...Ashley Weiss Chapter 9 / 10 quiz 1. The thick filament which contain myosin are located in the H zone, M line and part of the A zone which is what is used for muscle contraction. The thin filaments consist of two strands of actin subunits twisted into a helix plus to types of regulatory proteins; troponin and tropomyosin. The sarcomere is the contractile unit, which is composed of myofilaments which also contain the A band, I band, H zone, Z disk and M line. Myofibrils are rod like contractile elements that occupy most if the muscle cell volume. Composed of saromeres arranged end to end they appear banded. The muscle fiber which is composed of many microfibrils is enclosed in endomysium and under that is the sarcolemma which houses the nuclei. Tendons connect muscles to their bony origins and insertions. Aponeuroses are layers of flat connective tissue (fascia) separating muscles from each other. The SR contain mitochondria and glycogen granules stored in the sarcoplasm which are involved in producing the energy for contraction. The fascicle is composed of many muscle fibers and is enclosed in the perimysium; the muscle is composed of many fascicles and is enclosed in the epimysium. The tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum have sac like terminal cisterns and the T tubules run between those. Spots that contain a t tubule and 2 terminal cisterns are called a triad. An action potential is carried down the sarcolemma to the neuromuscular junction . There are very many...
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...SHARP AND STRONG >> GX FITNESS OPERATION Part 1 of 3, Fixed Circuit Fitness Training By SSG Ken and Stephanie Weichert RAPID RESPONSE™ ARE) (OPR HOOAH! SSG Ken and Stephanie Weichert 72 | GX VOL 5 : ISSUE 3 EVAN BAINES / ILLUSTRATION BY SEAMAS GALLAGHER, NICOLE SYLVESTER DEAR SGT KEN AND STEPHANIE, Hello, there! I have been following your workouts for a while. They are great! I am curre ntly stationed in Balad, Iraq. I am looking to strive for a 300 on my next APFT. I am wonderin g if you can give me some tips on how to reac ha 300 and help with losing about 10 lbs. I am 25 year s old. My goal is to get read y for both Warrant and Jump schools when I get back to the U.S. Thanks! —SG T James Ruks DEAR SGT RUKS, Hello! Thanks for the compliment! Your question is one of the most popular we receive: “How do I lose weight and get in better physical condition in a short period of time?” One way to accomplish this is by fitness circuits. We find that circuits are a great way to breathe new life into your workout routine. Operation Rapid Response (OPRARE) is a three-part answer to your question. In this issue, you will endure a full-body, military-style, 25-, 35- or 45-minute fixed circuit with no equipment that you can perform in a small space with other people or by yourself. We recommend adding OPRARE, part 1 of 3, to your fitness schedule at least twice a week for the next 30 days. OPRARE part 2 of 3 will include a free circuit performed with exercise equipment...
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...Cardiac Muscle Tissue and It’s Function There are different types of muscle tissue in the body. I will be focusing on cardiac muscle tissue and its functions. Cardiac muscle is located in the heart wall and its major function is to pump blood throughout the body. If you were to put cardiac muscle and skeletal side by side you would see that cardiac muscle fibers are shorter in length and less circular. They are described as: “Branched striated fibers with usually only one centrally located nucleus (occasionally two). (Jenkins&Tortora,(2012) p. 132) Cardiac muscle fibers connect to each other by intercalated discs. Intercalated disc are “Transverse thickenings of plasma membrane called intercalated disc which contain desmosomes and gap junctions.” (Jenkins&Tortora,(2012) p. 132) Desmosomes are the glue of the cardiac muscle they hold it together even through constant athletic movement. For example exercise, if there were no desmosomes in the cardiac muscle it would simple fall apart then minute you jumped on a treadmill or began and exercise routine. “Desmsomes strengthen tissues and hold fibers together during vigorous contractions.” (Jenkins&Tortora,(2012) p. 132) Gap junctions make it possible for action potentials to move through one muscle fiber to the next. “Gap junctions provide route for quick conduction of electrical signals throughout heart.” (Jenkins&Tortora,(2012) p. 132) We don’t have to tell our cardiac muscle to contract it does this all...
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...Muscle Fatigue: An Athletes Worst Nightmare Aschton Pitts English 101, Section 101 Ms. Kate Lavia-Bagley November 3, 2011 Muscle Fatigue: Chunks of bright green grass fly through the air. A man named Jimmy continuously digs his cleats into the ground. Jimmy is a professional soccer player who continuously strains his body to the max. He runs down a one-hundred-twenty yard field for ninety minutes straight-with little to no downtime. Blood, sweat and tears continuously drain from Jimmy as he constantly thrusts forward and accelerates to where he needs to be. Dribbling a ball down the field past defenders, while trying to focus on proper motion and footwork can be crazy. As he drives onward with dreams of a hatched white nylon in his future he keeps pushing. This starts to take a toll on Jimmy’s muscle groups. Lactic acid continues to build up in his abdominals and legs. Jimmy’s mind starts to wander as he thinks about his current exhaustion and fatigue. His rationale and decision making come into question by not only his coach but by his teammates as well. As the game wears on, Jimmy keeps pushing exerting energy with all his might. There then comes a point where his muscular frame cannot take the stress of physical activity anymore and he collapses. What is there to be done about the fatigue an endurance sport like this takes on his muscles, especially the brain? What elements fight against muscle fatigue, and what happens in their absence...
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...Tamara Maxwell Muscle Soreness In The Arm October 4, 2015 Basic Weight Training I Monday 9:00-9:50 In life people get older as they continue to grow and start to have soreness on their body. Soreness does not only occur to older people, younger citizens also go through problems. Children have more arm problems because they are more active than adults and their bones and muscles grow more quickly. This comes from continuous exercise without resting. Your body should get a certain amount of hours of sleep before you start another session. Minor arm problems, such as sore muscles, are common. These problems may be minor or serious swelling or cramps are some symptoms of the problems. You should avoid things that causes swelling such as hot shower, hot tubs and alcoholic beverages. After a couple of days if swelling is gone, apply heat and start a gentle exercise. Most times the pain let you know that you’re getting a good exercise in. It’s always a good thing that people workout you just have to pace yourself and not go to fast. Once your muscles start to swell you should apply an ice pack so it won’t continue and stop the pain. Treatments for arm pain caused by infection may include warm compresses and antibiotics. Elevation of the affected area can also keep it from swelling. A massage on the area can relieve the pain but do not if it hurt when you touch it. Your muscles are a major part of the body and they are used for everything that you do, so they might tight...
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...you have more than 600 muscles in your body, there are only three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac and skeletal. Each muscle helps to keep you in motion, your heart beating or signal a natural response in your body, such as the ability to keep your eyes focused. Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles are also known as involuntary muscles, meaning a person cannot physically will them to move. Instead, smooth muscles are controlled by involuntary responses in the brain and body. One example of smooth muscle is the digestive system, where muscles in the esophagus contract to move food down to the stomach and tighten when you have an illness that causes you to vomit. Other examples of smooth muscle include the uterus, the bladder and the muscle behind the eyes that keeps your eyes focused. In terms of appearance, smooth muscles are long, thin-shaped cells attached to bones in the body. Smooth muscles are also found in the blood vessels, helping blood to move around the body. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is also known as myocardium. Similar to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle. These muscles are thickened because they must contract frequently to move blood in and out of the heart. Cardiac muscle cells are quadrangular in terms of shape, and the muscles have striations resembling stripes or lines running through them. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are the voluntary muscles that allow you to control the movements of your body. Skeletal muscles also are striated and...
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...The human body is very complex and consists of various anatomical and physiological aspects. One such aspect that makes up the largest group of tissues in the body is muscle (Sherwood, 2013, p. 259). Muscles are identified as either striated or unstriated and either voluntary or involuntary. Of the various types of muscles, skeletal muscle contributes to 40% of the human body weight (Sherwood, 2013, p. 259). Skeletal muscle is controlled by the somatic nervous system, which means that it is a voluntary muscle. When considering appearance, it is a striated muscle meaning to say that it has alternating light and dark bands (Sherwood, 2013, p. 259). Skeletal muscle is made up several muscle fibers in which each muscle fiber consists of myofibrils,...
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...1-Why do skeletal muscles enter in a contracted state called “rigor mortis” a few hours after death and last for up to 72 hours? Skeletal muscle enter a contracted state called rigor mortis because the skeletal muscles are only able to partly contract. The muscles are not able to relax, so the joints are fixed in place. Rigor mortis can be used to help estimate the time of an individual’s death. The onset of rigor mortis may range from ten minutes to several hours. Maximum stiffness is reached around 12-24 hours after death. 2-You are watching a football game and suddenly, a player falls to the ground without any other player touching or tackling him? Explain what happens and why? A football player falls to the ground without any other player touching or tackling him because he had a muscle cramp. Muscle cramps can happen without muscle injury. They are involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. Muscle cramps can be due to poor blood cicculation in the legs, overexertion of the calf muscles while exercising, insufficient stretching before exercising, muscle fatigue, dehydration, or magnesium and potassium deficiency. 3-Every year in March, the LA Marathon gathers a big crowd and lots of participants. In the middle of the run, you notice that some players fall to the ground, although they Had a good start and seemed to be the favorites. Why did this happen and what is the explanation of this occurrence? Although they had...
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...group’s objective was to measure the force output in the unit of Newtons (N) and Electromyography (EMG) output of an isometric hand contraction squeezing a ball in four varying wrist angles. This experiment was created with the intention to help us better understand how muscle force varies when muscle length varies. The title of the experiment is the “Length-Tension Experiment”. The Length-Tension relationship in anatomy refers to how the number of crossbridges depends on the amount of overlap between thick and thin fibers. Optimum amount of overlap will result in the greatest amount of tension. The optimum amount of overlap can be determined by the length of the sacromeres when the muscle is contracted. If the muscles are too stretched when contraction occurs, myosin will pull away from the actin and prevent cross bridge formation. Conversely, if muscles/sacromeres are too short at contraction cannot conduct signal efficiently because the crowded thin filaments disrupt the t-tubule’s arrangement in the myofibers. It is also essential to comprehend the relationship between myosin and actin. Myosin (thick filaments in sacromere) grabs onto actin (thin filaments in sacromere) and pulls, creating tension in the muscle. The contraction is caused by the previously described interaction between actin and myosin, resulting in the thin filaments being pulled closer to the M line of the sacromere, widening the zone of overlap between the two more and more until the sacromeres are fully shortened...
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...Muscle tissue of animals consists of many different proteins that create the substance of meat, which is regularly consumed by humans. Muscle contraction results predominantly from the interaction of two prevalent proteins, actin and myosin. Actin and myosin help form the muscle fibers that cause the muscles to contract. These two proteins make up the structure of muscles that is collectively found in all animals. When these two proteins are heated they begin to break down and denature. Myosin breaks down and denatures at a temperature of 104F in fish and 122F in meat (Potter, 2010). The break down of myosin renderers the substance being cooked, appetizing and palatable. Actin denatures around 150F in meat and in fish around 140F. (Potter,...
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...1. Muscle spindles - Provide sensory information about changes in muscle length and tension of muscle fibres - They primarily respond to any stretch of a muscle and, through reflex response, initiate a stronger muscle action to reduce the stretch - Two sensory afferent fibres and one motor efferent fibre services the spindle 2. Golgi Tendon Organs - Golgi tendon organ connects up to 25 extrafusual fibres near the tendon’s junction to the muscle - Golgi tendon organs discharge impulses under two conditions: - 1: in response to tension created in the muscle when it shortens - 2: in response to tension when muscle is stretched passively - When stimulated the Golgi receptors conduct their signals rapidly into the spinal cord to elicit reflex inhibition of the muscles they supply -...
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...Frog Skeletal Muscle S ta rted 2:10 p m Au g 4, 2014 Exercise 1: T witch Recruitment Using the Ho rizo ntal Co mpressio n butto ns and the scro ll bar, display the data yo u wish to include in yo ur repo rt. 1. As yo u increase vo ltage to the muscle describe ho w it respo nds to the increased stimulus. Answer St udy Quest ions 2. What was the smallest vo ltage required to pro duce a co ntractio n (the thresho ld vo ltage)? What pro po rtio n o f the fibers in the muscle do yo u think were co ntracting to pro duce this small respo nse? Answer 3. What was the smallest vo ltage required to pro duce the maximum (largest) co ntractio n? What pro po rtio n o f the fibers in the muscle do yo u think were co ntracting to pro duce this maximal respo nse? Answer 4. What do yo u co nclude happened to the number o f fibers co ntracting as the vo ltage was raised fro m thresho ld to that required to pro duce a maximal co ntractio n? Answer 5. In light o f the all o r no ne law o f muscle co ntractio n, ho w can yo u explain the graded respo nse? Answer Exercise 2: Effects of Stretch Using the Ho rizo ntal Co mpressio n butto ns and the scro ll bar, display the data yo u wish to include in yo ur repo rt. 6. Describe ho w the iso lated muscle behaved as it was stretched pro gressively. Answer St udy Quest ions 7. What effect do es stretching the muscle have o n co ntractio n strength? Is this effect linear? Answer 8. What stretch resulted in...
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...Muscle Cars It has been said that racing began once the second car was built. NASCAR started the “race” of the American muscle car in 1947. Due to the growing interest in power and speed, General Motors introduced the 1949 Oldsmobile Rocket 88. America’s first high compression overhead-valve V8 was put into the light body of the Oldsmobile, creating the first muscle car. American’s take pride in owning the biggest, most eccentric vehicles. Due to the gas prices in other countries such as Europe and Asia, they are less likely able to afford these large, gas thirsty vehicles. Americans have been infatuated with making cars faster and even more powerful since the Rocket 88, therefore, the muscle car is a huge symbol of American culture. Muscle cars were being produced by many different manufacturers in the early 1950’s, including Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford and Pontiac. In the 1950’s bigger was considered better. These muscle cars gained weight and inches with every year that past. Gaining weight meant losing speed, the cars required larger engines, but still weren’t fast enough for the buying market. Each manufacturer had a different idea to enhance performance and boost power. Chevy only offered fuel injection, Pontiac offered fuel injection and “tri-power”, and Ford offered supercharging. Dodge went in at a different angle and offered a power up “D-500” engine for every 1956 model they had. In 1955, Chrysler C-300 AKA “America’s Most Powerful Car” became the star of NASCAR...
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...Four potential causes of muscle pain: tension- muscles of the body remain semi-contracted for an extended period; stress - pressure or tension exerted on a material object; overuse- the result of repetitive micro-trauma to the tendons, bones and joints; minor injuries- when the body sustains an insignificant injury Three Diagnostic Procedures used for muscle disorders: Electromyography (EMG)- uses small needle electrodes to measure the electrical currents in a muscle as it contracts; Muscle biopsy- requires the removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for microscopic analysis and the procedure is done either surgically, with an incision to expose the target muscle or with a needle; Genetic tests- using a blood sample, can analyze the person’s...
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...Most Productive Muscle Building Exercises Detailed look at the most potent muscle building exercises, as well as a body part by body part breakdown. Stop wasting time in the gym and start getting results! Workout is made up of only so many sets and exercises. Constructing a workout without a purpose and without the use of the best available tools will only waste your time. If you want to gain muscle and strength at the fastest rate possible you will need to choose the best possible exercises. The following exercises are the best of the best. You will notice that they generally fall into three categories: 1. Barbell Exercises. 2. Dumbbell Exercises. 3. Body weight Exercises. When you begin to explore the muscle building workouts on Muscle &...
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