healthcare dilemmas and making good judgments and decisions based on the patient’s needs and wishes. Also ethics is about the universal values that work in unison with the laws of the land, our Constitution, and where the Constitution remains silent, we rely on the ability of caregivers to make the right choices using the wisdom of Solomon to do good. An ethical dilemma has risen here in given situation. It can occur whenever a choice involves giving up something good and suffering something bad, no matter what course of action is taken. Ethical dilemmas often require caregivers to make decisions that may break some ethical norm or contradict some ethical values. In the given situation, decision must be made depending upon various dimensions of dilemma and the issues related to the same; and of course the ethical principles: base for decision making. Dimensions of given Ethical dilemma: * Relevant information Here, the information given about the patient includes that a male patient is 96 years of age and...
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...We will address the ethical perspective of the from several view points; the keys individuals are as follows: Cassandra (the seventeen year-old daughter), her mother, Connecticut Supreme Courts, Child Welfare and the health care provider. The principle of autonomy supports Cassandra’s firm decision not to proceed with potentially life-saving treatment. According to Butts and Rich (2016), Autonomy is the ability to make a decision for one’s self and have others abide by it (p. 518). The question is was Cassandra making a rational decision? The answer to this question may vary depending upon who answers the question. Certainly, her supportive mother believed it was a well thought out decision and she backed her decision regardless of the...
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...The word autonomy is derived from the Greek autos, which mean “self”, and nomos “rule” where it is originally referred to the self-rule or self-governance of independent city-states. Autonomy is the right to determine one’s own actions, behaviors and it is a position of freedom but not all freedom is autonomy. For example, it’s easier for the self-employed to accomplish the need for autonomy than for other workers. In health care, the right of patients to make decisions about their medical care without their health care provider trying to affect the decision. Patient autonomy will allow for health care providers to inform or educate the patient but does not allow the health care provider to make decision for the patients. Autonomy is important for medical ethics because every patient or human being of sound mind has a right to determine what should be done with his own body whether refuse or accept the procedure that doctors offer to patients. Informed consent is the process by which the health care provider tells or discloses appropriate information to a patient so that the patient can make a choice to accept or refuse the treatment. The goal or the purpose of having informed consent is to prove that the patient have been fully informed of available treatment options and their risks and benefits. Informed consent relates to the principle of respect autonomy because the health care provider must take his or her time to explain every single detail of the procedure to the patient...
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...| | | Assessment Two: Professional practice in counselling. Counselling is defined as several talking therapies delivered by counsellors to bring about an effective change or enhance their well-being (BACP, 2010). People who are in need of counselling are those who are experiencing difficulties while dealing with problems and those who are distressed psychologically, physically and/or spiritually. However, not all of these people who undergo these problems actually approach counsellors. These people are usually left in a state of indecision. Counselling offers a way to tackle this; through means of supportive and empathic relationship between the client and the counsellor to provide a framework for emotions to be delved into, as well as behaviours and thinking patterns. This would improve the client’s condition through the facilitation of benign changes. However counselling does not solve the client’s problem, counsellors merely serve as guides, assisting the client through their problems. Counselling can stretch over any period of time. Counselling typically uses a theory-based approach, usually with the psychoanalytic, person-centred, cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic theories being utilised. Depending on the theory or theories used, the counselling could either be directive or non-directive. Directive counselling refers to the counsellor advising and helping the client to realise his goals, while the non-directive approach, predictably does the opposite. ...
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...Substantive Rules Rules of truth-telling, confidentiality, privacy, and various rules about forgoing treatment, physician-assisted suicide, informed consent, and the rationing of health care provide more specific guides to action than do abstract principles. Consider a simple example of a rule that sharpens the requirements of the principle of respect for autonomy for certain contexts: “Follow a patient’s advance directive whenever it is clear and relevant. “To indicate how this rule specifies the principles of respect for autonomy, we may state it more fully as: “Respect the autonomy of patients by following all clear and relevant formulations in their advance directives. “This formulation show how the initial norm remains but becomes specified. Example situation, * In clinical situations nurses respect a patient’s autonomy, where the patient is allowed the freedom of choice regarding treatment, such as in deciding whether he/she wishes to be incubated during an exacerbation of COPD, or deciding when he/she wishes to forgo further dialysis. If a patient lacks capacity for such a decision and has an advance directive, the person who has the durable power of attorney can make the decision. Authority Rules That is, rules regarding who may and should perform actions. For example, rules of surrogate authority determine who should serve as surrogate agents in making decisions for incompetent persons, and rules...
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...An Analysis of the Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Assignment 1 By: STUDENT NAME: Lloyd D. Gaines Jr. TO: Dr. W. D. Wilkerson Professor: COURSE NAME: BUS 520: Leadership and Organization Behavior STRAYER UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, DC April 16, 2012 Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Introduction The Purpose of this case study is to examine the Consensual Relationship Agreement Case Study. “Historically, sexual relationships between employees have been viewed as private matters beyond the purview of the company and not involving special ethical issues” (Stamler, Pace & Stone p.218 1997) Employees who engage in workplace relations usually have to sign a contract. This contract ensures that the involved parties will uphold the strict policies and standards of employee etiquette. A typical consensual relationship agreement includes the guidelines on how love struck staff should behave. In analyzing the case, concepts will be identified in the areas of organizational behavior models of individual, group, and organizational processes how ethical decisions are made, and concepts of individual differences, personality traits, and perspectives. According to Hellriegel & Slocum (2011) the characteristics of a Consensual Relationship Agreement is defined as contract that set boundaries on certain office romance situations. They go as the following:...
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...n July of 1974 The National Research Act was signed into law. Through this act, The Belmont Report was developed over 4 year period of time that included an intense four day conference followed by monthly meetings until it was completed in April of 1979. The Belmont Report sets out to define the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. The report was established prior to Barney Clark and the artificial heart and therefore was the guidelines that the doctors and researchers had to follow. The report highlights three essential ethical elements that are pertinent in human research and their applications. It was the professional responsibility of the doctors and researchers involved to abide by previously established ethical guidelines. Respect for Persons Respect for the Persons as it relates to the Barney Clark case can be broken down into three important issues. Autonomy The doctors made the assumption that Barney Clark was a fully autonomous person at the time of the artificial heart experiment. In general it is not in doubt that Mr. Clark was an autonomous being, however his terminal condition could have affected his capacity with in the case. While he might have been autonomous in many areas of his life the issue that is relevant to the case was whether he possessed the capacity to make an informed consent. Informed Consent The nine basic rules4 for an informed consent are 1. Identifying the appropriate decision...
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...and show how they relate to the guidelines set by Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). It will also highlight on the relevant underlying legal or ethical principles that applies to the case study and its implications. For instance, ethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, human rights and the best interests of the patient will be explored, in the light of relevant laws, in order to show some of the legal and ethical complexities within this case study, and finally draw a conclusion. For confidentiality purposes, have been changed in accordance to the NMC guidelines. The main professional issue reflected in this case study is the issue of consent. Consent, means to give permission for something to take place or to agree to do something (oxford dictionary 1998). This does not necessitate that, the actions approved have been developed or permission given in the knowledge of possible consequences known as informed consent has been achieved. This goes to show that, for medical purposes, although the patient has the right to refuse treatment, he has to also have the requisite mental capacity (Dimond 2008). This case study brings out a clash between Mr. A’s autonomy and the nurses professional duty of care. Clearly, it is essential for the nurses in charge of Mr. A to take all reasonable precautions to ensure that he has appropriate counselling and all the necessary information in making the decision to undertake his treatment (Dimond 2008). The...
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