...Canadian Confederation Introduction. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867 .By the middle of 19th century, The United Province of Canada and the Maritime colonies remained separated by the long distance and had an extremely few ways of the communication [Riendeau 156]. This led to absence of economical relations between the east and the central colonies [Riendeau 156]. For two decades the British North America colonies came to the realization that their continued growth and the survival independently of “a powerful and ambitious neighbour, would depends on the breakdown of isolation and a convergence of their diverse interests” [Riendeau 156]. Most historians, who describe the period before 1867, divide the reasons that led to the Confederation into few general groups such as: the coming of the railway age, which made transcontinental transportation and communication feasible, the British withdraw as an imperial force, the willingness of the USA to annex its northern neighbour, the political deadlock of the United Canada, the rise of a Maritime union movement, the necessity to extend a territory for agriculture. This, all together, created unique situation when the British North colonies received the opportunity to create new nation is known as “the Dominion Canada” [Riendeau 156]. Let’s look what were the main reasons for that. 1. External Factors. 1.1 British impact. 1.1.1 The change of trade...
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...Prussia’s War against Germany, 1866 On 1 August 1864, King Christian of Denmark ceded all rights to the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia and Austria. They passed under a joint Austro-Prussian military occupation, pending a formal decision concerning their future by the German Confederation. All of this was formalized with the 30 October 1864 Treaty of Vienna and by all appearances it appeared a new day had dawned for Austro-Prussian relations. In the afterglow of a successful war, it seemed like the inauguration of an era of joint cooperation between the two German powers. This is what Austria desperately wanted. Bismarck however had other plans. Bismarck’s objective was to annex both duchies to Prussia and to neutralize Austrian influence in the German states once and for all. In Bismarck’s prophetic words of August 1864, “War was inevitable.” Already in 1863 Bismarck had suggested to the Russians that Prussia might soon launch a massive preemptive strike on the Habsburg Empire exactly as, “Frederick the Great had in 1756.” As per Bismarck’s calculations, the Austrians were at an awful geopolitical disadvantage. The duchies were extremely remote from Austria, over 800 miles away. Vienna was only lukewarm about keeping a military presence in Holstein. The situation on the ground was even more tenuous with the presence of a Prussian military communication and railroad corridor running directly through Holstein to resupply the Prussian garrison in...
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...HISTORICAL ESSAY #1 Confederation and Constitution The Articles of Confederation was agreed to by Congress on November 15, 1777 and was ratified and in force on March 1, 1781. By the year 1787, this new government had fallen short of the expectations of the people it was intended to govern. The weaknesses in The Articles of Confederation were numerous and had, in the thinking of many prominent men of that time, failed and would lead to a state of anarchy. There was such a sense of urgency to amend it that there seemed to be an atmosphere of panic among many of our Founding Fathers. John Dickenson and fellow members of the 2nd Continental Congress, weary of monarchy rule, had created the Articles of Confederation as a listing of twelve specific Powers given Congress by which to govern. Legislation required nine votes to pass. Each state had only one vote and this was problematic to the larger states, as their problems, more often than not, were based on a larger population and it was not unusual that the smaller states didn’t understand or want to pay for the solutions. Some lesser acts did not require nine votes to pass, but simply a majority of those present. Acts of Significant Consequence did require nine votes. The trouble with all of this was that even if nine votes could be achieved, there was no enforcement of law to be implemented by Congress. Congress could make law but not enforce it. It could charge states for their share of national...
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...The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of constant debate among historians. Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and emphasize the European background, or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier. In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native peoples.[1][2] Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive, mostly from England, after 1600. The Spanish had small settlements in Florida and the Southwest, and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. In the 1760s the British government imposed a series of new taxes while rejecting the American argument that any new taxes had to be approved by the people (see Stamp Act 1765). Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party (1774), led to punitive laws (the Intolerable Acts) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts. American Patriots (as they called themselves) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty, virtue, and opposition to corruption, fancy luxuries and aristocracy. All Fourteen colonies united in a Congress that called on them to...
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...reasons for the War were. A Nation Divided In 1861 the American Civil War erupted after many years of conflicts between the North (the Union) and the South (the Confederacy). These conflicts included western expansion, States rights versus federal authority, and slavery. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 seven Southern states (South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama) declared their succession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Four more states (Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and Arkansas) joined the Confederation after start of the Civil War. The Confederates wanted to remain slave State. The Union wanted to bring the country back together as one single, unified nation. Why the North Won the Civil War In 1860 he South’s population was 1/3 slaves. The South relied heavily on the slave trade and not only wanted but needed the slave trade to continue for economic purposes. They wanted to become and independent nation so they succeeded from the Union. This succession divided the country into two, the North and the South, which in turn began the bloodiest wars in American history. There were three advantages the North had over the South. One, the Unions population was 22 million and the Confederates population was seven million. Two, the North had factories, the industrial revolution was taking...
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...crossroads of our being. Burns, K. & Burns, R. (Writers). (1990). Episode 1: The cause (1861). In K. Burns (Producer), The Civil War. Arlington, VA: Public Broadcasting Service. What I think Foote meant in this quote was that we are free today because of the Civil War. If it had not been for the north and south fighting we would not be free today. Indivisible Union The north and the south wanted control of the states. The states wanted to relinquish control to the federal government. I think that Foote was saying that with the Civil War we were able to gain control. If it had not been for all the fighting with the north and the south we would not have came to any agreement. So one thing that had a lot to do with the Civil War was slavery. Northerners felt slavery was essentially against what America stood for, Southerners depended on slavery to maintain their economy. The south wanted to keep slavery while the north wanted to end slavery. The conflict resulted in the South wanting to secede from the Union and exist as a collection of Confederate states acting as their own country. The North (Union) insisted on keeping the United States in-tact and abolishing slavery from the South. After four to five years and a collection of bloody battles, the...
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...Constitution of the United States of America was written at a convention held in Philadelphia in 1787. At this convention fifty-five delegates were chosen to amend the articles of confederation. The two major conflicts of the Philadelphia Convention were how each state was to be represented in congress, and how slaves were to be counted towards representation in the House of Representatives. The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan both presented very different ways of representation. The Virginia Plan proposed that representation be based on population, for a more proportional vote, but the New Jersey Plan proposed that each state has one vote, for a more equal vote. In order to resolve this issue of representation, a new plan was accepted that called for a congress of two houses: in the upper house, or Senate, representation of the states would be equal, with each state having two senators; in the lower house, or House of Representatives, representation would be apportioned according to population of each state, so the states with more people would get more representatives. This was known as the Great Compromise. Now that representation in the house was based on population, a new issue arose. How slaves should be counted towards representation. The South wanted to include slaves in order to get more...
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...role of individuals explain the outbreak of the German Wars of Unification? The German Wars of Unification can be blamed on a myriad of reasons however the pragmatism of Otto Von Bismarck often allowed him to take advantage and shape the course of German history. Conversely it would be remiss to state that Bismarck was solely responsible for the German Wars of Unification, nationalist elements as well as growing calls for liberalism all spurred the way for the beginning of a German state. Compounding this was the economic prosperity of Prussia, as Prussia grew economically stronger it diminished Austria’s sphere of influence in the region. This would also spur calls for greater German unity whilst isolating Austria. Prussian ambition can be first seen to rival Austria with the creation of the Zollverein. Prussia in 1818 created a law to integrate Prussian customs systems onto neighbouring small states, over the next fifteen years through a complex mixture of threats and concessions the Prussians managed to create a concrete policy that would lay the foundations for the Zollverein. In 1833 the Zollverein was created and most importantly Austria was firmly excluded. The importance of this is summed up in Metternich’s quote “a smaller rival confederation..which all too quickly will become accustomed to following its own objectives with its own means”. Metternich’s fears would eventually become a reality, this is reiterated by the historian Treitschke who states that the...
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...According to the US History Scene website, the Articles of Confederation gave the states full ruling power over themselves on any matter that was not explicitly mentioned by Congress; and that was where all of the Articles of Confederations’ problems began. Because the states had so much self-governing power, there were problems with economic disorganization, legislative inefficiencies, and a lack of central leadership (Brackemyre, n.d.). The US History Scene website told me that there were three main organizational problems. First was the fact that they could not levy taxes to raise funds. The states were permitted to create taxes to pay for their self-government, and to pay the government the fees owed, but the government itself was not allowed to create taxes to pay off the military and other debt incurred during the Revolutionary war. This was a problem because even though the states were supposed to pay the government monies based off of their land value, often it was not paid. Next was fact that the government had little control over trade. The only control granted was in regards to the Natives, and only then if it did not infringe with the states. The government dealt with foreign treaties (as long as they were not trade related), and the states had complete control over all things trade related (except treaties). This caused problems because each state did what was best for them, and there was no unity as a country. The third and final problem was that there was no universal...
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...mid-17th century to the mid-18th century, Britain was at many wars with France, Netherlands, and Spain. These nations dragged the Native Americans into their power struggles as the wars reached the New World. Native Americans faced challenges to trade, peace, and relations with each other and with European settlers in both allying with and waging war against European settlers. However, a few turned these challenges to their advantage. In allying with one European country and not the other, Native Americans faced hostility and conflicts with the other. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain was fighting both France and Spain. It allied with the Creek Indians in the Carolinas to attack Spanish settlements in the New World, specifically Spanish Florida. This alliance with Britain resulted in Spanish aggression towards the Creeks. However, even the alliance with Britain could not stop hostility between the English settlers and the Creeks; the Creeks rebelled against the English settlers after the latter ordered the natives to pay trade debts. Farther up north in the New England region, Mohawk Indians allied with the...
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...INDIA’S REGIONAL DIPLOMACY: NEW IMPERATIVES “The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War “Diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way that they ask for directions.” -Winston Churchill Introduction 1. India's regional policy, like its economic and international policies, has been facing continuous adverse criticism. Without well-defined and transparent national interests, a national aim and a proper doctrine to support these, it has ended up with vague and blurred goals. Besides, it has remained geared to the doctrine of nonalignment- a philosophy based on wishful thinking, self righteousness, a convenient substitute for hard thinking and decisions. 2. The old order based on a bipolar world achieved the objective of peace, or limiting the extent of conflicts after the Second World War. However, justice and prosperity eluded the old order because of international interests of superpowers. Presently, the world is experiencing transition to a New World Order, with no super power as the centre of the power hub. What then will the new order seek, now that ‘geo-economics’ has overtaken geo-politics. It is therefore imperative for us to know as to what is the role of India in Asian context, and how India’s regional diplomacy will affect the overall politico-military role of the country. Background 3. India being the largest democracy and the second most populous nation in the...
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...International Marketing MKT 466- Country Paper Switzerland Including Sunglass Campaign Presented by: Eileen D. Klingsiek Fall Semester 2009/2010 International Marketing MKT466 Country Paper- Switzerland 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 2.1 History 2.2 Geography 2.2.1 The three main regions 2.3 Climate 2.4 Demographics 2.5 Religion 2.6 Culture 2.7 Infrastructure and Environment 2.8 Education 2.9 Politics 2.10 Foreign Relations and International Institutions 3.0 Hofstede’s Cultural Model 3.1 Individualism/ Collectivism 3.2 Uncertainty Avoidance 3.3 Power Distance 3.4 Masculinity/ Femininity 4.0 Sunglass Campaign 4.1 4.2 Lifestyle & Leisure 4.3 Climate 4.4 Infrastructure 4.5 Product Price Range 4.6 Product Positioning 4.7 ` Potential Market/ Target Market Media Strategy 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Personal Reflection 7.0 Work 2|Page International Marketing MKT466 Country Paper- Switzerland Introduction Every Marketing campaign starts with devising the “4 – Ps,” price, product, promotion and distribution. Being successful in business in the international sector understands and adapts to one individual idea: culture. Culture is the most influential uncontrollable environmental force in international marketing (Cateora and Graham, 2007). Due to the fact that the world is ethnically diverse and each ethnicity holds their own traditions, a...
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...Congress for statehood and ignited a controversy over slavery and a balance of power in the Senate that would span two sessions of Congress and threaten the dissolution of the Union and a civil war. Prior to the Missouri question, the Union had eleven free states and eleven slave states, each with two Senators. The Missouri Territory, carved out of land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, covered an expanse of land just north of the Ohio River and just west of the Mississippi (these rivers joined in the southeastern corner of the territory). According to the terms of the Ordinance of 1787, which prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, the Missouri Territory was designated a free territory, but many of the settlers had brought their slaves with them when they settled the area and were determined to enter the Union as a slave state. With the growing abolitionist sentiment in the North and the South pressing to legalize slavery, permitting Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state would tilt the power of the Senate in favor of the South and make the realization of legalizing slavery more attainable. Since 1809, the issue of slavery had been relatively quiet, but Missouri’s request to enter the Union as a slave state just at the nation was beginning to expand westward, thrust the question of slavery back into the spotlight of national politics. A set of compromises, known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820, allowed Congress to avoid a resolution on the issue of slavery...
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...taxation without representation C. Initial skirmishes 1. Writs of assistance against smuggling 2. Proclamation of 1763 3. Sugar Act 4. Revenue Act 5. Currency Act D. Stamp Act crisis 1. Provisions of Stamp Act 2. Indignation in colonies 3. Taxation and representation; increasing opposition a. Virginia resolutions b. Stamp Act Congress c. Boycott of British goods d. Public demonstrations e. Committees of Correspondence f. Sons of Liberty g. Crowd actions 4. Breadth of opposition a. Colonial elites b. Middling ranks c. Laboring classes 5. Repeal of Stamp Act; passage of Declaratory Act E. Internal colonial disputes 1. Tenant uprising in Hudson Valley 2. Tenant uprising in Green Mountains 3. Regulators in South Carolina 4. Regulators in North Carolina II. The road to revolution A. Townshend crisis 1. Provisions of Townshend duties 2. Colonial response, home-spun virtue a. Revival of boycott on British goods b. American-made goods as symbol of resistance c. Reawakening of popular protest B. Boston Massacre 1. Stationing of troops in Boston 2. The massacre 3. Popular indignation C. An uneasy calm 1. Repeal of Townshend duties; withdrawal of troops from Boston 2. Lifting of boycott 3. Persisting suspicions of Britain 4. John Wilkes controversy 5. Anglican church rumors D. Tea and Intolerable Acts 1. Tea Act a. Roots in global commercial developments b. Contents 2. Colonial response a. Resistance in ports b. Boston Tea...
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...As one of the earliest settlement areas in North America, the Maritime region has been an emblem of heritage roots throughout the course of Canadian history. Often referred to as a symbol of regional sovereignty, historians have labelled the Maritimes as a pioneer of the earliest commerce and trade activities. It is for this very reason that many have alluded to the Golden Ages of the Maritimes, a period marked by regional economic growth. With a pre-existing maturity in the fishing, logging, farming, and shipping industries, the technological improvements brought by industrialization at the turn of the 19th century led to the boom of industrial bases for steel and coal markets. This enabled the three provinces to capitulate their geographical advantage since the area was abundant in coal deposits, and lead to one of the wealthiest expansions in Maritime history. As Acheson famously points out, the local attitude was that despite transportation problems, it would still become the industrial centre of Canada because only it had commercially viable iron and coal deposits, and only it could control Montreal fuel resources. Why then, did the end of an era dominated by manufacturing lead to an economic stagnation that left a permanent imprint over the course of the century? Over the years, historians and economists alike have deemed a variety of factors as accountable for the general economic backwardness that prevailed. While some of these academic research pose contradictions amongst...
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