...Bradley Kingery & Malik Barber 2/14/16 BIO 103-AC01 Professor John Law The Skeletal System Osteoporosis Summary Osteoporosis is a disease that makes bones fragile and more susceptible to fracture over time. It occurs when your body is losing bone cells faster than it can produce them, causing the bones to thin. It effects about half of all women over age 65, and close to one-fifth of men over 70. The most common injury in osteoporosis is ‘dowager’s hump,’ which is caused by the collapsing of the bones of the spine. This causes the curvature of the spine that the disease is so infamous for. Other common injuries include forearm fractures, knee fractures, and hip fractures which are often disabling and sometimes even fatal. On average, the United States spends around $14 billion on osteoporosis every year, according to the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Many people think of bones as hard, stone-like objects. Bones are actually living, growing tissue made up of cells that are constantly being lost and replaced. There are three major components that form bones and keep them strong: calcium, collagen, and living bone cells. Collagen is a protein that gives bone flexibility, calcium keeps them strong and solid, while living bone cells are constantly replacing old ones. Many people wonder how bone grows if it is constantly being lost and replaced. The answer is that children and teenagers actually form new bone faster than they lose old bone. Even when teens have...
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...Definition Senior nutrition addresses the special dietary requirements of the elderly. Although wise food choices and a balanced diet are essential for older adults to maintain a healthy lifestyle and to promote longevity, there are various obstacles that prevent or limit seniors from practicing and benefiting from good eating habits. Such obstacles include loneliness, depression, economic concerns, lack of cooking skills or desire to cook, inadequate nutritional knowledge, reduced capacity to absorb and utilize nutrients, oral/dental problems and difficulty in chewing, loss of appetite, and eating/nutrient complications due to the use of various medications. In addition, older adults need certain vitamins and nutrients to aid in the maintenance of their health. Description Healthy eating and regular physical activity are necessary to maintain good health at any age. However, older persons, especially after the age of 50, often experience various obstacles that prevent them from following healthy diets. They experience reductions in metabolism (the rate at which the body burns energy) and changes in physiology that significantly affect their nutritional needs. The metabolic rate of an individual can decline as much as 30% over the lifetime, and lean muscle mass can decrease by as much as 25%, accompanied by an increase in body fat. These changes often require the use of lower calorie diets as well as changes in nutritional intake. Therefore, changes in habits, including...
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...framework was used as Caldwell et al (2010 pg e1) argue that “ frameworks assist the novice healthcare practitioner with learning about approaches to research by giving consideration to aspects of the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms.” This framework was chosen as it is comprehensive and covers points/questions raised during the critiquing process, although it is important to remember that it is not a definitive checklist and other questions may be asked during the critiquing process. The method, results and discussion sections of a qualitative research article by Weston, J.M., Norris, E.V., Clark, E.M. (2011). ‘The Invisible Disease: Making Sense of an Osteoporosis Diagnosis in Older Age’, Qualitative Health Research, 21(12), pp. 1692-1704, will be critically analysed following a critique of the article...
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...OSTEOPOROSIS NAME INSTITUTION Physiology There are various conditions that contribute to osteoporosis in people. Some of them include gender; women face an automatic risk for osteoporosis as compared to men. The National Institutes of Health (2014) explains that osteoporosis affects more that 150 million women worldwide. This is due to the fact that women have a lower bone density than men and that they lose bone mass far quicker as they age thus leading to osteoporosis. Statistics shows that women between the ages of 23 and 77 lose a third of their hip bone density. Having a larger body frame is indeed advantageous since it equates to having large bones to support the mass hence greater bone density. Age as well plays a role a condition that contributes to osteoporosis. The older one gets, the greater the risk of osteoporosis since one's bones start losing mass. Research has indeed shown that race or ethnicities are risk factors for osteoporosis. Asian and Caucasian women are likely to have this condition as compared to the others (NIH, 2014). The argument lies in the fact that most Asian women do have a smaller frame having a lesser bone density. In the same manner, one’s family history determines if they will develop this particular condition. Osteoporosis is hereditary in that if a family member had this condition; the odds that you will have the same problem are high. Dietary issues are also known to contribute to the development of osteoporosis. Having...
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...NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES AMONG CLEMSON UNIVERSITY STUDENT-ATHLETES A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Nutrition by Ashley Nicole Dunnigan May 2010 Accepted by: Beth Kunkel, Committee Chair Gail Delicio Karen Kemper i ABSTRACT Participants in this study were 95 Clemson University student-athletes who were currently on the varsity men’s and women’s soccer, tennis, track and field, and swimming and diving who completed a survey on nutrition knowledge and attitudes. The mean total point score on the survey was 17.48 + 1.71. The mean score on knowledge questions on the survey was 11.59 + 3.14 or 46.3%. Females had a slightly higher mean score (12.3+ 3.03 or 49.2%) than males (10.9 + 3.13 or 43.6%) on the knowledge questions. The mean score on attitude questions was 5.89+ 1.67 or 58.9%. Females had a slightly higher mean score (6.19 + 1.53 or 61.9%) than the males (5.60 + 1.76 or 56%) on the attitude questions. A multiple regression analysis for impact of sport, gender, class rank, previous nutrition course, and eating situation on total score on the survey gave an overall R2 of 0.174 (F= 3.75, p= 0.004). There was no significant unique effect of class rank (p = 0.084), sport (p= 0.079), and eating situation (p= 0.079) for this model. The unique effect of gender (p= 0.003) and taking a nutrition course (p= 0.036) were statistically significant. Even though...
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...Fluoride Fluoride is mineral, traditionally known for its use in keeping our teeth clean, strong and preventing tooth decay. Although Fluoride helps our teeth, it does not help with the growth of our bodies, so is not practically considered a mineral essential for health and well being. It has been around for a long time and it is used in today’s society a lot. Fluoride was discovered by Henri Moissan in 1886, a French chemist that found fluoride in a hydrogen fluorine gas mix. It wasn’t discovered to help with tooth decay until 1936, when they did a study with fluoridated water in cities in Colorado Springs. Our bodies only need a small amount of fluoride in our bodies and 95% of that can be found in our skeletal system. The way fluoride helps our teeth is, by interacting with calcium and phosphate to help mineralize broken down tooth enamel. It has been found that children that consume a sufficient amount of Fluoride when their teeth are starting to develop and come through, have greater protection from tooth decay for the rest of their lives. Fluoride not only helps protect our teeth by prevent decay; it also helps strengthen our bones. Our body absorbs fluoride through the stomach and small intestine, for where it eventually ends up in our bloodstream. Once there it gets into our bones and teeth, and doesn’t build up in our soft tissue. Fluoride deficiency has been proven in communities where fluoridated water has not been introduced yet. It has been proven that...
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...immigration of younger people. The Hispanic race is growing in the United States which will add to the diverse old population. This growth change will create difficulties for policy makers and programs such as Social Security and Medicare. Both Social Security and Medicare are necessary for the elderly to survive. We need to ensure that our government enacts legislation that helps us and preserves our way of life, most important, Social Security and Medicare. Because there is less funds given toward the elderly through Social Security and Medicare, there are people working through their retirement years in order to survive. There are seven health challenges related to aging; Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome, Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Falls, Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease also known as CVD, Vision and Hearing Loss, and Memory and Emotional Well-being. Two trends that will increase...
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...experimenting with different ways to satisfy the same cravings. There is no need to be anything to love great plant based foods. Being vegetarian is not about an ascetic “lifestyle” that carries with it promise of being a better, purer person. It is not about abstinence and “taboo” foods. Carefully grown and lovingly prepared, vegetables can be the most satisfying food imaginable. Most vegetarians believe that they are eating healthy because their diets consist of mainly fruit, vegetables, grains, and nuts. Others believe that it is okay to eat certain types of meat. Did you know? There are actually there are several types of vegetarians. Most people hear the word vegetarians and automatically think “ Rabbit food”. Well that is just not the case; let me give you some insight on the different types. Vegans are the most controversial of the three. These types of vegetarians do not eat meat of any kind. Including excluding any types of foods derived from animal products or animal products of the finished process such as sugar, and some wines. Pesco-vegetarians, this category has three types itself. The first one here to start with is the ones who do not eat beef, chicken, or pork, but will eat fish. The second type here is called Polo- these types eat no red meat, or fish, but they will eat chicken. Finally in this list we have what are called Pesco-polo which eat no red meat, but will eat chicken and fish. Lacto- ovo vegetarians (being Latin for “lacto”-...
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...Nursing Fundamentals Case Study - Nutrition You are the nurse in an outpatient clinic. Your client is Amy, a 16-year old admitted with acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Amy is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 110 lbs. Amy recently decided to become a vegetarian. She is turned off by the sight of beef or other meats. Her main diet is chips, soda, and cheese pizza but she said that she is tired of it and hasn't eaten well lately because of a sore throat. Amy's hemoglobin (Hgb) level is 10.1 g/dl. Normal Hgb for a female is 12-16 g/dl. Her albumin level is 3.2 g/dl. Normal is 3.5-5.0 g/dl. 1. Calculate Amy's weight based on Rule of 5 for females or BMI (Body Mass Index). Is she underweight or overweight? -Amy’s BMI is 18.9; therefore, she is at a normal and healthy weight. 2. What may be appropriate Nursing Diagnoses? -Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements. -Deficient Knowledge of Adequate Nutrition Intake. 3. What are the recommended servings for each of the following according to the Food Pyramid? o Bread and Cereal Group: 6 -8 servings per day. o Fruit Group: 4-5 servings per day. o Vegetable Group: 4-5 servings per day. o Milk, Yogurt and Cheese Group: 2-3 servings per day. o Meat, Beans, Eggs, and Nuts Group: Less than 6 oz. per day and 4-5 servings of nuts per week. o Fats, Oils, and Sweets: 2-3 servings per day of fats and oils and 5 or fewer servings of sweets per week. 4. What nutrients are especially important for adolescents...
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...Individual Case Study Database Patient Profile D.K. is 78 year old female who is quite pleasant. D.K. was admitted into Healthsouth on November 3, 2008. D.K.’s admitting diagnoses are Debility, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Triple Arthrodesis on the right hind foot, GERD, Constipation, Hypertension, and Osteoporosis. I was the student nurse assigned to care for D.K. on clinical day November 10, 2008. Communication D.K.’s primary language is English, her speech is within normal limits and she had no difficulty communicating. The therapeutic communication techniques I used in communicating with the client were touch, eye contact, and open ended questions. The touch communication technique was very effective because it showed the client compassion towards the vulnerability the client was experiencing in the hospital. The client had excoriated skin located on her pubis, the primary nurse wanted the client to leave her undergarments off in order to let the skin to heal through air. The client was extremely vulnerable and a simple touch to the client’s hand gave the client a sense of compassion. I also used eye contact, maintaining eye-contact during conversation shows respect and willingness to listen. (Potter, P.A. & Perry, A.G., 2009, p. 345). This technique gave the client a feeling of comfort that someone was listening to her which prompted the to client open up and spoke to me about her life and her family. Using eye-contact with the client gave her a sense of trust in sharing...
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...Nutrient Source and Significance SCI/220 May 14,2013 Jason Roberts Nutrient Source and Significance The key component to living a full and health life is getting the proper amount of nutrition to be healthy. Nuts, fruits and vegetables, provide our bodies nutrients that keep your body healthy. Deep fried foods, and foods made with many of sugar and processed foods, such as the cakes that are bought in the stores and salty snacks. It has been proven such foods may slow a person’s ability to think properly. When eating carbohydrates choose the brown or green ones those are the good ones, whole wheat bread, sweet potatoes, brown rice are the good carbohydrates. White bread, white pasta, white potatoes, and white rice are the bad carbohydrates. There is an exception to the rule, cauliflower is good. The carbohydrates should mainly be made up of unrefined complex starchy and fibrous carbohydrates. There must use self- discipline to Limit things such as sugar and sweets and try to eliminate refined carbohydrates altogether from your diet. Your diet should be made up of unrefined complex carbohydrates. The molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function cells are lipids. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes certain vitamins. When most people think of lipids its negatively because they are associated with fats. Although some lipids have the classification as fats, lipids...
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...Vulnerable Populations-Part 1 Jane Doe University of Phoenix Nursing 531 June 25, 2012 Georgetta Baptist A vulnerable population is defined as “those at risk for poor physical, psychological, or social health” (de Chesney, 2012). There are many vulnerable populations and this paper will concentrate on the elderly. According to Walsh (2009), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), states the elderly are considered anyone 65 years old or older. With the increased lifespan of elderly, there have become new demographics of young old (65-74), old (75-84), and oldest old (85 & over), and the frail old (anyone over 65 with physical or cognitive disabilities). The US census bureau estimated in 2011, the population of elderly persons 65 and over living in the U.S. to be 311,501,917. Between 2000 and 2010, the population 65 and over grew at a faster rate than any other population in the United States, 15.1% compared to 9.7% of the rest of the US population. Thirteen percent of the population is elderly; 55.2% are married, 32% live with family members, 51.7% are female, 48.3% are male, 60% are white, 17% are black, 18% are Hispanic, and 5% are other races. Education wise, 10.9% have less than a 9th grade , 10.3% have attended between 9th and 12th grade but did not receive a diploma, 36.4% are high school graduates, 20.6% have some college, and 22.5% have Bachelor’s degree or greater. It is estimated that elderly between the ages of 65-84 are doubling as the baby...
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...recommendations may be associated with better health outcomes. However, optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have not been defined. This review summarizes evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density (BMD), lowerextremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer. For all endpoints, the most advantageous serum concentrations of 25(OH)D begin at 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), and the best are between 90 and 100 nmol/L (36 – 40 ng/mL). In most persons, these concentrations could not be reached with the currently recommended intakes of 200 and 600 IU vitamin D/d for younger and older adults, respectively. A comparison of vitamin D intakes with achieved serum concentrations of 25(OH)D for the purpose of estimating optimal intakes led us to suggest that, for bone health in younger adults and all studied outcomes in older adults, an increase in the currently recommended intake of vitamin D is warranted. An intake for all adults of 1000 IU (40 g) vitamin D (cholecalciferol)/d is needed to bring vitamin D concentrations in no less than 50% of the population up to 75 nmol/L. The implications of higher doses for the entire adult population should be addressed in future studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:18 –28. KEY WORDS 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D intake, bone density, lower-extremity strength, colorectal cancer INTRODUCTION suppression of PTH or optimal calcium...
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...Case Study hip Fracture NSG/340 Case Study Risk Factors for Hip Fracture Age, sex (women>men), osteoporosis, poor nutrition (decreased in calcium & Vitamin D), smoking, medications (such as cortisone), limited or very little physical activities or brittle bone area all risk factors. Risk Factors for Hip Fracture related to S.P. *Age/Sex (women>men), *smoking, *medication (prednisone), *limited activity. Post-surgical anticoagulation S.P. is receiving Lovenox and Coumadin as thromboprophylaxis, a common practice after surgeries. Lovenox is used to prevent clot formation and will be an injection form, while Coumadin is taken orally, interferes with the synthesis of vitamin K clotting factor. In addition, it is recommended because of increase with coagulation factor. Anticoagulation is continued for approximately 30 days. INR is measured with the use of Coumadin with a goal of 2-3. A (arthroplasty) versus O (open reduction and internal fixation) A is also known as total hip replacement. O is metal pins, screws, rods and plates are used to immobilize the fracture. A is replacement of the entire hip joint with a prosthetic (artificial) joint system. Intraoperative blood salvage a. The blood that is lost from surgery is immediately re-administered to the patient. b. The blood lost from surgery is collected into a cell saver. c. The salvaged blood must be reinfused within 6 hours of collection. Postoperative problems Dislocation of the hip, infection...
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...Student Examination into the Causes, Treatment, and Prognosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Anitra Swann Baltimore City Community College Professor McNair AH 130 October 18, 2011 Abstract Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a heritable disorder of bone formation resulting in low bone mass and a propensity to fracture. It exhibits a broad range of clinical severity, ranging from multiple fracturing in utero and perinatal deaths to normal adult stature and a low fracture incidence. The disorder is currently classified into seven types based on differences in bone architecture. In addition to its primary effect on the skeletal system, the alterations in connective tissue may affect several extra skeletal structures, such as the cardiovascular system, sclera, middle and inner ear, tendons/ligaments, and central nervous system. Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta also have a greater incidence of airway anomalies, cardiovascular anomalies, and increased incidence of perioperative bleeding, easily fractured bones and teeth. Treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta by bisphosphonate therapy can improve bone mass in all types of the disorder, and while not being a cure for the disorder does improve the quality of life of the patient. This paper will examine the causes, treatment, and prognosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Student Examination into the Causes, Treatment, and Prognosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an abnormally brittle bone disease that is inherited...
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