...Sherry Jia Women’s Studies 120 Professor Eileen Boris March 5, 2009 Ending Gender Pay Disparities Pay disparities for women are a longstanding and troubling issue. While there was some advance in relative women’s pay as indicated by statistics on the ratio of female to male pay, in around 1994 the ratio leveled off suggesting an end to progress (See Figure 6.1, McCall 22). The differences in pay are widespread and pervasive applying not only to female-oriented jobs but to any jobs in which men and women both engage. Only at the bottom of the wage scale do women’s and men’s pay tend to converge because of the effect of the minimum wage. Statistics from 2005 show women earning only 0.77 of what men earn (Weinberg 26). Research has brought out many factors that seem to be influential, such as number of hours worked, experience, and differences in employers (Weinberg 26). However, such explanations do not offer much hope for improving the situation so as to make equal pay a reality. The recently passed Ledbetter Bill has closed some loopholes, but it is unlikely to have a significant effect on ending pay disparities (Erbe). Some might argue that the government can do no more since these disparities result from factors other than gender discrimination. However, as long as women make considerably less than men in similar jobs, women are second-class citizens and not full participants in society. I strongly urge Congress to craft and pass legislation that recognizes...
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...for males. Female roles in gangs were viewed as unimportant, and when they were studied, it was only in relation to their male counterparts (Campbell, 1990). Because the female experience is so much different from the male experience in a wide array of ways, it is important to take into consideration the different factors that may lead girls and women to pursue the gang life and join gangs. It is estimated that between 8-and-32% of gang members are female. That number has been disputed by several surveys, but as one researcher clarified, 32% of the jurisdictions surveyed did not even consider females as gang members “as a matter of policy (Curry and Decker, 2000).” Numbers vary greatly according to which methodology was used in the study, who was being asked, etc. Girls join gangs primary for the sense of affirmation and friendship. Their home life backgrounds vary from males in that they have a very increased likelihood of having experienced sexual trauma or abuse. The numbers on this...
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...ORIGINAL REPORTS: CANCER INTEREST, AWARENESS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF GENETIC TESTING AMONG HISPANIC FAMILY MEMBERS OF BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS Objective: To provide a preliminary description of the interest, awareness, and perceptions of genetic testing among Hispanics with a family history of breast cancer Design: This cross-sectional pilot study used interpersonal structured interviews for data collection. Participants: We interviewed 48 Hispanics without breast cancer but who had a family member with breast cancer; participants lived in San Antonio and the surrounding area. Main Outcome: The outcomes were interest in breast cancer genetic testing, awareness about genetic testing, perceived risk of carrying a breast cancer susceptibility gene, and the perceived benefits and risks associated with a genetic test. Measures: Items previously used in research regarding interest and perceived genetic risk and a previously validated benefits and riskslimitations scale for genetic testing commonly used by other researchers were used to measure the outcomes. Results: Awareness of genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility was very low, yet most (82%) participants were interested in a genetic test for breast cancer susceptibility. Participants were more likely to identify with the benefits than the potential risks of genetic testing. The most highly endorsed benefits were to know to take better care of one’s self and to undergo more frequent screening. Conclusions: Hispanics seem to...
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...Sasha Klaeb WMST 101 7 May 2013 Assignment 4: Women and Work Question 1, The Glass Escalator: In “The Glass Escalator,” Christine Williams studies the way men are treated and their experiences when working in female dominated occupations, and finds that there exists a glass escalator for men working in these jobs. First, although Williams acknowledges that the proportion of men and women in the labor force is approaching parity, there still exists significant job segregation relating to gender. Both men and women are relegated to single sex occupations, meaning that they work in jobs that society deems more appropriate for men and women. What Williams does in this paper is different from other studies because rather than focusing on women in male dominated occupations and the barriers they face, she studies the underrepresentation of males in predominantly “female” occupations. She examines four typically female dominated occupations: nursing, librarianship, elementary school teaching and social work, and studies the implications of men working in female occupations. From these studies, she finds that unlike females in male dominated jobs, men do not face any discrimination and are in fact promoted and move up the ladder at a much faster pace than women. As one employee put it, there is a preference for men in these female occupations. Williams found that the more female dominated the job or specialty was, the greater the preference for men. The glass escalator...
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...RUNNING HEAD: CULTURE AND PARENTING Culture and parenting Introduction Parenting is the first and likely most important mechanism through which culture is reproduced (Cauce, 2008). Every child is born into a certain circumstance and learns through interactions with the surroundings. Parents are generally the first and key people in a child’s life, so it should come as no surprise that parenting has influences on the development of children’s temperament, which later impacts their school performance. This article is going to explore how parenting varies among different ethnic groups including Asian Americans, African American, Latinos, and European Americans. More specifically, what factors should be included when considering the parenting characteristics of a unique ethnic group and what implications might they have for schooling today. Theories Two of the modern theories that are concerned with cultural influences on human development are Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. First, Vygotsky’s theory defined culture as the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group. His Sociocultural Theory focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction – in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society – is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking...
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...etiology. In Lupus the immune system is unable to differentiate between foreign and its own systems cells and tissues. It then produces antibodies that fight the body’s own tissues. Lupus is diagnosed in 90% of women between the ages of 14-44, this is more than the men, but it can affect children and younger teens. It is found in non-whites more than Caucasians (Womens Health 2009). Lupus is not contagious or related to cancer; it is not related to or like HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus) or even AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Who is most affected by Lupus? Lupus can develop in all ethnic and racial groups and 9 out of 10 women. Lupus is most commonly found in women of color such as; African American, Hispanic, Latina, Asian, Pacific Islanders, Native Hawaiians, and Native American. African American women are more than three times higher to get lupus than White American women. African American and Hispanic -Latinos tend to get lupus at an early age and will have more symptoms along with kidney problems. Hispanics have more heart problems and African Americans have more seizures than the other minority groups, this is widely due to the genetics. Diagnosis of Lupus Lupus is diagnosed in women of childbearing age and can be difficult to properly diagnose. Sometimes it takes several months’ even years before correctly diagnosing Lupus, the symptoms can copy or mimic other diseases. Some people go undiagnosed and there is not any specific testing...
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...Health and the World Health Organization, convened the 2014 National Summit on Teen Pregnancy last April 24. This summit, which saw the active participation of adolescent youth, delivered a clear message: Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH), or the lack thereof, is fast becoming the defining issue of this generation of young Filipinos. Without a robust response from all stakeholders, the Philippines is on track toward a full-blown, national teenage pregnancy crisis. Staggering facts support this call for concern. Recent (2014) data from the Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA) reveal that every hour, 24 babies are delivered by teenage mothers. According to the 2014 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality (YAFS) study, around 14 percent of Filipino girls aged 15 to 19 are either pregnant for the first time or are already mothers—more than twice the rate recorded in 2002. Among six major economies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Philippines has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies and is the only country where the rate is increasing, per the United Nations Population Fund. According to Josefina Natividad, YAFS coordinator and director of the University of the Philippines Population Institute, young Filipinos have limited access to sex education and ASRH services, especially if they are underage and unmarried. Seventy-eight percent are not using any form of contraception or protection against sexually transmitted diseases and infections when they are...
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...The date was November 14, 2011. The patient was OG, a twenty-four year old male Hispanic. He immigrated to the United States when he was 5 years old from Guatemala, with his mother and he is a legal American citizen. He was brought to Aurora Behavioral healthcare on a 5150 by ex-wife and her parents due to suicidal ideation with a plan to overdose on his medications. He complained of worsening depression, anxiety, and panic attacks. He felt hopeless and had suicidal ideation prior to admission. The ex-wife reported she had received a text from the patient saying, “I need to do something before I hurt myself. You’d be better off if I were dead.” He and his wife separated in December of 2010 and the divorce was finalized in August 2011. The couple separated because of violence; they had gotten into an argument and he pushed her. His ex-wife stated OG’s depression had gotten worse over the past week. The patient said he suffered from blackouts and he couldn’t remember things that had happened. On September 21, 2011 he was arrested while working in Las Vegas for using technology to lure a minor and was in jail for 11 days. The patient said he blacks out and did not remember the incident and woke up in jail. In October of 2011 his physician NP Brantman, prescribed him trazodone, Abilify and Seroquel. He was admitted for suicidal ideation and major depression. Hispanics for the most part believe that health is...
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...organization enjoyed a low-rate of employee turnover and why surveys showed that its employees were highly satisfied with working at Aflac. Aflac “strives to deliver quality services to its 4,500 employees while staying competitive in the insurance market” (Reed, 2015). The team determined that part of the employee satisfaction resulted from Aflac’s decision to not lay off its employees during economic downturns. Furthermore, employees are provided with growth opportunities because Aflac promotes from within. We also explored the salary structure and opportunities to earn a higher income Employees are positively impacted by policies that helps them balance their personal and work lives. Aflac has made it very easy for its employees to have a growing professional life while at the same time, enjoy their personal life. Aflac understands the importance of keeping its employees happy and has implemented policies that pushes the company towards those goals. In return, it has an employee base that considers it a great place to work and who works hard to maintain the company’s positive image to its customers. Introduction For 17 consecutive years, Aflac has made the list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For (“Accolades”, 2015). It has made the list of the World’s Most Admired Companies List for 14 years and the World’s Most Ethical Companies list for 9 years (“Accolades”, 2015). In addition, Aflac is on the list of the 50 Best Companies for Latinas to Work for in the United...
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...strategies and policies for growth of CTC………………………15 References……………………………………………………………………………………….18 Introduction Gender discrimination has been widely debated everywhere from the boardroom to the courtroom. In spite of the laws and regulations that exist to prohibit gender discrimination, it continues to be a common practice within many organizations. Throughout history, women have been relegated to administrative positions, such as typists, secretaries, receptionists and the like. Although in recent years, women have made strides and are holding executive level positions, the “glass ceiling” is still alive. According to the Small Business Chronicle, “the glass ceiling is a metaphor describing a barrier where the targeted group, in this case, women--can see the higher rungs on a career ladder. However, the targeted group, women are prevented from attaining more responsible...
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...Unlearning Deficit Ideology and the Scornful Gaze: Thoughts on Authenticating the Class Discourse in Education Paul C. Gorski Founder, EdChange Assistant Professor, Integrative Studies George Mason University http://www.EdChange.org gorski@EdChange.org December 2010 Unlearning Deficit Ideology and the Scornful Gaze 2 It is popular in the education milieu today to talk about the dangers of assuming a deficit perspective, approaching students based upon our perceptions of their weaknesses rather than their strengths. Such a perspective deteriorates expectations for students and weakens educators’ abilities to recognize giftedness in its various forms (Ford & Grantham, 2003). The most devastating brand of this sort of deficit thinking emerges when we mistake difference—particularly difference from ourselves— for deficit. If one concentrates best while sitting still it may be difficult to imagine that somebody else—a student or colleague, perhaps—concentrates more effectively while pacing or tapping a pencil. Similarly, if one always has lived among people who speak a certain language variation, such as what people commonly refer to as “standard English,” she or he might mistake somebody’s use of a different variation, such as the Appalachian variety spoken by my grandmother, as an indication of intellectual inferiority or, worse, deviance (Collins, 1988). Over the past ten or so years a critical discourse challenging the deficit perspective has emerged among educators....
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...JOSÉ LUIS MACHINEA Executive Secretary ALICIA BÁRCENA Deputy Executive Secretary Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean economic commission for latin america and the caribbean C E P A L Review NUMBER 85 APRIL 2005 SANTIAGO, CHILE OSCAR ALTIMIR Director REYNALDO BAJRAJ Deputy Director The CEPAL Review was founded in 1976 and is published three times a year by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, which has its headquarters in Santiago, Chile. The Review, however, has full editorial independence and follows the usual academic procedures and criteria, including the review of articles by independent external referees. The Review is distributed to universities, research institutes and other international organizations, as well as to individual subscribers, and is also consulted extensively on the Internet. The purpose of the Review is to contribute to the discussion of socio-economic development issues in the region by offering analytical and policy approaches and articles by economists and other social scientists working both within and outside the United Nations. Accordingly, the editorial board of the Review extends its readers an open invitation to submit for publication articles analysing various aspects of economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The opinions expressed in the signed articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the...
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...SEDL – Advancing Research, Improving Education The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement Annual Synthesis 2002 A New Wave of Evidence Anne T. Henderson Karen L. Mapp SEDL – Advancing Research, Improving Education The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement Annual Synthesis 2002 A New Wave of Evidence Anne T. Henderson Karen L. Mapp Contributors Amy Averett Joan Buttram Deborah Donnelly Marilyn Fowler Catherine Jordan Margaret Myers Evangelina Orozco Lacy Wood National Center for Family and Community Connections with Schools SEDL 4700 Mueller Blvd. Austin, Texas 78723 Voice: 512-476-6861 or 800-476-6861 Fax: 512-476-2286 Web site: www.sedl.org E-mail: info@sedl.org Copyright © 2002 by Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (SEDL). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from SEDL or by submitting a copyright request form accessible at http://www.sedl.org/about/copyright_request.html on the SEDL Web site. This publication was produced in whole or in part with funds from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, under contract number ED-01-CO-0009. The content herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department...
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...The family seems to be the most effective and economical system for fostering and sustaining the child’s development. Without family involvement, intervention is likely to be unsuccessful, and what few effects are achieved are likely to disappear once the intervention is discontinued.1 —Urie Bronfenbrenner This brief is dedicated to Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) whose pioneering research influenced the work of Harvard Family Research Project. Introduction Family involvement matters for young children’s cognitive and social development. But what do effective involvement processes look like, and how do they occur? This research brief summarizes the latest evidence base on effective involvement—that is, the research studies that link family involvement in early childhood to outcomes and programs that have been evaluated to show what works. The conceptual framework guiding this research review is complementary learning. Harvard Family Research Project (HFRP) believes that for children and youth to be successful from birth through adolescence, there must be an array of learning supports around them. These learning supports include families, early childhood programs, schools, outof-school time programs and activities, higher education, health and social service agencies, businesses, libraries, museums, and other community-based institutions. HFRP calls this network of supports complementary learning. Complementary learning is characterized by...
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...Notes for Exam 5- Geography North America Tuesday, November 16, 2010 Physical Geography * Latitude is very important –broad range * Western climates- Mountains (change the climate of the region) * Example: Sierra Nevada and Rockies * Deserts and dryness- Because the mountains are so tall they absorb the precipitation * Further west- very wet * Louisiana- very close to the equator, nothing to stop the storms -2 of the largest countries in the world include (Population)- 1. Canada- 1/10th of the US- 33 million * Lots of empty land in this area 2. The US- 300 million pop * Highly urbanized (D): Megalopolis- Applies to the US and Canada, very big *PROS OF North America 1. -Farming and Ranching and Agriculture * Used to be dominate * 1790: employed 90% of the work force * 1880: dropped down to 50%- because of industrialization * Today: less than 2% * In the US only 1% of population are farmers * Farm populations fell by 2/3 in the beginning of the 20th century * Farms are consolidating * 20% drop in the number of farms * Agriculture has become more meganized (more industrial) More money to keep it going, more land and more machines * Farms are still critical in the US and Canadian economy * 2000: US Alone, $216 billion dollars in farming alone * Land use, agriculture remains dominant * Varies by region * Dairy farming in the east * Live Stock...
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