...by opinion. These views are what grouped between the popular, and sometimes the easier choice, versus the lesser view. Usually urging the others to follow the greater supported choice. How does such a sway of opinion switch from person to person, happen right before the beholders eyes? The novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, presents a strong portrayal of society’s desire to force conformity upon individuals, as represented by McMurphy and the inmates who struggle against the Big Nurse and the public, with their ruthless methods of discrimination, punishment, and emasculation. The minority within the novel, much like that of the minority of the real world, gives a real look into...
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...Society has tried to address the illiteracy issues by funding educational programs for inmates and convicted felons because of the already collateral sanctions placed on felons and inmates. Collateral sanctions create low education, lack of opportunities, which increase crime and inequality. However, the government does offer programs fund by the state and federal government to promote education for future success. Some programs are The Charles W. Colson Scholarship and Prison Entrepreneurship Program. The programs are plans and strategies to develop and maintain a higher level of quality to living after prison. In addition, United States in 2009 established re-entry program called Justice Program, which provides felons with assistance for job placement, vocational training programs, temporary housing, and mentoring opportunities. However, the Justice Program does not included...
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...stated rule of being at least 5 foot 2 inches and 120 pounds is not discriminatory at first but then you realize that this rule could be discriminatory against women because not many men are shorter than 5 foot 2 inches or weigh less than 120 pounds. Rawlinson doesn’t really need a method for proving discrimination for the second part of her case because the Alabama prison system has a rule that expressly discriminates against hiring women for positions that will have close contact with the inmates at high security prisons. Since the maximum security prisons in Alabama don’t use cells but house the inmates in barracks, this would mean that all prison guards would have close contact with the inmates which would mean that no women would be able to be hired for these positions. The defense that the Alabama prison system would use for the height and weight requirements would be the bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ). The state would argue that in order to keep the peace in a prison that consists of mostly all men inmates, the prison guards also need to be men especially if the housing is open barracks style and the sexual predators are not separated from the rest of the inmates. The state...
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...It is very important for security to be in place to help maintain control and stability both inside and outside of the prison. In this facility, we have various security measures in place to protect everyone. Two factors that create strong security is knowledge of the prison layout and trained professionals that have knowledge of security. So out side the facility we have strategically placed armed security around the facility and we have plain clothed officers whose main goal is to provide watch for any potential for escapes. Inside we also from time to time hire officers to work undercover as inmates to gain insight on any plans, thoughts, or active escapes. These officers also seek information on flaws within the current security system that may be at risk for...
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...Criminal Justice Trends CJA/484 April 2, 2014 Criminal Justice Trends This paper will be evaluating the past, present, and future trends of the corrections component. It will also be discussing the budgetary and managerial impact that it has on future trends including law enforcement and the courts system. The criminal justice system will always be a significant part of social order. The world’s leader in incarceration is the United States. Prisons and jails operate around two philosophies of punishment vs. rehabilitation. The past tend was solitary confinement with no concern for inmate rehabilitation or any concern for the well-being of the inmates. Most of the increase has come from the changes in sentencing laws and policies, but not in the crime rates. These trends have stemmed in prison overcrowding and financial burdens on states to oblige a fast increasing penal system. The war on drugs sentencing policies resulted in an intense increase in incarceration for drug offenses. There was also the “Three Strikes and you Out” laws. Severe sentencing laws such as mandatory minimums are responsible for offenders to stay in prisons for a longer periods of time, also high recidivism rates. Woman in Federal and State prisons that have been incarcerated for drug offenses has increased. The women’s have histories of significant histories of physical, sexual abuse, HIV, and substance abuse. Even though violent crime has been coming down, the prisoners that are serving...
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...03-Banks.qxd 1/30/04 4:52 PM Page 57 3 Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System ETHICAL BACKGROUND It is generally agreed that discrimination based on ethnic origin is morally wrong and a violation of the principle of equality. The equality principle requires that those who are equal be treated equally based on similarities, and that race is not a relevant consideration in that assessment (May and Sharratt 1994: 317). In other words, it is only possible to justify treating people differently if there exists some factual difference between them that justifies such difference in treatment (Rachels 1999: 94). Equality is a nonspecific term that means nothing until applied to a particular context. Thus, in a political context, equality means equal access to public office and equal treatment under the law, and equal treatment extends to equality in terms of job hiring, promotion, and pay. Race refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in their biological inheritance and are distinct from other groups (American Anthropological Association 1997: 2). Ethnicity is a cultural phenomenon referring to a person’s identification with a particular cultural group (Hinman 1998: 403). Race is socially constructed, and the notion that persons “belong” to a particular race was developed in the last century based on the belief that there was a biological basis for categorizing groups of people. Biologically, however, the term race has no meaning, yet society...
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...26, 1944, in Birmingham, Alabama. She became a master scholar who studied at the Sorbonne. She joined the U.S. communist party and was jailed for charges related to a prison outbreak, though ultimately cleared. She is also known for books like Women, Race & Class. She has worked as professor and activist who advocates gender equity, prison reform and alliances across color lines. Angela Davis is best known as a radical African- American educator and activist for civil rights and other social issues. As a child she knew about racial prejudice from her discrimination growing. When she was a teenager she went to Elisabeth Irwin High School. Angela Davis parents are Sallye Davis and Frank Davis. She has one sister her name is Fania Davis. Her father was a service station and her mother was an elementary school teacher and she also was in the National Association for the Advancement of colored people. She also has two brother their name are Ben Davis and Reginald Davis. As a teenager she moved to New York City with her mother who was pursuing a Master degree at New York University. She organized an...
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...Joe R Feagin states his idea in the book Racism America, “every part of life cycle, and most aspects of one’s life, are shaped by racism that is integral to the foundation of the United States” ( 2 ). According to The New York Times, the research have found that blacks often got wrong diagnoses more than whites, school administrators treat blacks more strict and police arrest blacks much more often than whites. In addition to the effect, even a company judge and choose résumés by common white-sounding name or black-sounding name (Kristof). These factors make us realize racial inequality makes an actual difference in social status. According to Charlene Crowell in The Louisiana weekly, the gap between black family median income and white family median income had narrowed $48.106 to $28.000 in past two decades, but significant racial income gap is still exist in our society (Crowell). And when the wage gap is growing, it influence on education, health and crime rate like a negative chain. Urban Institute declares, “higher education gap between black and white is larger today than 50 years ago”. He also mentions this is because the quality of school and school financing system. Rich white who live around school pay a lot of tax and it supporting higher school...
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...Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Name SOC120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility Instructor: November 20, 2012 The life of prisoners some may never know. There are those who care not to know what goes on behind that wired fence. We find that some people that are convicted of crimes that they did not commit. Some people would rather turn their heads to what actually happens in a prison institution, because they feel it is no concern of theirs. Innocent women and men face a disaster in life when they find their selves incarcerated in such facility as these. The treatment in prison facilities toward prisoners with health issues or those who develop health concerns that head officials should take control over. Prisoners receive neglect in many different ways that may end their lives. In my essay, I will share with you the life of a man in prison and the treatment that he received from correctional officers. Every prison environment makes it hard to assure minimal standards for ethical research and voluntary informed consent and privacy. Privacy for those who are in these facilities has many concerns to family members who are looking in from the outside. Health issues and concerns for inmates and neglect that occurs in correctional facilities have been concerns that continue to go unnoticed. The state seems to under staff in some areas of managing inmate’s health problems. There are many who may go unattended...
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...liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but what happens when a citizen commits a heinous act such as murder? Should the pursuit of their happiness be granted even though they took the life of another? Are we as a society to take their feelings into consideration and grant them the right to live their life as they wish? A major issue within the United States is the healthcare programs for inmates. One of the largest disputes when it comes to medical treatments/surgeries within the penal system is the sexual reassignment of inmates with gender dysphoria. It is reported that as of 2007 there are 750 inmates that are requesting gender reassignment surgeries (Brotheim, 2013). If polled today, some would say that a gender reassignment surgery at the tax payer’s expense is a frivolous waste of money. Some might even become infuriated at the thought of a non-law abiding citizen, one that has been deemed by society as someone who should be removed from the general public, most definitely does not deserve to receive this surgery. The states should not be liable to conduct gender reassignment surgeries for inmates with gender dysphoria, because of cost, the uncertainty that of the curability of this disorder, safety of the incarcerated offender and the moral dilemma of punishment versus privilege. Gender Dysphoria- formally known as Gender Identity Disorder (GID) is “a persistent unease with having the physical characteristics of one's gender, accompanied by a strong identification with...
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...Security Threat Gangs In Prison Name Tutor Course College Date There has been a major concern of gangs in correctional facilities. This phenomenon has been common in prisons since 1960s, and continues to be a major problem over the years in correctional structures. In the year 1920, the number of prison gang was over 1300 in Chicago city and many other cities liked Los Angeles had started witnessing prison gangs. To critically understand this problem, it is important to explore the history and type of prison gangs that exist. In most prisons there is frequent unruly behavior and violence because of the prison environment. The kind of lifestyle among inmates makes a society of its own. The modern gangs have distinct colors of clothing’s particularly for identification. They come from all race, black, Asian, Hispanic and Caucasian. The Aryan brotherhood gang originated in 1967, California’s San Quentin state prison was the hub of this gang. The gang was set up to protect white inmates from other dangerous gangs of the African and Hispanic origin. Initially, the gang was known as the “bluebird” or “Nazi gang” and most of its members were from the white supremacy, Irish and Germany origin. The group received money from drug traffic to sustain its source of operations in the prisons. The condition that required an inmate to join the AB group was to murder one person that was targeted by the group (Parenti, 2000). On the other hand, members of the gang who were freed...
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...fought for the oppressed and the struggle for Black people. Angela was born on January 26, 19444 in Birmingham Alabama. She already had knowledge of racial discrimination due to growing up in her home town. She was friends with some of the girls who died in the Birmingham church bombing of 1963. She later moved to Massachusetts where she attended Brandeis University. There she studied philosophy and became a master scholar. As a graduate student she attended University of California. Soon after she became a part of several groups, Black Panthers being one but most of her time was devoted to an African American communist group Che-Lumumba Club. Davis got a job teaching at University of California. The administration found out about her relationship with communism. She was then fired, but she fought them in court and got her job back. Davis had become a strong supporter of the Soledad prisoners. Three inmates who were not related, there were John W. Cluchette, Fletta Drumgo and George Lester Jackson. They were accused of killing a prison guard. Many thought they were being accused because of their political beliefs and work. In August 1970 during Jacksons trial an escape attempt was made and several people in the court room were killed. Davis was being convicted of being apart of what happened since the guns were registered in her name. The government tried to publically indicted her, she was placed on FBI ten most wanted list. And was subjected to a therual search which lead to her...
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...THINKING ABOUT DISCRIMINATION IN THE GENETIC AGE Paul Steven Miller27 The information age has taken hold, and the genetic revolution is in full swing. With apologies to Aldous Huxley, we stand at the precipice of a brave new world. ...History has taught us that the wonders of science hold unique power to sway and se- duce, and too often to corrupt, the course of human nature. James Watson [co-discoverer of the double helix] has urged that genetic progress in health can come only with a firm awareness of the potential for abuse. Whether the scientific community is mobilized to deride some- thing as junk science or voodoo genetics may ultimately not matter. Sometimes public opinion and market forces prevail, regardless of whether something is scientifically rational. As humanity charts a new course, it...must insist that genetic profiles—in whatever form they take—remain in the control of the individual, and should never be used to violate fundamental human rights. The challenge for scientists, philosophers, ethicists, jurists, and policymakers is how to best balance the rights of the individual against the needs of society in this rapidly changing world. Eugenics and Genetics The U.S. Supreme Court legitimized state–sponsored sterilization in the name of eugenics in its landmark decision of Buck v. Bell. Carrie Buck was sent to the State Colony of Epileptics and the Feeble–Minded in Virginia to have a child conceived when she was raped by the nephew of her foster parents...
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...Guy Paul Morin, David Milgarrd, and Donald Marshal Jr, were all victims of inaccurate prosecutions. These three cases represent a failure in the Canadian criminal justice system due to many factors. So why does the criminal justice system fail to prosecute the correct victims? This is because the system fails to utilize their resources efficiently and the techniques in prosecuting a victim are used carelessly. Many cases that have wrongfully convicted victims usually occur because of the misuse of evidence, how the evidence was obtained and how the evidence was handled. Guy Paul Morin, David Milgarrd, and Donald Marshal Jr, all of these names have all been wrongfully convicted due to the poor use of evidence and lack of proper police work....
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...http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/ ARGUMENT 1 DETERRENCE The death penalty prevents future murders. Society has always used punishment to discourage would-be criminals from unlawful action. Since society has the highest interest in preventing murder, it should use the strongest punishment available to deter murder, and that is the death penalty. If murderers are sentenced to death and executed, potential murderers will think twice before killing for fear of losing their own life. For years, criminologists analyzed murder rates to see if they fluctuated with the likelihood of convicted murderers being executed, but the results were inconclusive. Then in 1973 Isaac Ehrlich employed a new kind of analysis which produced results showing that for every inmate who was executed, 7 lives were spared because others were deterred from committing murder. Similar results have been produced by disciples of Ehrlich in follow-up studies. Moreover, even if some studies regarding deterrence are inconclusive, that is only because the death penalty is rarely used and takes years before an execution is actually carried out. Punishments which are swift and sure are the best deterrent. The fact that some states or countries which do not use the death penalty have lower murder rates than jurisdictions which do is not evidence of the failure of deterrence. States with high murder rates would have even higher rates if they did not use the death penalty. Ernest van den Haag, a Professor of Jurisprudence at Fordham...
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