...Cognitive Information Processing versus Brain-Based Learning Germaine Milliner University of Phoenix This paper is a comparative analysis of cognitive information processing and brain-based learning. It will also detail their similarities and differences. Cognitive information processing studies the way an individual learns. According to Gredler (2009), it also includes “a variety of processes whereby individuals perceive, encode, remembers, recall and apply information or knowledge”. My understanding of this is that, learning is an individual awareness to the things going on around him from his prior experiences, memory, recalling the information and how it is applied. Gredler (2009 cites), “The brain is not a passive consumer of information.... The stored memories and information-processing strategies of our cognitive system interact with the sensory information received from the environment, selectively attend to this information, relate it to memory, and actively construct meaning for it. (Wittrock, 1990, p. 348).” The brain is a very active user of information. Our prior knowledge and experiences collaborate with the sensory information or stimuli from the environment, processes it, store it in long term memory, which then is recalled when needed. According to Ozell (2009), this concepts see answers to four questions, such as: “(1) How is the information taken from the outside? (2) How is the new information processed? (3) How is information stored in long term...
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...Information Processing Theory Child Development AED/202 October 15, 2011 Instructor: Stephanie Jacobs The paper this week will focus on the information processing theory. The definition of its components and their functions are addressed. A summarization of the interrelationship among the components is given. As well as a description on how children process information, and how the process develops as the child grows older. Also, consideration will be given towards whether environment and heredity, influence intelligence and information processing. As humans we process information with amazing efficiency and often perform better than highly sophisticated machines at task such as problem solving and critical thinking (Halpern, 2003; Kuhn, 1999). The information processing theory is a group of theoretical frameworks. These frameworks address how humans receive, think about, mentally modify, and remember information, and how these processes change over the course of development (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2004). The most researched and articulated model is the information processing model (IPM), developed in the early 1950s. The IPM consists of three main components sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory (Schraw.G, 2006). The first component is the sensory memory; this processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually within ½ to 3 seconds. The amount of information held in the sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements...
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... Abstract This paper discusses a case about a client feeling trapped on his job, and seeking help from a counselor. The aspects and perspectives of the case are detailed throughout the paper. Specific areas were focused on, such as, the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and systemic elements. Also, the theoretical conceptualization, the intervention plan and the procedure for evaluating the outcome of the intervention plan is included. The theory is covered, in a brief overview. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), a form of Cognitive Therapy and some techniques are explained and recommended as an intervention plan. The paper concludes with the recommended procedure for evaluating the outcome of the intervention plan. Case Conceptualization: Ralph This case involves a 47 year old male, which lives with his wife and four children. Based on the provided information, Ralph is feeling trapped in his current job. He thinks he is going through an identity crisis. After being on his job for many years and close to being able to receive benefits, he felt that he had achieved all that he could and it was time for something new. The thought of failing and disappointing his family by not being able to possibly support their future, lingered on his mind. The main obstacle to making a change included fear about making a sufficient income which he could continue to support his family...
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...Information Processing Theory In this paper I will be discussing the information processing theory in children, describing the components of the information processing theory, defining the components and their functions. I will also be discussing the summary of the interrelationships among the components and explaining the need to move information through the model. Explaining how the child processes information and how it changes with age. Information processing theory is the theoretical perspective that focuses on the specific ways in which people mentally thinks about (“process”) the information they receive. People process information in different ways; sensation, perception, sensory registers, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensation is the physiological detection of stimuli in the environment. Perception is the cognitive interpretation of stimuli that the body has sensed. Sensory register is the component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time; this is two to three seconds or less. Working memory is the component of memory that enables people to actively think about and process a small amount of information. Long-term memory is the component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long period of time. Sensory register information processing is believe that human memory includes a Sensation information processing is through environmental the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. This...
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...affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely reactive. That is, the affective system produces various types of affective responses in reaction to stimuli to which it is exposed. Most people have little control over their affective responses, which for the most part, seem to be elicited automatically. People can have affective responses to external stimuli in the environment, to their own behaviors, and even to their own cognitions or...
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...Information Processing Theory Dietrick L. Smith Jr. AED/202 May 5, 2013 Sheila Brock Information Processing Theory The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Developmental psychologists who adopt the information-processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturation changes in basic components of a child’s mind. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. Next, is the sensation component of this theory which is a process that allows the senses to pick up and almost record what they find such as what they are seeing in their vision, also what they hear as well whatever the senses come in contact with then goes to the brain to be stored. Following these is the working memory component this is what allows us to keep all the information we come across in our mind. Although the working memory only allows us to keep it there for a short period of time. Which then takes us to the short memory portion of the working memory. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. According to the standard information-processing model for mental development, the mind’s machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in, working memory for actively manipulating information, and long-term memory...
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...The information processing theory is an approach to the cognitive development of a human being, which deals with the study and the analysis of the sequence of events that occur in a person’s mind while receiving some new piece of information. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The components of the information processing theory are sensory memory, long term memory, and short term memory. The sensory memory is that part of the mental processing unit that receives all information and then stores it temporarily or permanently. Sensory memory processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually on the order of 1/2 to 3 seconds. (Schraw, 2003-2009).The amount of information held at any given moment in sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements such as letters of the alphabet or pictures of human faces. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The sensory preceptors of a human being function in the same way as the hardware of a computer does, and the mindset and the rules and strategies adopted by the person while learning is equivalent to the software used by computers. The main purpose of sensory memory is to screen incoming stimuli and process only those stimuli that are most relevant at the present time. The information processing system of a person can be enhanced if these preceptors and rules are altered. (Schraw, 2003-2009). Short term memory is that part of the sensory register where the information is stored temporarily. Once the decision has been made regarding the...
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...autonomously, oversee time productively, and compose adequately, since such an extensive amount what might be talked about orally in a customary classroom is conveyed through content in online courses. Different components that impact online achievement have nothing to do with innovation. On the off chance that you have a tendency to hesitate, for instance, online courses may not be for you. Since online understudies make their own particular class plans, and are to a great extent free from the structure of frequently planned classes, coursework and perusing can without much of a stretch heap up until there's an excessive amount to oversee. What do the various theories that you have studied contribute to your answer? Cognitive Information Processing Theory. The theory has been utilized to clarify mental procedures as they are affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic variables, which in the long run realize learning in a person. Cognitive Learning Theory suggests that the diverse procedures analyzing so as to concern learning can be clarified the mental procedures first. It places that with compelling intellectual procedures, learning is simpler and new data can be put away in the memory for quite a while. Then again, incapable subjective procedures result to learning troubles that can be seen at whatever time amid the lifetime of a person. In the individual environment association, human convictions, thoughts and...
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...Information Processing Theory Jennifer Hall November 12, 2013 AED/202 Jacobs 1 Information Processing Theory The information processing theory is a group of ideas put together describing how human beings transfer information, remember information, and modify information. The information processing theory also looks at how these processes change over the course of a persons life. This theory came out in the nineteen fifties and nineteen sixties, and has continually changed and been modified over the years. The information processing theory is a combination of three components; sensory register (memory), working memory, and long-term memory. The combination of these three components enables us as human beings to receive, think about, and process information. There is also one more component that is essential in the learning and memory process, this is called the central executive component. The central executive component is what you could refer to as the cognitive “supervisor”. Without this component a person's decision making skills and planning skills could be interfered with. Sensory register and working memory help in the beginning stages of memory, while long-term memory is just that. Long-term memory is used when storing information...
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...Creating a Motivation Work Setting Job Design: The Social Information Processing Model Prepared for John C. Sivie BUS 551 CRN 1178 Organizational Theory and Behavior Prepared by Hanguang. Liu 3/7/2013 College of Business and Public Management Department of Business Administration Job Design: The Social Information Processing Model The social information processing model is the job design which based on the information from others or the employees’ own behaviors to affect the employees’ views and ideas of the design of their works. There is an example to protrude the social information processing model: Doherty and Cantu got law degrees from the same university and were hired by the same law firm. They work in different department and report to different partners. Their working situations and outcomes are similar. However, their reactions to the job are different. Doherty feels that he is so lucky he got this interesting and challenging work and he has the high salary makes it better; but Cantu dissatisfy this job because he must spent half of the working time doing assignments for the partners, and hates he does not have the chances to do work for the customer, his high salary is based on the long working hours. The Role of the Social Environment The social information processing model gives some reasons why Doherty’s and Cantu’s attitudes are so different. The social environment will offer information to the employees what kind of sides the employees should...
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...June 2011 PSYB3 Cog.Dvlpt essay qu. Describe and evaluate the information processing approach to children’s cognition. In your answer, you should explain how the information processing approach differs from at least one other approach to cognitive development. (12 marks) [AO1 = 4 marks, AO2 = 8 marks] Examiners must read the whole response prior to marking in order to make a band judgement about whether the response is Very Good (10-12), Good (7-9), Average to Weak (4-6) or Poor (1-3). Examiners should be guided by the band judgement when annotating scripts. AO1 Up to 4 marks for knowledge of the information approach to children’s cognition. Likely content: * emphasis on cognitive efficiency * task analysis in terms of cognitive processes involved * focus on specific cognitive processes such as memory and problem-solving strategies and stages within these processes * changes identified by Bee (1997) * increased capacity * processing efficiency * rule development * metacognitive awareness * the computer analogy * the active nature of information processing * Siegler’s (1996) overlapping waves theory – use of different strategies overlapping in time. Relevant evidence includes: * Siegler (1976) - balance scale problem * Siegler & Jenkins (1989) adding strategies * Flavell (1966) study of spontaneous use of memory strategies Up to two marks for description of relevant...
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...System Evaluation Paper Professor Mathew Mower CIS/319 - COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING January 21, 2013 Introduction I have been extended the reward of being employed for Yellow Freight Company (YRC), for over 17 years. YRC Freight is a subsidiary of YRC Worldwide Inc., a Fortune 500 company and one of the internationally. With headquarters in Overland Park, Kan., YRC Worldwide employs 55,000 people. I have witnessed many company changes. Yellow Freight was established in 1924. One of the most remarkable displays of our company is our 18 wheelers that are painted in a bright orange color. In the beginning CEO Harrell hired a chemist to find out what was the safest color on the highways of America. The results of the research led to swamp holly orange; was not only the safest, but the most visible from the greatest distance. On Feb. 1, 2012 YRC took another significant successful step, becoming one of the largest operating freight companies. Much more than a new name and logo, this rebranding signals our intent to focus on our core business, helping less-than-truckload shippers throughout North America increase the dependability and reliability of their supply chains. Today, we remain true to our founders' early dedication to safety and service. Their hard work and determination was the foundation for our success and has contributed to the success of thousands of customers. YRC has continue to prosper from the start. There is no surprise, given the founders'...
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...TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS An information system is a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that are designed to generate information that supports the day-to-day, short-range, and long-range activities of users in an organization. Information systems generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems. The following sections present each of these information systems. 1. Office Information Systems An office information system, or OIS (pronounced oh-eye-ess), is an information system that uses hardware, software and networks to enhance work flow and facilitate communications among employees. Win an office information system, also described as office automation; employees perform tasks electronically using computers and other electronic devices, instead of manually. With an office information system, for example, a registration department might post the class schedule on the Internet and e-mail students when the schedule is updated. In a manual system, the registration department would photocopy the schedule and mail it to each student’s house. An office information system supports a range of business office activities such as creating and distributing graphics and/or documents, sending messages, scheduling, and accounting. All levels of users from executive management to nonmanagement employees utilize...
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...Evolution of Information Systems (Relevant to AAT Examination Paper 8: Principles of Auditing and Management Information Systems) David Chow FCCA, FCPA, CPA (Practising) This article discusses the evolution of information systems, levels of management decision-making and information systems that enhance the value of information. Students are encouraged to understand the reasons for the development of an information system and its replacement; these will help you identify the benefits and limitations of each type of information system. From EDP to MIS Until the 1960s, the role of most information systems was simple. They were mainly used for electronic data processing (EDP),purposes such as transactions processing, record-keeping and accounting. EDP is often defined as the use of computers in recording, classifying, manipulating, and summarizing data. It is also called transaction processing systems (TPS), automatic data processing, or information processing. Transaction processing systems – these process data resulting from business transactions, update operational databases, and produce business documents. Examples: sales and inventory processing and accounting systems. In the 1960s, another role was added to the use of computers: the processing of data into useful informative reports. The concept of management information systems (MIS) was born. This new role focused on developing business applications that provided managerial end users with predefined management reports that...
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...Foods BSA/310 February 10, 2013 Kudler Fine Foods There are five types of information systems and all are very important to any company. The first type of information system is an Office Information Systems. An office information system enhances employee communication and increases work flow. The second type of information system is a Transaction Processing System. A transaction processing system captures and processes the important information throughout the day. The third type of information system is a Management Information System. A Management Information System processes important reports to help managers control every aspect of day to day operations. Fourth type of information system is Decision Support Systems. A Decision Support System does exactly what the name implies. It helps every member of a company reach a decision when needed. The last type of information system is an Expert System. An Expert System has human reasoning and can make a importance decisions for people who may not have enough knowledge in the area of a company. The type of business system that I would like to talk about is the Transaction Processing System. This system is very important to Kudler Fine Foods for several reasons. The first reason is this type of system records an employee’s hours on the clock. This type of system will also keep track of customer purchases and returns. This type of system is also good for generating pay checks will allow an employees work schedule to be printed...
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