Utilizing the Internet and various sources, research the .NET Framework to answer the following questions:

• When was the .NET framework created?
• What is the common language runtime (CLR)?
• What is the difference between .NET and ASP.NET, if any?
• What languages currently comprise the .NET language? o Compare and contrast each language against the other.

The .NET Framework in the late 1990s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000 the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released. The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework and is responsible for managing the execution of .NET programs.

.NET is an object-oriented language. You use namespaces to get specific classes you need to use to do your work, and you use subroutines and functions to determine how the server processes user input. ASP.NET is an object-oriented, event-driven programming model for Web pages. Like all .NET programs, you can write ASP.NET pages in any of the four supported languages.

1.APL - is an interactive array-oriented language and integrated development environment, which is available from a number of commercial and noncommercial vendors and for most computer platforms. It is based on a mathematical notation developed by Kenneth E. Iverson and associates that features special attributes for the design and specifications of digital computing systems, both computer hardware and software.

2.ASNA Visual RPGRPG.NET - ASNA Visual RPG for .NET (AVR) is the only RPG compiler available for .NET. It produces native, verifiable, .NET assemblies and integrates very tightly with Visual Studio

3.Boo Codehaus Boo – python inspired syntax - Boo is a new object oriented statically typed programming language for the Common Language Infrastructure with a python inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. 4.Fujitsu COBOL - Fujitsu and Micro Focus currently support object-oriented COBOL compilers targeting the .NET framework.[5]

5.Micro Focus Cobol NetExpress - Net Express with .NET enables use of the highly productive Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 for the development of COBOL applications that can harness the full power of the Microsoft .NET Framework. Using a combination of strong COBOL compatibility and innovative language enhancements, enterprises can reuse existing COBOL assets across the enterprise, while also extending them into the .NET Framework. Developers can now build programs more efficiently, delivering greater business agility as IT departments can meet business needs at a faster pace. This will increase software developers’ productivity, freeing up more resource to develop further projects.

6.Microsoft C# - Microsoft Visual C# is a programming environment used to create computer applications for the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. It combines the C# language and the .NET Framework.

7.F# (a mixed functional/imperative anguage based on Caml from Microsoft Research) - F# brings you type safe, succinct, efficient and expressive functional programming language on the .NET platform. It is a simple and pragmatic language, and has particular strengths in data-oriented programming, parallel I/O programming, parallel CPU programming, scripting and algorithmic development. It lets you access a huge .NET library and tools base and comes with a strong set of Visual Studio development tools. F# combines the advantages of typed functional programming with a high-quality, well-supported modern runtime system.

8.Eiffel - The design of the language is closely connected with the Eiffel programming method. Both are based on a set of principles, including design by contract, command-query separation, the uniform-access principle, the single-choice principle, the open-closed principle, and option-operand separation. 9.Delta Forth - is a non-standard Forth dialect. It has several limitations over traditional standards; however it may be an excellent starting point for beginners. The traditional compreter approach of other implementations did not appeal when the Delta dialect was designed since computers evolved enormously since the original Forth specification was written. Instead, we deal with compiled programs and thus several original Forth words – mainly related to chained execution - have lost their meaning.

10.Lahey/Fujitsu Fortran for .NET - Fortran for .NET allows you to create applications for the Microsoft .NET Framework. Lahey and Fujitsu have combined advanced compiler technology with support for Forms designers and Web Services to enable Fortran organizations to develop .NET applications with Fortran as easily as with other Microsoft .NET languages. Fortran for .NET consists of a Fortran compiler and associated tools designed to help you create applications that run in the .NET Framework.

11.Salford Fortran - Fortran for Windows you can create console based, conventional Windows® and Microsoft .NET applications. Silverfrost FTN95 is the only compiler that can produce Microsoft .NET applications that can use the full Fortran 95 language.

12.Hugs98 Haskell - Hugs 98 is a functional programming system based on Haskell 98, the de facto standard for non-strict functional programming languages. Hugs 98 provides an almost complete implementation of Haskell 98. Hugs provides most of the common extensions including scoped variables, multiparameter typeclasses, foreign function interface, etc. Hugs is exceptionally portable. If Hugs can't be installed on your machine, report it as a bug! Hugs comes with almost all the same libraries as GHC. Hugs and GHC both work on portability between the two - most code that works on one compiler works on the other without change.

13.Glasgow Haskell - is an open source native code compiler for the functional programming language Haskell. The lead developers are Simon Peyton Jones and Simon Marlow. It is distributed along with the Haskell Platform.

14.Microsoft J# - programming language is a discontinued transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge and applications on .NET Framework. In programming, J# can work with Java bytecode as well as source so it can be used to transition applications that use third-party libraries even if their original source code is unavailable. It was developed by the Hyderabad-based Microsoft India Development Center at HITEC City in India.

15.Microsoft Jscript - is a modern scripting language with a wide variety of applications. It is a true object-oriented language, and yet it still keeps its "scripting" feel. JScript 8.0 maintains full backwards compatibility with previous versions of JScript, while incorporating great new features and providing access to the common language runtime and .NET Framework.

16.Microsoft clisp (bundled with Framework SDK) - includes an interpreter, a bytecode compiler, debugger, socket interface, high-level foreign language interface, strong internationalization support, and two object systems: Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) and metaobject protocol (MOP). It is written in C and Common Lisp. It is now part of the GNU Project and is free software, available under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).

17.Oberon - Oberon is very much like Modula-2 in its syntax, but is considerably smaller. Oberon's feature simplicity leads to considerable space and coding efficiency for its compilers. The full language can be specified in a page of EBNF. The Oberon report is, at 16 pages, about a third of the size of the Modula-2 report, and one of the early full compilers was only about 4000 lines long. Unlike Modula-2, it has garbage collection.

18.ActiveState Perl.NET - ActiveState providse an alternate solution to make legacy Perl code available from within the .NET Framework. A new component of the Perl Dev Kit allows programmers to create a stub proxy object within the .NET Framework, but with the actual code running outside .NET using the traditional Perl interpreter.

19.ActiveState Python.NET - is a CPython distribution for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, AIX and HP-UX, distributed by ActiveState. Since version 2.6.3.7, ActivePython comes with PyPM (cross-platform Python Package Manager) that is used to install binary Python packages[1]. ActivePython also includes PyWin32 and several other documentation/tutorials for Python.

20.Mark Hammond Python.NET - Mark Hammond's add-on that includes the Win32 API, COM support, and Pythonwin extensions. It's available from the pywin32 project on SourceForge.

21.Mercury.NET - Mercury is a purely declarative logic language. It is related to both Prolog and Haskell.[1] It features a strong, static, polymorphic type system, as well as a strong mode and determinism system. The official implementation, the Melbourne Mercury Compiler, is available for most Unix platforms, including Mac OS X, as well as for Microsoft Windows (in Windows, it requires one of the Cygwin or MinGW toolsets, and can be compiled either with GCC or Microsoft Visual C++).

22.Mondrian - Inspired by the abstract artist Piet Mondrian, Piet is a programming language that converts programs into abstract geometric paintings. Programs are made up of 20 different colors, and then read by the compiler based on hex values to run a program.

23.Component Pascal - Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985.

24.TMT Pascal - is a high leveled strongly typed ANSI-compatible programming language that supports structured and object-oriented design. The TMT compiler is a fast compiler for the Pascal language.

25.IronPython - IronPython is an excellent addition to the .NET Framework, providing Python developers with the power of the .NET framework. Existing .NET developers can also use IronPython as a fast and expressive scripting language for embedding, testing, or writing a new application from scratch.

26.Microsoft IronPython
27.Tachy – subset of Scheme - Scheme-like language coded in C# for .NET framework. First implementation is interpreter, compiler is planned. Main focus: programming language learning, experiment. Kept as small (now under 1000 lines) and simple as possible. Open source, BSD license.

28.HotDog Scheme - The Hotdog compiler aims to compile the Scheme [4] programming language to both virtual machines. This would immediately make Scheme portable across a vast range of devices and operating systems. Furthermore, it would give Scheme programmers access to an enormous and still growing library of code. Finally, Scheme programs will share in the progressive performance improvements made by virtual machine technology. Both the Java Virtual Machine and the .NET Common Language Runtime offer convenient, though imperfect, platforms for the Scheme language.

29.Smalltalk SmallScript - Compared to conventional programming languages such as C or Pascal, Smalltalk has an unusual syntax. Objects are employed to represent everything in Smalltalk, including all the conventional data types that may be found in any programming language: such as integers, Booleans, floating-point numbers, characters, strings, arrays. In addition to this, objects are used to represent display items such as menus, windows and even the compiler itself. Smalltalk is therefore described as a uniformly object-oriented language. Smalltalk language was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1970s, the programming environment greatly influenced the development of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. Cincom has an extended version of Smalltalk-80 called VisualWorks (derived from the original ParcPlace version

30.SML.NET - SML.NET is a compiler for the functional programming language Standard ML that targets the .NET Common Language Runtime and which supports language interoperability features for easy access to .NET libraries.

31.QKS Smalltalk [dead] - Smalltalk, and indeed object-oriented technology are only now gaining wide-spread popularity in academic institutions. New implementations continue to appear with QKS Smalltalk Agents.