...(BMA) Supervisory Board Member President of Afghan Social Researchers Association (ASRA) Work Experiences Business Unit Manger & adjunct Trainer, AUAF-PDI Technical Adviser, FinTRACA- Da Afghanistan Bank Custom Analyst- Ministry of Finance Official of Treasury Department- Ministry of Finance Education: Global MBA plus finalist of ACCA- Continuous BSc from Oxford Brookes University Certified Accounting Technician (CAT) 1. Purpose and format of the financial statements INTERPRETATI ON OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. Users of the financial Statements 3. Profitability Ratios & Interpretation 4. Liquidity Ratios & Interpretation 5. Gearing Ratios & Interpretation 6. Limitations of ratio analysis Accounting: Definition Is the process of Recording Classifying Summarizing Interpreting in journal in ledger and in Financial Statements financial information in order to make decisions Financial Statements Financial Statements present information about The financial position of an entity Its financial performance during accounting period Its cash flow Financial statements are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Statement of Financial Position Statement of Comprehensive Income/income statement Statement of Cash Flow Statement of changes in Equity Notes to the Financial Statements Elements of Financial Statements Statement of Financial Position shows the financial position of an entity as at a particular...
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...The choice of inventory accounting methods, specifically for the case of FIFO and LIFO, has developed into a decision, which includes varying consequences and comes with specific implications and benefits, such as communicating private information with FIFO (Hughes, and Schwartz, 1988, p.42) or tax benefits for the choice of LIFO (Morse and Richardson, 1983, p.125). Every firm and manager has to face the decision of which accounting method to choose, and has to include several aspects into their decision making process and weigh the pros and cons in general. However, the empirical evidence (Frankel and Hsu, 2015, p.48) shows some controversies as to what inventory accounting methods firms decided to use in the past, even though the theory would...
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...ACC 700 How Technology Will Change the Accounting Profession Charles Duell, the director of the U.S Patent Office at the beginning of the twentieth century, prophesied that "everything that can be invented has been invented." Looking back, one can only laugh at the irony of this statement and the sheer amount that has actually changed since then. However, amidst the laughter, a question is raised: is it possible that today’s businesses believe what Duells said, that there is nothing more to come? Today, companies have access to some of the most groundbreaking technology, but are they truly taking advantage of it? One field that has changed dramatically over the past few years is the accounting profession, especially Certified Public Accountants (CPAs). Are CPAs staying on top of the latest technology that can greatly assist them in doing their job? For a better understanding of how technology directly affects the CPA profession one can simply look at the changes that have occurred over the past few decades, what a current office should be using, along with checking out the technological advances and how they will affect the career of CPAs in the next ten to twenty years. Not only is the accounting world changing, but the courses that an individual must study on the road to becoming a CPA, are also rapidly changing. The objective is to better prepare new graduates with a better understanding of the technology that will soon be such an integrated part of their lives. Courses...
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...Accounting Coca-Cola Jeffery Bloom December 15, 2013 Introduction This paper discusses an unusual or conflicting accounting principle, which has affected the chosen for profit organization and of course the analysis of its revealed monetary statements for the past two monetary years. The paper conjointly discusses the functions of each one of the departments of the organization and their strengths and of course the weaknesses. The organization that has been chosen during this paper is Coca-Cola enterprises Inc. The organization will be the highest manufacturer and the distributor of its bottled liquid refreshment. It’s involved with non-alcoholic refreshment. The financials of the organization for the past 2 years clearly show that the organization is practicing okay. Financials of the Company The net operating revenue as to the organization within the whole money year 2012 was $ 21, 807 million whereas the money year 2013 it really has dipped slightly too actually $21, 645 million. This has not affected the gross profit as to the organization that has shown a rise of $268 million. Within the whole money year 2012 the organization showed a net loss other then it bounced back and turned the loss within the whole profit within the whole money year 2013. The losses within the whole money year 2012 were because of the further indirect expenses incurred from the organization. The accounting principles that are set from the finance department as to the government needs...
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...Accounting Information System ACT 564 Homework Problem 1.1 Information technology is continually changing the nature of accounting and the role of accountants. Write a two-page report describing what you think the nature of the accounting function and accounting information system in a large company will be like in the year 2020. When thinking about the future of accounting and the accounting function and accounting information system, it is hard to imagine what it will be like in the future. We have come so far in such a little time technology wise. The year 2020 isn’t that far off into the future if you actually think about it and so much is bound to change! Though as a side note, if I started thinking about the Mayan calendar and how they believe the world will end on December 21, 2012. If this is true, will there even be the year 2020 to look forward to? I can remember my cousin, who is an accountant, doing all her work on paper and in a book. She always stayed late to make sure she wouldn’t get behind on her work. Now ten years later ninety percent of her work is all on the computer. Not only does this save her time but it can also make things easier when automated. In the next eight years, I believe that ninety-eight percent will all be done on the computer. The only thing that will need to be hands on or on paper will be backup copies in case something happens to the computer database. I expect large companies will only need maybe two accountants...
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...THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION PAPER JEANETTE SANDERS XACC/210 JUNE 8, 2014 RICHARD VINCENT Abstract THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION PAPER Thirty years age most financing accounting was done by hand, which indeed left a long paper trail. “Currently, most accounting information is recorded via computers and wide area networks (Journal of Accountancy, 1994). Technology has changed the face of accounting over the last fifty years. It is unclear whether technology’s has an impact on accounting which can be interpret as being positive and negative. It is clear that technology has changed the accounting period. Some of the impacts of technology are either positive or negative which are simply changes, The impacts of technology on accounting field has been positive, negative and neutral, but the impact results cause an demand on the profession to confirm ti the changes but sudden results ti cause a huge demand the profession to conform to the changes. The advantage of technology is the various tools that it has provided. One example would be computer-integrated manufacturing, communications technology, Image processing and the Internet. An example of the many tools of technology whose purpose is to provide detailed and correct information in a short period of time. The advantage of technology is computer-integrated manufacturing technology. Computer –integrated manufacturing has a significant and positive...
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...things simple, develop routines and get into good habits. People sometimes worry that financial management will be a very complicated, difficult and intellectual process. But in fact the best financial systems are very simple and easy to follow. The more complicated the system, the greater the chance that something will go wrong or that someone will make a mistake. Remember, the legal responsibility for financial management lies with every member of your management committee and not just the treasurer. Your management committee and members must know who is responsible for the financial tasks in the organization and these should be clearly defined in your trustees' written roles and responsibilities Financial controls Which accounting system? Reserves Budgeting Cash flow Book keeping Petty cash Bank reconciliation Finance reports Annual accounts Glossary Financial controls are the written rules and procedures for financial control and management that all organizations should have. Financial controls should cover, for example, who can sign cheques, who maintains the cash books, and how petty cash is administered. Some of these rules will be laid down by the constitution (or, in the case of registered companies, memoranda and articles of association) and others may simply be unwritten understandings, or ways of working traditionally adopted by the management committee or staff of the organization. Accounts can be simple or complex it's...
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...Effects technology has on the accounting profession Sarah Holly ACC/210 June 29, 2015 Sander Moran Effects technology has on the accounting profession “The number one benefit of information technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people be productive. It lets people learn things they didn’t think they could learn before, and so in a sense it is all about potential,” Ballmer (2001-2015). Accounting is the language of business. The way accounting is handled has changed so much through the years. Technology is always changing and making accounting better and easier. Technology has increased the efficiency and the accuracy in accounting as well as improving the security of accounting data and speeding up the process of the manual accounting tasks. The first attempt at something to assist with accounting was the adding machine. Once the adding machine was successful, the introduction of a calculator came into play. The calculator was designed to make information more accurate. Accountants still had to keep track of so much through paper and pencil because calculators and adding machines could not do it all. Near the end of the twentieth century, we were finally bringing in computers and different software that would help accountants with their many tasks. Microsoft Excel makes it possible for accountants to keep track of so much information by spreadsheets. This technological advance has made it possible to...
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...This paper emphasized on cost and performance measure of the company. The Marketing Science is 4* journal ranked by ABS, is published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences which members by practitioners. Erin Anderson passed away in 2007 where her last position was the professor in INSEAD. She has written two books and over forty articles related to marketing and management field. Her research focused on the issue involved in sales and marketing related to motivation problem, structuring and controlling the sales force. For the early stage, the sample for this paper generates by 1980 Audit of Brand Recognition. District sales managers from 16 companies have responded to the questionnaire. The district sales manager has average six years’ experience in selling and the firm environment. The result from this paper has supported the firm to use direct sales force especially when company produce a complex product and involve in confidential data. Additionally, the firm able to utilise direct sales force to do non-selling support to provide feedback and support to the client. As for the easier-to-sell product, the direct sales force is more cost-effective. The concerned by the firm engaging sales representative agent is the dependency...
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...Paper Trail Accounting for Louie’s Cocktail Lounge Abandoning the Paper Trail Accounting Method for Louie’s Cocktail Lounge Lisa L. Hollis Keller Graduate School of Management Introduction The purpose of this proposal is to examine new accounting methods for Louie’s Lounge, eliminating the paper trail that has become the norm for this establishment. The implementation of a new and improved method for accounting reasons will be thoroughly discussed with the revelation of how the new method can be beneficial to the company. One of the issues that is now being faced by Louie’s is the long and unwinding paper trail of receipts hand written by some of the vendors that currently do business with Louie’s. This proposal will shed some light on how Louie’s can also alleviate the pile of unorganized receipts and other major business financial records that currently reside on the desk of management. Another purpose of this proposal will be to show Louie’s a new method of keeping track of inventory. In order to stop wondering where all the profits are going, with the equipment/software introduced in research will keep Louie’s on top of monitoring inventory to keep profits inside the lounge. Purpose of the Proposal The purpose of this proposal to show Louie’s Lounge a few cost efficient ideas to bring the business up par with keeping and maintaining records to keep the business thriving for possibly another 45 years. This paper will also indicate ways that the new...
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...Accounting Standards Boards Paper Cynthia Danford Accounting Theory & Research ACC/541 Christine Errico April 30, 2012 Accounting Standards Boards Increased globalization in the business world has brought to fore some of the issues and challenges that multinational businesses face in financial recording and reporting of foreign based operations. With operations based in different countries that operate under different accounting principles and with varying currencies, there has been a need for the accounting principles and standards to be converged. This has in the past nine years seen the accounting policy making suggesting a complete overhaul in the way financial statements are reported and a convergence between the US's generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This has been through various meetings between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), two boards which determine these accounting standards. This paper therefore evaluates the history of the two boards and their relationship and looks at IASB equivalents to FASB original pronouncements. It also describes how a Master of Science in Accounting would prepare a student for an accounting profession. History of...
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...the rapid and accurate flow of information is vital to accountants. This is where AIS or Accounting Information Systems come in, this practice was originally handled “in house” by most businesses, but as technology changed and businesses became more web based, software packages from developers such as Microsoft and Oracle are sold to assist businesses with their accounting needs. AIS was developed for the collection, storage, and processing of financial and accounting data. In most organizations A.I.S. are made up of interrelated components that interact to achieve a common goal. Throughout this paper we will look at the history of AIS, why the A.I.S. is important to corporate America, and what future developments are necessary to move ahead with the system History of the AIS In order to understand Accounting Information Systems better it is important to break down what the term really means and why it is so important in modern day accounting. The development of AIS dates all the way back to Babylon, in the year 3600BCE, this is when the oldest known record of any business occurred. It is believed that AIS were used in many other countries before making it’s way to the U.S. Countries such as Greece, China, and Rome are all believed to have used this system during trade activities. A.I.S. were first comprised of someone jotting down notes with a pencil and paper and now years later it has developed into extensive software programs that take human error out of the equation...
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...Ratio and Financial Statements Analysis Kimberly Y. Gruber University of Maryland University College Dr. Sunando Sengupta 07/25/2013 Turnitin Score: 23% Executive Summary The purpose of this paper is to examine ratio and financial statement analysis. Such analysis is a useful tool for managers and stakeholders to evaluate a company’s financial health in order to identify opportunities for growth and areas of weakness so as to institute corrective measures. Financial statements are used in order to predict trends of cash flow within the business as well as predict the potential of a business and if they are capable of financial growth. Ratio analysis examines the probability of a company’s profit or a company’s loss. This paper will examine the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis, explain what factors impact the meaningfulness of such measures and what new practices or theories may be emerging regarding the application of ratio and financial statement. The paper concludes that ratio and financial statements is an essential tool used in analyzing a company’s profit. Introduction to Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis Though there are various methods for monitoring the liquidity of businesses the most common has been the use of financial ratios. Ratio analysis is an established technique—involving the relationship between two or more variables--that is used to conduct qualitative analysis of information contained in a company’s financial statement to...
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...Sector Accounting - An Interdisciplinary Field Involving Accounting, Economics, and Jurisprudence 1 Ryosuke Tao Research Fellow, Institute of Administrative Management Abstract Public sector accounting has recently been improved. Currently, there are requirements to disclose stock information in addition to the flow information presented in budget statements or accounts statements. Public sectors have prepared and disclosed their financial statements (including balance sheets and income statements) based on business accounting approaches. Moreover, as a matter of policy, the government tends to prepare and disclose cost information along with the financial statements for the individual ministries and governmental agencies. The objectives of clarifying the fiscal conditions in a state through the preparation and disclosure of financial statements are to fulfill the state’s accountability to its citizenry and market participants and to optimize and enhance the efficiency of its fiscal activities. Most importantly, the improved information should contribute to democratic decisions on public finance. A perspective different from the business accounting is that public sector accounting places more emphasis on inter-generational fairness. With respect to the inter-generational benefits and burdens, however, various factors must be considered, and the differences between assets and liabilities in the balance sheet may not be the indicators for that purpose. Public sector accounting is...
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...(2003) Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications Paper Review ACCT 3040 Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice Mr Terry Harris Conservatism is one of the fundamental principles of accounting and its application in financial accounting has recently become a highly controversial issue involving a variety of views as there is a desire for financial accounting information to be neutral. Conservatism has lasted in the accounting practice for many years and has become more popular over the past 30 years. In addition, Basu (1997) and Sterling (1970) made statements that lead us to believe that conservatism’s influence on accounting practice has been long and significant. Sterling (1970) argued that conservatism is the most influential principle of valuation in accounting agreeing with Basu (1997) who argued that it has influenced the accounting practice for at least 500 years. Professor Ross L Watts wrote two papers on the conservatism in financial accounting. Paper I sought to examine alternative explanations for conservatism in accounting and their implications for accounting regulators while Paper II is aimed at looking at the empirical evidence on conservatism, its consistency with alternative explanations and opportunities for future research. The paper under review is Paper I and the objectives of this paper are to discuss the explanations for conservatism and draw implications for regulation and standard setting. In this paper, it can be seen that...
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