...Micrococcus is the a genus of a spherical shaped bacteria in the family of Micrococcaceae. Micrococcus is categorized as a aerobic gram positive cocci that are found in pairs, clusters or tetrads but never in chains. They are normally found on the human that even have an essential in keeping a balance among the skin flora(britannica.com). Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com defines skin flora “as a population of pathogenic and innocuous microorganisms (MOs)normally living on skin, and within mouth, respiratory tract and large intestine” Some species of Micrococcus can be found in soil, dust of air , marine water and on the skin or even in the skin glands. Micrococcus has been found to have occasionally been reported as the cause of pneumonia,...
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...Journal 1 Example 2/11/14 Journal #1: Techniques for Isolation of Pure Culture * Purpose To effectively separate bacteria into discrete colonies and then transfer each discrete colony from the streak plate to a nutrient agar to isolate the pure cultures. * Materials and Methods *One part Micrococcus roseus and three parts Micrococcus luteus (1) Broth Culture (24- to 48-hours old) containing: *One part Escherichia coli and ten parts Micrococcus luteus (2) Trypticase soy agar streak-plates (1) Trypticase soy agar streak-plate prepared with: *Micrococcus roseus and Micrococcus luteus (1) Trypticase soy agar streak-plate prepared with: *Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus (4) Trypticase soy agar slants Bunsen burner Inoculating loop Permanent Marker Test tube rack Straight needle Striker Incubator Method Part A: Isolation of Discrete Colonies from a Mixed Culture * Label one Trypticase soy agar streak-plate using a permanent marker on the b ottom. Write the date (1/23/14), TTH2, student’s initials, the names M. roseus and M. luteus. There were also lines dividing the streak-plate into four sections with one section labeled I, one labeled II, one labeled III, and one labeled IV on the bottom of the plate. The quadrants should look like the labeled circle below. * Divide...
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...Ali Ahmad BIO 2710 Wed 12:30PM – 3:30PM Unknown 6: Micrococcus Luteus Introduction: This lab requires us to learn about cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics that are used in identifying bacteria. These characteristics and unique aspects can be observed by learning and using the various different tests and techniques, which is the main purpose here, and can help pinpoint the identity of the unknown organism. Each student will receive a slant containing one species of bacteria. The assignment is to verify the purity of the culture, maintain a stock culture, and identify the unknown by its unique characteristics. These characteristics include: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-), motility, spore-staining, etc. Procedure: Materials and methods used are detailed in the BIO 2710 Microbiology Laboratory Manual. Results: The following is a descriptive chart of all the lab techniques/tests performed for identifying unknown 6: Descriptive Chart: Study of an Unknown Bacterium | Name: _Ali Ahmad__BIO2710 Winter 2015Identifying an Unknown Bacterium | Habitat : ___________ Culture # ___6______Source: __Bergey’s Manual____________Organism: _Micrococcus Luteus______ | Morphological Characteristics | Physiological Characteristics | Cell shape: CocciArrangement: MassesSize:---------Spores: No SporesGram’s Stain: Gram (+)Motility: NonmotileCapsules: -------Special Stain: appear blue to violet when stained using a Gram-stain technique | TESTS | RESULTS...
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...The positively best bacteria to receive when doing an unknown project The word bacteria receives a bad connotation in the everyday world but some may not realize the importance bacteria has on a person’s immunity and health. There can be both good and bad bacteria. Good bacteria, for example, helps to breakdown food enabling the digestion process to work smoothly and absorb nutrients like probiotics. These good bacteria are often found in foods like yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut. Best of all, good bacteria can help treat infectious diseases. A study has shown that, when injected with a good predatory bacteria like Micavibrio aeruginosavorus and Bdellovibrio baceriovorus, an antibiotic resistant bacteria was defenseless (Nordqvist, 2013). The study was created for an eye infection to see whether good bacterial pathogens would be able to fight off bad bacterial pathogens without damaging the eye or causing further irritation. The term microbiology means the study of microscopic organisms. Within the specialized area, microbiologists help to identify new organisms and how they affect life on earth. There are new organisms being discovered every day, and there could be dangers or losses without proper identification of how they live, what they do, and can they be controlled. A study was done to show the process of categorizing and identifying an unknown organism. Throughout the semester, multiple tests were performed to distinguish between the different types of bacteria...
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...Unknown Identification Introduction to Microbiology Lab Professor M Biology Lab 1913 11/11/2014 I. Introduction A series of tests was completed in order to identify an unknown microorganism. A gram stain reaction test was done. A gram stain reaction test is used to differentiate between two bacterial species. The two species; gram positive and gram negative bacteria have varying properties of their cell wall structural composition. The gram positive bacteria contain a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall which retains the primary crystal violet stain. The crystal violet is washed from the fixed stain and gram-negative bacteria appear red after the decolorizer washes the primary stain due to their more porous higher lipid content walls and the safranin counter stain adheres to their thinner cell wall. The microscopic examination of the bacteria after staining allows for the morphology of the organism to be determined because as the cell is killed during the staining process it retains its rigid structure allowing for morphology determination. A fermentation test was done. Three different carbohydrates are used to determine whether the organism can ferment a sugar as well as if a gas is produced during heterofermentation. A phenol red broth is used which retains a red color at a pH of 7.4 indicating no fermentation of a sugar. When an acid is produced during fermentation, the pH of the broth will lower and the broth will turn yellow. The sugars...
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...procedure crystal violet stains the bacteria and treated with mordant- a solution that fixes the stain inside the cell. The bacteria is then washed with a clear agent such as alcohol. Gram positive bacteria take up the colour of the gram stain (violet) and cannot be counterstained whereas gram negative will not. This is an important method as it will allow scientists to determine which antibiotics will kill particular bacteria. Although using gram staining to identify bacteria another way is to identify the bacterium though its shape and cell arrangement, the most common shapes of bacteria include rod, cocci (round) and spiral. The bacteria used in the experiment ; Staphylococcus Epidermis is sphere shaped, Escherichia Coli is rod shaped, Micrococcus Luteus is sphere shaped and the Serrates Marsescens is rod shaped making them identifiable by their shapes. Bacteria is a fast growing organism, it can multiply and cover surfaces in a short amount of time. The way it multiplies is through binary fission, the result is the formation of two bacterial cells that are genetically identical. For...
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...Introduction: Biological organisms are classified uniformly in order to easily categorize and identify organisms. This classification, or taxonomy, uses the genus name followed by the species name, in Latin. By having a universal method of identifying bacteria allows for all scientists from any part of the world to identify the same species in an identical manner allowing for a precise of classification. Bacteria are distributed throughout the world in almost every conceivable habit. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms, with variable shapes and nutritional needs. They lack a distinct nucleus and occur singly or in chains or clusters and form distinct colonies. Bacteria are classified on the basis of many characteristics. Morphological and physiological features such as cell shape, motility, formation of spores and other distinguishable structures, and reaction to Gram stain is a good start in identifying bacteria. Other staining techniques such as Acid Fast stain are also useful in determining species. More important in identification of a genus and species of bacteria are biological tests, including the determination of the types of nutrients a cell can use, the products of its metabolism, and the response to specific chemicals. Other factors that can assist in identification of bacteria are their ecological habitats and more advanced methods such as genetic and molecular composition. Using various techniques one is able to distinguish and ultimately assign...
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...bacilli. The unknowns were inoculated in blood agar and Mac-conkey. Three types of colonies were seen in the blood agar. All the three organisms showed different hemolysis, as there were alpha, beta and gamma hemolysis present. In the mac-conkey, there was colorless colony that denotes lactose non-fermenter. Each colonies were then inoculated into different blood agar to do further testing. Organism A I. Microscope- Gram positive cocci II. Blood Agar – Beta hemolysis Complete hemolysis. III. Catalase test– Positive Presence of bubbles when catalase was added to the slide with the organism in it as it can convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. 2H2O2---- 2H2O + O2 The organism falls in the genus Staphylococcus or Micrococcus. IV. Coagulase test, Staphylococcus Latex test – Positive Clumping of the latex reagent seen within 20 seconds. The organism makes coagulase. These tests suggest that the organism is Staphylococcus aureus. So for confirmatory test, the organism was inoculated in mannitol salt agar and incubated. The result was yellow color colony (mannitol fermenter), which means it is S. aureus. Organism B I. Microscope- Gram negative bacilli II. Blood agar- Gamma hemolysis No hemolysis. III. Mac. Conkey- Colorless colony The organism does not ferment lactose. IV. Oxidase test- Negative The organism falls under enterobacteriacea. V. Indole test- Negative The organism does not metabolize tryptophan so no indole formation. This test...
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...correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: amutha_santhanam@yahoo.com; Tel.: 00604-6534818; Fax: 00604-6534803. Received: 25 July 2010; in revised form: 7 August 2010 / Accepted: 20 August 2010 / Published: 31 August 2010 Abstract: The antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L leaves, flowers, stems and roots were evaluated against some medically important bacteria and yeast using the agar disc diffusion method. Four Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringensis), four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and P. mirabilis) and one yeast (Candida albicans) species were screened. Inhibition zones ranged between 16–29 mm. Leaves extract inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms with large zones of inhibition, followed by that of flowers, which also inhibited all the bacteria except C. albicans. The most susceptible microbes to all extracts were S. aureus and Micrococcus sp. Root extract displayed larger inhibition zones against Gram positive bacteria than Gram...
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...Determination of Two Unknown Organisms From Sample number 16 Intro: This was an experiment to identify two unknown organisms from sample number 16. The importance of this experiment is to identify two differential bacteria that are commonly found in the world and in the presence of everyday life. Considerations of organisms that could be in the unknown tube include, but not limited to Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes, Serratia marcescens, Micrococcus roseus, Micrococcus luteus, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas fragi, and Escherichia coli. The goal of this experiment is to use scientific method by demonstrating proper lab techniques, observing and collecting data, then analyzing results to...
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...CONTAMINATION, PRESERVATION AND SPOILAGE OF SUGAR AND SUGAR PRODUCTS CONTAMINATION * The raw juice expressed from sugarcane may become high in microbial content unless processing is prompt. * The relevant microorganisms are those from the sugarcane and the soil contamination it and therefore comprise slime producers such as species of Leuconostoc and Bacillus representatives of the genera Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas; a variety of yeast, chiefly in genera Saccharomyces, Candida, and Pichia and a few molds. * Much contamination may come from debris or fine particles on the sides or joints of troughs at the plant. * If organisms grow to an extent then inversion of sucrose or even destruction of sugar may take place. * Activities of the organisms take place from cutting of the cane through extraction to clarification of the juice, a process which kills yeasts and vegetative cells of bacteria. * Bacterial spores are present from then on, through sedimentation, filtration, evaporation, crystallization, and centrifugation, but may be reduced in number by these processes, although spores of thermophiles may be added from equipment. * Bagging of raw sugar may also add some micro organisms. * During the refining of raw sugar contamination may come from equipment, and organisms are added during bagging. * In manufacture of beet sugar, clean beets are sliced into thin slices and the sugar is removed by diffusion process at 60 to 85 C. sources...
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...to identify the species of an organism from a given TSB broth culture. Each student was given an unknown sample, and each sample had an assigned ‘sample number’ for post-lab verification by the professor. My sample number was #18. A list of possible organisms was given before any tests were run and a chart with the accepted test results for each organism was given as well. To correctly identify the organism, multiple biochemical tests were performed until enough test results were collected to single out the correct organism from the given list. Also given at the beginning of the lab was each samples results for the VP test (negative for my sample). Through the process of elimination, I concluded that my sample must have been Micrococcus Luteus. Micrococcus Luteus is a cocci, gram-positive bacteria and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. This was seen in my gram stain and streak plate test results. Materials and Methods: The given result for the VP test and the results of the streak plate and gram stain helped eliminate most of the options for which organism the sample could have been. A MSA and EMB test were also run on the sample for confirmation that the sample was indeed M. Luteus. So a total of 4 tests were actually run, and one additional test was given. Materials: * Compound Microscope (with oil objective lens) * Glass Slides * Gram Stain Solutions (gram CV, gram iodine, ethanol, gram safranin) * Squirt bottle (for water) * Staining tray...
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...however, the environment in a wetland is not generally aerobic, except near the water surface and on submerged plant and root surfaces. 〖NH〗_4^++1.5O_2 →〖NO〗_2^- +H_2 O+2H^+ ------------Equation 2 〖NO〗_2^-+0.5O_2 →〖NO〗_3^- --------------------------------Equation 3 Temperature, pH value, alkalinity of the water, dissolved oxygen, inorganic carbon source, moisture, microbial population and concentrations of ammonium-N, all this are the factors which influence nitrification (Lee, 2009). After BOD, TSS, and coliforms, ammonia removal is the most common requirement imposed on wetland treatment systems. Denitrification is an anaerobic decomposition process in which organic matter is broken down by microorganisms (such as Pseudomonas, Micrococcus and Bacillus) using nitrate instead of oxygen as an electron acceptor. 〖2NO〗_3^-→〖 2NO〗_2^- →2NO →N_2 O→N_2 --------------------------Equation 4 Denitrification is influenced by many factors such as nitrate concentration, microbial specie, type and quality of organic carbon source, hydroperiods, the absence of O2,redox potential, soil moisture, temperature, pH value, presence of denitrifiers, soil type, water level, and the presence of overlying water. Denitrification contributes to 60 -70% of the total nitrogen removal in CWs (Reddy and D'angelo, 1997). In most cases, the requirement is related to the oxygen demand in the receiving stream, and the concern is the presence of the ionized ammonia fraction (NH4). Biological nitrification...
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...Discussion a) Gram Staining Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod- shaped bacterium. Initially the bacterium is stained purple by the primary stain, crystal violet. The alcohol which is used as a decolourising agent washes away the outer membrane and allows the crystal violet complex to wash out from the thin peptidoglycan, making the cell colourless. When the counterstain, safranin is applied, they appear pink. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and appear in cocci grape-like clusters. They have a very thick peptidoglycan layer that can retain the purple stain from crystal violet. The decolourising solution has no effect on this bacterium besides a slight drying effect on the wall, The pink counterstain does bind the cells but it is not seen because covered by a darker purple colour primary stain. Bacillus subtilis are Gram-positive rod shaped bacteria that appear as small chains or single cells. They have thick peptidoglycan layer that can retain the purple stain from crystal violet. Saccharomyces cerevisiae are circular which occur singly or in a group. They do not respond to gram staining due to their cell wall that consists of glucan and mannoproteins. They usually bind to the original dye, look blue but they are not Gram-positive. Thus, they are Gram non-reactive. Water isolates found in rod shaped and they are Gram-negative bacteria that stains pink after safranin applied due to the thin peptidoglycan layer. b) Acid fast staining Mycobacterium...
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...ROLES OF MICROORGS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT Introduction: Many of the microbes present in wastewater are beneficial. In fact, many wastewater treatment technologies are dependent on these beneficial microorganisms for remediation of wastewater so that it won't detrimentally impact the environment. One of the primary goals of biological treatment is the removal of organic material from wastewater so that excessive oxygen consumption won't become a problem when it is released to the environment. (Maier et al, 2009) Another goal of biological treatment is nitrification/denitrification. Nitrification is an aerobic process in which bacteria e.g Nitrosomonas sp, Nitrobacter sp oxidize reduced forms of nitrogen. Denitrification is an anaerobic process by which oxidized forms of nitrogen are reduced to gaseous forms, which can then escape into the atmosphere. This is important because the release of nitrogen to the aquatic environment can also cause eutrophication. (Willey et al, 2008) Another goal of biological treatment is elimination of pathogenic microorganisms either through predation or out-competition. The oxidation/stabilization of organic sludge is also of importance in biological treatment of wastewater. The oxidation of organic materials in the waste water before discharge into the environment can have profound effects on the maintenance of aquatic life and the aesthetic quality of waters. Biochemical oxidation reactions involve the conversion of organic material using...
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