...Organelles are components of eukaryotic cells, which act as functional units. A simple eukaryotic cell comprises of many organelles such as the mitochondria, vacuole, or nucleus. These organelles are responsible for the preservation of the cells function and vitality. Each organelle is dutiful to a specific role essential to the cell, and thus the greater organism. However, which of these organelles is the greatest contributor to cell vitality is widely debatable. Fundamentally, there is one organelle whose important outweighs the rest: the nucleus. This article will present the argument that the nucleus’ importance overrides every other organelle. Firstly, the unique role of the nucleus and its importance will be presented. Then the function...
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...Structures in All Eukaryotic Cells We're going to start with eukaryotic cells even though they tend to be more complex than prokaryotic. But, there is a method to our madness: you are a eukaryote and have eukaryotic cells, so we thought you might relate better. And, eukaryotic comes before prokaryotic alphabetically. Come up with whatever reasons you want for it, but eukaryotes are up first. Tough cookies. Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function A cell is defined as eukaryotic if it has a membrane-bound nucleus. Any organism composed of eukaryotic cells is also considered a eukaryotic organism. Case in point: You. Biologists do not know of any single organism on Earth that is composed of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. However, many different types of prokaryotic cells, usually bacteria, can live inside larger eukaryotic organisms. Creepy, but true. We humans, for example, have trillions of bacteria living in our colons, not to mention in our mouths and stomachs and small intestines and…you get the picture. Despite the fact that we have gobs of prokaryotic cells living inside and on us, humans are still categorically eukaryotic organisms. Deal with it. This means that all human cells, including those found in the brain, the heart, the muscles, and so on, are also eukaryotic. Here is what one of these little guys looks like: OK, we are slightly impressed. That is a lot of stuff jam-packed into something we can't see too well with the naked eye. All of...
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...Unit 1.3 Task 1a Cell membrane – The cell membrane is a biological membrane that’s job is to separate the interior of a cell from all of the cells in the outside environment. It is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules. It also controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell. The function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane can be found in plants and animal cells. Cell wall – The cell wall is a very flexible but tough layer that surrounds some types of cells. It can be found on the outside of a cell on the outer layer of the cell membrane. It provides cells with structural support and protection. The major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel. This prevents...
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...kind of cells, which are eukaryotic and prokaryotic. I will be informing you about the different types of eukaryotic organelles as well as which are membranous and which are not. Eukaryotic cells have quite a few organelles working inside of them. The Eukaryotic cells consist of several membrane-bound organelles which include the nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, vacuole and cytoskeleton. The plasma membrane is created up of two layers of phospholipids. This organelle is the border for living cells and the cells non-living neighbors. It oversees what comes and goes in and out of the cell. In the plasma membrane you will find that it is nested with proteins and lipids. The proteins observe and sustain the cell’s chemical climate and help with the movement of molecules across the membrane. Of course, all of the organelles are responsible for their own duties, however, the nucleus is the most significant of all the organelles because the majority of DNA in eukaryotic cells reside here. The nucleus is the largest of all the organelles. It seems to be dense and has a spherical shape. The nucleus holds all of the information that cells need in order to grow, reproduce, and to function. The nucleus has multiple responsibilities including keeping the cell’s DNA from harm, it aids in exchange of DNA and RNA between the nucleus and the remaining of the cell, and it produces ribosomes, and stores protein. The next organelle I’m going...
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...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures 1. Animal Cell: [pic] |Number |Cell Structure |Description and Function | |1 |Nuclear Pore |Nuclear pores are large protein structures that cross| | | |the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane | | | |inclosing the eukaryotic cell nucleus. The function | | | |of a nuclear pore is to control the way of molecules | | | |between the nucleus and cytoplasm, allowing some | | | |material to go through the membrane. | |2 |Chromatin (DNA) |Chromatin is the combined material of DNA and | | | |proteins. Chromatins are what make up the entire | | | |nucleus of a cell. The function of a chromatin is to | | |...
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...Lori Stenbeck Bio K121 June 14, 2012 Animal and Plant Cells Introduction: There are two different types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic, such as bacteria, lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of a single molecule of singular DNA. Eukaryotic, such as plant and animal cells have a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic structure consists of one or more linear strands of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The typical plant cell has in addition a cell wall, a rigid structure made up of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane. Most animal cells are mostly filled with cytoplasm, whereas the plant cell has much of its volume taken up by a central vacuole containing water, salts, sugars and other compounds. The purpose of this experiment is to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also to distinguish among plant and animal cells and identifying the organelles that are evident in them. Eukaryotic Cells: Plant Cells: Elodea: When viewing the Elodea (also known as pond weed) it was easy to distinguish it was a plant cell due to its rectangular shape. The cellular organelles that were observed were a cell, wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. The nucleus was located off to the side of the cell. This was assumed to be because of the large central vacuole. As the slide began to...
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...Cells, Exchange and Transport Cell Structure State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; | Light microscope | TEM | SEM | Resolution | 200nm | 0.1nm | 0.1nm | Magnification | X1500 | X250 000 | X100 000 | Explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Magnification: How much bigger the image is than the specimen. Resolution: How detailed the image is and how well a microscope can distinguish between two different points. Explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; Objects need to be stained because they can sometimes be viewed as completely transparent under a microscope. The stain is taken up by some parts more than others and the contrast makes the different parts show up darker than others. Calculate the linear magnification of an image; Magnification = length of image/ length of specimen Describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma (cell surface) membrane, centrioles, flagella and cilia; Nucleus: Large organelle Nucleolus: spherical structure inside...
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...is a cell? A cell is the smallest unit of life. 2. How have microscopes contributed to the study of cells? Microscopes have led to the discovery of cells, have allowed us to differentiate structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, have allowed us to study the organelles that make up a eukaryotic cell, and have even let us watch some basic cell functions as they occur. 3. What are the main components of cell theory? The main components of cell theory are that all life is made of cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of life, and that all cells come from preexisting cells 4. Describe the differences between light and electron microscopes. The light microscope can be used to study living organisms, does not distort structures, can show structures in stained color, and is less expensive than the electron microscope. However, the light microscope lacks much of the magnification and resolution of the electron microscope. 5. Which molecules and structures occur in all cells? All cells have DNA, proteins, RNA, ribosomes, a watery cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. 6. Describe adaptations that increase the ratio of surface area to volume in cells. Adaptations that increase the surface area to volume ratio include elongated or flattened cell shapes. An efficient transportation system, a water-filled vacuole, and improved efficiency help cells sidestep surface area limitations. 3.2 1. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? ...
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...Prokaryotes The prokaryotes area group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane bound nucleus. They are unicellular organisms, although a few such as myxobacteria have multicellular stages in their life cycles or create large colonies like cyanobacteria. Prokaryotes do not have a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria,or any other membrane bound organelles. In other words, all their intracellular water soluble components(proteins, DNA, and metabolites) are located together in the same volume enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular compartments. Prokaryotes include 2 major classification domains of life are the bacteria and the archaea were recognized as a domain in 1990. These organism were originally thought to live only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of temperature,PH and radiation but have since been found in all habitats. Ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However two organelles found in many eukaryotic cell. The genome in prokaryote is held within a DNA or protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex contains a single, cyclic, double stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplast. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis takes place across the prokaryotic cell membrane. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. They also...
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...Why We Study the Cell and Its Components The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Some organisms like bacteria have only one cell while other organisms are multi cellular. It is important to study the cell and its components because it enables understanding of our own life and opens up windows of opportunity for the future generations. Understanding cells and their component functions allows for better understanding of disease and the possibility of cures or better treatment options. Biologists study the cell in healthy and diseased states to develop new vaccines, medicines, plants with improved qualities and to gain a better understanding of how all living things live. The study of cells and its components is also helpful in solving crimes through forensic science. In biotechnology, the study of cells is used to clone plants and animals, and with time possibly for the production of organs. In studying cells it is important to know what organism the cell comes from. There are two types of cells, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The prokaryotic were the first type of cells to evolve. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; bacteria are the best known prokaryotic cells. Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms. The eukaryotic cell is much bigger and contains membrane bound compartments where metabolic activities take place. The components of the cell include, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton...
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...Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes cell Cell theory states that all organisms are made of one or more cells. There are two basis types of cell: prokaryotes, which do not contain a nucleus, and eukaryotes, which have a true nucleus. The difference between the structure and functioning of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered, by some, to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. However, if we are to believe the endosymbiosis theory and that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes there must also be some fundamental similarities. A significant similarity is the fact that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same genetic material (DNA) and genetic code to store and translate genetic information. But this genetic information is arranged very differently within the two types of cell. In eukaryotes the DNA is packed into chromatins and sequestered within a double membrane bound organelle, known as the nucleus, and is easily seen using a microscope. On the other hand, prokaryotes lack this distinct nucleus and nucleur membrane but instead have a nucleoid, which is an irregularly shaped region within the cell where the genetic information is localised in the form of a, usually circular, double strand of DNA. Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes are also known to have additional small satellite structures of DNA called plasmids. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes also contain ribosomes which are the organelles responsible for accurately translating this...
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...Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells | | Part of our definition/description of what it means to be a living thing on Earth includes the assertion that living things are made of cells and cell products. In other words, we consider the cell to be a pretty fundamental structural aspect of life. Cells in our world come in two basic types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. "Karyose" comes from a Greek word which means "kernel," as in a kernel of grain. In biology, we use this word root to refer to the nucleus of a cell. "Pro" means "before," and "eu" means "true," or "good." So "Prokaryotic" means "before a nucleus," and "eukaryotic" means "possessing a true nucleus." This is a big hint about one of the differences between these two cell types. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclei, while eukaryotic cells do have true nuclei. This is far from the only difference between these two cell types, however. Here's a simple visual comparison between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell: This particular eukaryotic cell happens to be an animal cell, but the cells of plants, fungi and protists are also eukaryotic. Despite their apparent differences, these two cell types have a lot in common. They perform most of the same kinds of functions, and in the same ways. Both are enclosed by plasma membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and loaded with small structures called ribosomes. Both have DNA which carries the archived instructions for operating the cell. And the similarities go far beyond the visible--physiologically...
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...Evolution Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix Biology The scientific study of life Emergent properties New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. Systems Biology An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. Eukaryotic Cell A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. Prokaryotic Cell A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. Gene A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Biosphere The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems. Ecosystems All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them Community All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage...
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...A cell can be defined a eukaryotic cell if it has a membrane-bound nucleus. All of the organisms we will able to see with the optic are composed of 1 or a lot of eukaryotic cells, with most having more than one. All eukaryotic cells have • DNA AND RNA • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm, including the cytoskeleton The Nucleus and Eukaryotic Genetic Material The nucleus is the control Centre for a cell. The nucleus stores all the information the cell must grow, reproduce, and perform. This knowledge is contained in a long chain of molecules of polymer. One amongst the functions of the nucleus is to safeguard the cell’s polymer from injury. Chromosomes area is placed within the nucleus and is primarily organized structures of polymer and proteins. Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane The semipermeable membrane in eukaryotic cells is answerable for dominant what gets into and out of the cell. A series of...
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...illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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