...Rights and Duties are like to two sides of a coin, absolutely inseparable. Whenever and wherever we have any rights, we must have corresponding duties. Whether it be the home, the society or the country, in every sphere of life we have rights and duties t. We have rights in the same measure as we have duties. Let us be very clear that there can be no rights without an equal measure of corresponding duties or responsibilities. Part III of the Indian Constitution enumerates the Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens, including the right to equality, speech, expression etc. However, originally the Indian Constitution did not include a chapter on fundamental duties of citizens. In 1976 only this has been incorporated in order to restrict and balance rights and duties. However, sufficient attention has not been given to duties of the citizens and this neglect is here for all of us to see and bear. All Indians are very well aware of their rights but none yes, none of us to be equally aware of duties. We continue to ask for this right and that right but, do we ever wait to ponder if we are doing our duties also? Not only the Indian Constitution even most of the Western countries have ignored the inclusion of fundamental duties in their books. However, there it did not ever lead to chaos similar to what we see here in India. This is because, most of these advanced countries of the West are imbued with a high sense of patriotism as a result of education and training in their elementary...
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...Trumps Immigration Ban Trump’s immigration ban has violated many people’s human rights. Some of these rights include “We are equal and free right, don’t discriminate right, and No unfair detainment right”. Trump is being unfair with people that come from other races that come from other countries live a better life and to live the American dream. The first right that is being violated by Trump’s Immigration Ban is the “We are equal and free right”. We are all born free. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all be treated the same way. Trump has prohibited people that come from other countries to not get In the U.S. He thinks that all Indians are terrorists but that’s not true. These people don’t have any rights or freedom in...
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...to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide. Most of these suicides are by hanging, poisoning or by fire. Sometimes the woman is killed by setting her on fire; this is known as "bride burning", and sometimes disguised as suicide or accident. Suicide and murder are two causes of fatalities in dowry deaths. Death by burning of Indian women have been more frequently attributed to dowry conflicts.[1] In dowry deaths, the groom’s family is perpetrator of murder or suicide.[2] According to Indian National Crime Record Bureau, in 2010, 8391 dowry death cases were reported across India[3] This means a bride was burned every 90 minutes, or dowry issues cause 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in India.[4][5] For contextual reference, United Nations reports a worldwide average female homicide rate of 3.6 per 100,000 women, and an average of 1.6 homicides per 100,000 women for Northern Europe in 2012.[6] Although India's dowry death rate per 100,000 is lower than equivalent rate for Pakistan and Bangladesh, it is a significant social issue in India. According to Indian police, every year it receives over 2,500 reports of bride-burning [7] The Indian National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports...
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...and structural violence and cultural violence 3 2.2 Gender Theory 5 2.3 Human rights 7 2.4 Women’s rights 8 2.5 Consumerism 10 2.6 Conflict resolution conflict transformation 10 3.0 Female infanticide and foeticide—background and case study 11 4.0 Discussion 16 4.1 Galtung and the violence triangle 16 4.2 Cultural violence 17 4.3 Structural violence 17 4.3 Conflict resolution 20 4.4 Conflict transformation. 21 5.0 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 25 7.0 Appendix 28 1.0 Introduction In 1991, UNICF reported that, due to foeticide, as many as 40 or 50 million girls are missing from the Indian population – a number which constitutes about five percent of the total population. The 'missing girls' is a huge problem in India today – some villages does not even have women at all. (Subhra Singh, The Times of India feb. 8th 2011, from the cencus in 2001) Sex selection in India is at a growing rate, and according to the census held in 2001, the sex ratio (number of females per thousand males) shows that there are great varieties in the numbers – from the lowest, with 591 (Daman) to the highest, Pondicherry, which has 1,147 females per 1000 males. The average sex ratio for whole of India the same year was 927 to 1000 – and the numbers are still increasing. (Sabu George, 'Hidden Genocide', 2007). These numbers, linked to the prevalence of female infanticide and foeticide in Indian states, is a clear indication of violence against women and children. In...
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...Business ethics involved in Indian mining The following paper looks at the major problems in Indian Mining industry, the key players involved in the entire system and tries to offer suggestions to improve the efficiency of the process for the better functioning of economy PREFACE Especially when one is dealing with natural resources and public wealth, earning profits shouldn‟t be our goal, earning profits in a right way i.e environmental and society friendly way should be our goal. Any work that causes benefit to few but harm to large number shouldn‟t be done. Ethics is not simply the absence of a negative; it is not a list of „rules‟ we should follow and „regulations‟ we should not break. Rather, it is a vibrant code that expresses our values. When we live an ethical life or run an ethical business, it means our decisions, policies and behaviour are all congruent with our values. These values lay the vision for the world. 1|P ag e INTRODUCTION In a resource rich country like India, mining is one of the key industries in the Indian economy without which Indian economic growth would not have been the way it is. Having said that mining in India has been a contentious issue and has been plagued by a dangerous mix of bad policies, weak institutions, corrupt government oversight and thus regulation of India‟s mining industry is largely ineffectual. The result is chaos. The level of lawlessness that is prevailing in India‟s mining industry is hard to overstate. Illegal...
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...Case Study: GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and AIDS in Africa In this case study analysis paper, I shall argue that it is morally acceptable for Indian drug companies to copy and sell the AIDS drugs developed by GlaxoSmithKline and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The reasons and evidence that support this moral judgment are as follows: Utilitarianism states that an action is morally correct if the sum total benefits produced by the action is greater than the sum total of benefits produced by any other action that could have been performed in its place. In other words, does the action maximize benefits and minimize injuries to those affected by it? In this case study it’s known that AIDS is a major global problem, and by the Indian drug companies selling the drug developed by GlaxoSmithKline and Bristol-Myers Squibb would help the 28 million people infected with the disease in sub-Saharan Africa where the epidemic is at its worst and most of the individuals affected by it cannot afford the GlaxoSmithKline and Bristol-Myers Squibb made drugs. Since GlaxoSmithKline and Bristol-Myers Squibb will not provide a reasonably priced drug cocktail and the Indian drug companies will, the Indian drug companies will be able to save tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands (possibly even millions) of lives. Preserving life is the ultimate benefit that any action can produce. By preserving life many benefits subsequently follow. The individuals who will now live longer due to the availability...
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...prisons. While in police custody, these Indian citizens are often subjected to beatings, sleep deprivation, and shock treatments - all in violation of their fundamental constitutional rights. Subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment, they are an example of human rights abuses on a colossal scale. Four people die in police or judicial custody every day from these abuses. Many of these deaths could be avoided if cases were swiftly resolved. However, each year more cases are filed in Indian courts than can ever be disposed of, creating a huge bottleneck in the criminal justice system. There are currently 26,752,193 pending cases in Indian courts and in some jurisdictions case loads are so high that it would take a thousand years to clear court dockets. Because of this backlog, detainees who cannot make bail are sometimes kept in pretrial detention longer than the maximum sentence they would have received if convicted. In one case, a man was held in pretrial detention for 54 years even though the maximum sentence for his crime was only 10 years. During these periods of pre-trial detention, arrestees are at the greatest risk of human rights abuses as victims have reported that the longer the period of detention, the more intense the violence against them becomes. These abuses are made worse and worse by the continuing deterioration of the Indian Police, one of the most ill-equipped police departments in the world. For every 1,037 Indian residents there is only one police officer...
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...Human Rights “The Essence of Constitutional Governance“ “Problems can be solved by the same level of thinking that created them.” Introduction * Human: (noun) A member of the Homo sapiens species; a man, woman or child; a person. * Rights: (noun) Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are guaranteed. * Human Rights: (noun) The rights you have simply because you are human. * Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.” Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. * Every person has dignity and value. One of the ways that we recognize this fundamental worth is by acknowledging and respecting a person’s human rights. * Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. They recognize our freedom to make choices about our life and develop our potential as human beings. They are about living free from fear...
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...Mohandas Gandhi was shocked by the treatment of Indian immigrants in South Africa, so he joined the struggle to obtain basic rights for them. (BBC, 2013) He developed a non-violent way to address the wrong doings with speeches and protest, which attracted millions of followers, including the South African government. During his time, Gandhi led three major movements that he turned into political weapons. They were the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement. (Indian independence movement, n.d.) The Civil Disobedience Movement caused for the whole nation to join Gandhi in his fight against the British. This started the negotiating of the Indian Independence, but at this point the British were still not ready to let go. (Maps of India, 2004) After 15 more years, and a few more arrest, Gandhi finally had the chance to talk to Britain’s new government about the independence the nation craved. He sensed they wanted more power, so he distanced himself from the negotiations. Even so, the government eventually conceded too many of Gandhi’s demands, which led to the Indian Independence Act 1947. (Indian independence movement, n.d.) opposition One of Gandhi’s protests that was a significant political change was the Civil Disobedience Movement, which included the Salt March. It was a non-violent march protesting the British Salt Tax because the British were not compromising with the pleas for the Indian independence. When the Salt Tax made it illegal...
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...eagle eye by monitoring individual's movements, businesses transactions and also the means of communication, which includes cyberspace. It is alleged that the United States of America’s National Security Agency runs a program known as PRISM, which enables the US government to gain access to e- mails , conversations, pictures, voice calls and even sign in details of people using websites and applications associated with 1|Page Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, to name a few. Failure of cyber law mechanisms and national authorities to advance legislation and frameworks along with the technological developments and the increasing trends on States’ surveillance practices has created an environment in which citizen’s right to privacy is easily violated, leading to human rights violations also and lack of accountability, which raises questions on the legitimacy of such act of state. This research paper will mainly be focusing on this issue of privacy...
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...Disabilities 6 Specific International Measures Relating To Persons with Disabilities 7 Affirmative Action for the Disable in India 11 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill, 2011: A Critical Analysis 16 Bibliography 19 Statues 19 Books 19 Articles 19 Reports 20 Miscellaneous 20 Introduction According to the World Health Organization, “Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.” Disabled people the world over experience discrimination and inequality. Many people with disabilities do not have equal access to health care, edu¬cation, and employment opportunities, do not receive the disability-related services that they require, and experience exclusion from everyday life activities. Following the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), disability is increasingly understood as a human rights issue. Disability is also an important develop¬ment issue with an increasing body of evidence showing that persons with disabilities experience...
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...A brief note on Fundamental Rights given to a citizen in Constitution of India. The Fundamental Rights embodied in the Indian constitution act as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will lead their lives in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. These civil liberties take precedence over any other law of the land. They include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights such as habeas corpus. In addition, the Fundamental Rights for Indians are aimed at overturning the inequities of past social practices. They have also been used to in successfully abolishing the "untouchability"; prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth; and forbid trafficking in human beings and also the forced labor. They go beyond conventional civil liberties in protecting cultural and educational rights of minorities by ensuring that minorities may preserve their distinctive languages and establish and administer their own education institutions. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights; however, the Forty-fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law."...
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...workers are concerned as either they are not covered or overlooked. Worst is the case with the non-officially recorded migrants. Their size is significantly large when on looks at the South Asia. The labour surplus economies of South Asia have of recent awakened to the concerns of these workers, as bilateral agreements are being entered in to. The SAARC has also adopted a Social Charter. The SAARC Social Charter is an important milestone in the area of regional cooperation. The well-written document identifies seven social areas of concerns but fails to include labour as one of them. Under the condition whether concerns of migrant worker could be included in a multilateral agreement, and if so whether it will help to check the human and labour right violations that the migrant workers the faced with? This is a big question. South Asia Scenario: The South Asian Region consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. These countries are members of the United Nations, Non-aligned movement, South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation [SAARC] and of the Group of 77 Developing Countries. The present paper, however, concentrates on Bangladesh, India,...
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...law and sets to show a set of procedural principles which ever judicial and administrative body must follow whenever it taken a decision affecting the rights of any particular individual. It essentially follows the two most basic principles. The first one being the principle of nemo judex in causa sua, which is the rule against bias; and the other being audi alteram partem, which is the rule of fair trial. This right to a fair hearing has also been put up in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 6(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights, showing how important the principles of natural justice are all over the world. Article 14 of the Indian Constitution is at the core of how natural justice functions in India. The fact that every person is guaranteed equality amongst all citizens shows how the very basis of all decisions in the country is based on the pillars of natural justice. All procedural laws of the State follow these principles and as we have seen over time, the judiciary has been very harsh on acts which deny a person his rights. The Civil Procedure Code is what defines all procedural laws in the realm of civil law in the country and strictly follows these mentioned principles of natural justice, by which an individual is assured of a free and fair trial, where all his legitimate rights are respected and upheld. The Code blends the principles enumerated in the Constitution along with the principles of natural justice...
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...The Use of Human Dignity in Death Penalty Cases: An International perspective An examination of cases from several jurisdictions that address the legality of the death penalty reveals various uses of the notion of human dignity. In 1972, in Furman v. Georgia, the United States Supreme Court declared all existing death penalty statutes at the time unconstitutional as a violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibiting "cruel and unusual punishment". There was no majority opinion, and each of the five majority members wrote a separate opinion. While three of them based their decision on the arbitrary and discriminatory application of the death penalty in the U.S., Justices Brennan and Marshall based their opinions on the per-se unconstitutionality of capital punishment. Justice Brennan argued that although human dignity is not explicitly guaranteed by the United States Constitution, it is the fundamental concept underlying the Eighth Amendment. In his opinion: "The State, even as it punishes, must treat its members with respect for their intrinsic worth as human beings. A punishment is "cruel and unusual, therefore, "if it does not comport with human dignity". He declared that the severity of capital punishment is degrading to the dignity of a man, and since even the vilest criminals share an inherent dignity, the punishment is unconstitutional. Though in Brennan words human dignity functions as a justification for the Eight Amendment, they seem to illustrate the psychological approach...
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