...group. These pre-conceived ideas are stereotypes and by definition is a thought or image about a group of people based on little evidence (Moore &Parker, pg 122). Stereotypes are created based on some idea of abstract familiarity. A stereotype can be deemed 'positive', or 'negative'. Concepts of stereotype are rarely invoked in instances of positive stereotypes. This paper will explore the stereotypes and rhetoric that are associated with four groups of people: politicians, tattooed persons, feminists, and senior citizens. When looking at the one stereotype politicians is the ad hominem fallacy. The ad hominem fallacy is “the confusion between the qualities of the person making a claim and the qualities in the claim itself” (Moore & Parker, pg 173). Politicians are thought of as self-serving, hypocritical and dishonest con-artist. During a political campaign we see on the news how one attacks their opponents. The personal attack ad hominem fallacy is attacking another with negative comment. During campaigning it is bad because of the personal attacks on each other in order to discredit the other person. This is how they want to get voters on their side to vote for them. Politicians are a very unique group of people to explore stereotyping because they are probably the only group who uses stereotyping against each other, lease of which is positive (Green, 2009 ). In many ways, politicians create their own stereotype by announcing on national TV that their...
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...discrimination. Stereotypes are prevalent in society. Stereotypes are inevitable and unpreventable. As we accept that we are always under scrutiny in others eyes we begin to examine ourselves. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of stereotyping and discover how they lead to greater social identity. Once they learn their identity they find themselves stereotyping themselves and others. A stereotype is a preconceived, oversimplified, exaggerated, and often demeaning assumption of the characteristics that an individual has due to his or her membership in a specific group. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or unwilling to obtain all of the information we would need to make fair judgments about people or situations. In the absence of the "total picture," stereotypes in many cases allow us to "fill in the blanks." Our society often creates and initiate stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is not liked. When people are stereotyped they are judged and treated unfairly. Often when stereotyping happens negative discrimination tends to follow. This may often include isolation and lack of respect given to the stereotyped subject. Short examples of stereotypes would be how we shy away from people with a history of mental illness, because we are afraid they may harm us. Women and minorities are often excluded from high executive positions in the business and political world. Many...
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...Mass media have played and will continue to play a crucial role in the way white Americans perceive African-Americans. As a result of the overwhelming media focus on crime, drug use, gang violence, and other forms of anti-social behavior among African-Americans, the media have fostered a distorted and pernicious public perception of African-Americans. 1 The history of African-Americans is a centuries old struggle against oppression and discrimination. The media have played a key role in perpetuating the effects of this historical oppression and in contributing to African-Americans' continuing status as second-class citizens. As a result, white America has suffered from a deep uncertainty as to who African-Americans really are. Despite this racial divide, something indisputably American about African-Americans has raised doubts about the white man's value system. Indeed, it has also aroused the troubling suspicion that whatever else the true American is, he is also somehow black. 2 Racism Before attempting to understand racism and mass media, one must understand the history of racism. Race has become an institutional part of American society. From the Founding on, race has played an integral part in shaping the American consciousness. David Goldberg's Racist Culture argues that racial discourse may be interpreted as aversive, academic, scientific, legalistic, bureaucratic, economic, cultural, linguistic, religion, mythical, or ideological. 3 He also stresses that racialized...
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...impressions are comparable to the idea of Stereotypes, or preconceived notion placed on a certain groups of people . In Celluloids Indians Jacquelyn Kilpatrick describes stereotypes as such, “‘ [s] tereotypes are evaluative concepts about status and roles and as such are central to interpreting and evaluating social groups including one’s own.”’ (xvi) Using this idea Kilpatrick explores “the social, ideological and political construction” (xvi) of stereotypes in literature, film and politics in accordance to different perspectives. In short we explore how the interpretation of film and literature relies on the perspective in which it is told, as different perspectives manifest different stereotypes. Prehaps some of the most prevalent examples are Literary works. These works often stem from stories of experience in encounters with Native Americans. Many of these literary...
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...Nov, 10, 2013 The Vogue Magazine and Stereotypes Vogue magazine is said to be the most influential fashion magazine worldwide with the number of 11,265,000 of total audience. 88% of the audience are women, in particular women with above average income and higher education. Even though the pages overflow with glamour and luxury, the magazine is highly appreciated by women with average income, too (Nast,C.). For some Vogue can be a reality, for the less lucky it means the possibility to dream. It is a highly intellectual magazine as well, as it responds to current socio-political issues and promotes the cross connection of fashion and politics. With a vast audience comes great responsibility of those behind the creation and edition of the magazine. After all, fashion is a tool of communication that sets roles and promotes ideas and participates at the formation of its followers. A lot of criticism was ascribed to Vogue as a promoter of unrealistically perfect bodies and flawless visages that reinforce our stereotypes of what beauty consists of and what not. Nevertheless, besides the magazine's promotion of stereotypical beauty, at the same time other stereotypes are being attacked and broken down by the Vogue magazine. Vogue is mainly a collection of photoshopping ads of luxury products and models that do not capture reality but stereotypical representation of women. According to some readers, listing through the photographic essays, one is being transported into a...
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...In the article Women in Management in America, women are highly under-represented in upper-level management in many U.S. companies and are also making less than men performing the same types of jobs. The article explains that the glass ceiling is one of the main barriers preventing women from reaching upper management positions. The barrier has been around for many years, but women are starting to break the glass ceiling. There are some companies that are beginning to recognize that women bring a wealth of talent and expertise to the table and they are exploring this talent and giving them opportunities at upper level management positions. Using the White House as evidence, we currently have Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in one of the most powerful positions in the world. The article also brought up some specific barriers to women's advancement in the workplace. Training, career development, promotion, compensation, "old boy network" and discrimination. Discrimination was on the top of the list, however it has existed for many years in the United States. Congress has over the years passed various statues to address the situation. One of the most important federal statutes that deal with discrimination is the Civil Right Act of 1964 (Fogliasso, 2011). In the training area where women wanted to gain knowlwedge for the next level they were just not given the training, so without the training and experience women would often be passed over for upper management...
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...the racism and stereotypes of all colors. It spreads the fictions of whiteness around the world. Therefore, these movies: Tarzan, The Ape Man; Leave it to Beaver; Bringing Down the House and White chicks will bring a closer view about the difference between “white” and “un-white” character be described. Also, the introduction and chapter one of “Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media” has provide a broad, critical overview of film primarily from and about the “Third World”. In chapter one “From Eurocentrism to Polycentrism”, they reviewed standard criticism of view in literary in cinematic work. This essay is aims defined the stereotypical images and roles of African Americans in films. First of all, the movie “Tarzan, The Ape Man” is the fairly easy target for people interested in the perpetuation of anti-black stereotypes. Tarzan is presented as a naked savage who doesn’t learn to wear clothes. It’s racist when in the movie, when Tarzan warning Jane and her father that Tarzan, the owner of the jungles has killed beasts and many black men. He pelts animals with thrown objects to torment them. He kills animals for pleasure. To Tarzan all blacks are lower. Besides, in the movie, the Africans of the Mbongan tribe are cannibalism, superstitious, contemptible and debased. Here it come the love of Tarzan, Jane a “white” woman is defined as beautiful, and apparently resourceful and intelligent. However, Esmeralda is presented as a black nanny stereotype. Her character...
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...Phoenix Material Appendix C Part I Define the following terms: |Term |Definition | |Discrimination |The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the| | |grounds of race, age, or sex. | |Institutional discrimination |Unfair prejudice against individuals as a result of the way an organization works or | | |delivers services. | |Political correctness |The avoidance of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, | | |or insult certain groups of people. | Part II Write a 150- to 250-word response to each of the following questions: • How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? When stereotyping something a person has a specific impression of a group of people in which a person believes that all members of a group share a common trait or traits. Discrimination is an act or instance of discriminating. It’s a treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction...
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...minority” in America. The term “model minority” refers to a “group that, despite past prejudice and discrimination, succeeds economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontations with Whites” (Schaefer, p.285). There are arguments that coining a group as a “model minority” is a privilege for them and they should take pride in it. Perhaps it is the American way of applauding hard work and upstanding core values. There are also arguments that these groups ultimately suffer because of this generalization, through loss of social programs and less attention to social problems. Assuming the acceptance of the term “model minority,” Asian-Americans definitely fall into this category. Asian-American incomes are very similar to Whites, they are put on the educational fast-track, and there is little crime associated with them. However, details are overlooked when arriving at these statements that show the term does not mean stereotypes and discriminations are distinguished. First of all, similar incomes are only because Asian-Americans have more formal schooling. While “Asian-Americans’ average earnings increased by at least $2,300 for each additional year of schooling,” (Schaefer, 2011, p.287) Whites saw increased earnings of $3,000 per year. The stereotype that Asian-American students are whiz kids in school puts a lot of pressure on them and can lead to criticisms and negative feelings about themselves. Additionally, being labeled a “model...
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...Name Instructor Course Date Stereotypes in Mass Media Mass media has become a main source of popular culture in modern society. The media does not only entertain or feed information to the audience, but also transfers the beliefs, values and stereotypes of the society resulting to a change in the order of life in society (Wells 514). According to Althusser, families, schools and religions play a crucial role of ideological state apparatuses. Such institutions indoctrinate and transfer the ideologies of society into the minds of people in the society in order to control them. However, in modern society, the media is turning out to be yet another apparatus for controlling the minds of people. To most people, the pieces of art such as movies, magazines, documentaries and music in the media seem unique. However, all these products are no different from each other. The content in the media reflects the life of people in such a way that people would comprehend. Such a reflection occurs through reproduction of stereotypes which impacts profoundly on life in society (Wells 514). This paper examines the stereotypes mass media in more detail by considering the works of Betye Saar, the use of the concept in advertising and images in popular culture such as Aunt Jemima among others. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima Betye Saar is one of the few women who challenged the male artists’ dominance in the museum and gallery spaces in the 1970s. Some organizations such...
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...In the 2005 block buster movie titled “Crash” one of the three sociological perspectives can be observed in this movie regarding to equality and life in America. Set in Los Angeles, this movie probed social and cultural stereotypes, race and social biases, and the conflict perspective that often ensues as a result. The blatant manner in which these sociological issues are revealed is often startling for the viewer, but the shocking nature is intentional in order to promote self-examination and reflection. The conflict perspective is presented in this movie dons on tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services and political representation. This movie uses tension to advance the story line of each character forcing them into positions of conflict as well as dependence, and emphasizes the status of equality in America. In order to progress to a more equal society it is essential that Americans examine the biases presented in the movie Crash, especially those most often seen in modern society such as stereotyping, hate crimes, color blind racism and ethnocentrism. Stereotypes are defined as unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group. From the opening scene the movie depicts a car crash involving two police detectives and an Asian woman. The stereotyping begins immediately when the Asian woman tells the police officer writing the traffic report...
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...have regarding other group members. On the other hand, stereotypes can be defined as beliefs regarding a group including a description of an individual, their abilities as well as their behaviour. Therefore, stereotypes cognitively represent how people are similar to other and their differences towards other groups. ‘Individuals can be aware of stereotypes and have cognitive representations of their beliefs without endorsing such stereotypes, without prejudice feelings as well as without having a belief that stereotypes can affect their behaviour and judgement’ (Charnley et al 2009: 195). Stereotyping as well as prejudice are considered as an adaptive processes product, which simplifies complex world towards enabling individuals to apply cognitive resources towards various tasks. Nevertheless, despite the function served by cognitively adaptive processes by use of mental shortcuts to make decisions regarding other people can result in serious negative outcomes (Smith 2008). The horrifying mistreatment of people in history including that of African American, homosexuals, people with disabilities, has been the main impulsion for prejudice as well as stereotypes study. Therefore, the original experiments and ideas are concerned with negative attitudes, conscious as well as discriminatory behaviors. Nevertheless, due to changes that have occurred on prejudice and stereotypes at the social level, the materialization of stereotypes, as well as prejudice, have also transformed. Towards...
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...Writing and Literary Critique of Asian/Pacific American Literature Throughout the history of the United States media, there are common stereotypes of females in films that are presented in the short story by Fong, Charlie Chan’ No More. I believe that the roles of Asian Americans are limited in films, such as gender and sexuality, by stereotyping females. Asian Americans are being portrayed as negative images through various media, from books, films, plays, and even television. “The audience would realize that media views Asians and Asian Americans as others that include exoticized women, asexual men, a yellow peril threat to the United States” (Ono & Pham, 2009). Throughout this essay, I am referencing the article by Fong, Charlie Chan’ No More, and Moon, a poem by Marilyn Chin, where they both talk about sexuality and gender. “Asian women, have often been depicted as almost completely sexual” (Fong, 177). In the short story as well as the poem, they can manipulate the messages of gender and sexuality of Asian American females that are being represented in both stories. Throughout Fong’s short story, there is a lot of controversy whether or not Asian American females are being portrayed with negative images, for example as sex objects. I also researched instances on the counter actions taken by Asian American females that protest the negative images, such as the dragon lady. I believe that Asian American females are being portrayed with such negative images, such as...
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...Week 2 DQ 1 How does Racial and Ethnic Groups define prejudice? Do you agree with this definition? Why or why not? Prejudice is describes in the text as “a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority” (Schaefer, 2012, pp. 35). The question asks how do racial and ethnic groups define prejudice, and although I could not find an exact answer to that question, I believe this would accurately describe how both of those groups would define the term prejudice. The description above does accurately describe the term for me. I agree with this definition because it deals with attitudes towards an entire category of people and involves attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs, not actions as stated on page 35 as well. I had never been exposed to any prejudice except from my Grandfather that had been through a war. I recognized his attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs as prejudice. It was how he grew up and it was obvious that those were passed on to him at an early age. I grew up in a very conservative part of the country and moved far away when I was in my early twenties. The part of the country I moved to had so much racial prejudice, I went into a bit of culture shock from others attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs. What I experienced was the exact definition in my first paragraph of the work prejudice. Week 2 DQ 2 Racial profiling is frequently in the news and is a prime example of stereotyping in action. How does racial profiling relate to...
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...Finale Draft Stereotypes are people misconception of how a person is character as a whole. In today’s society, someone can be easily stereotyped. There are many different kinds of people, rich people, poor people, blacks, whites, Hispanics, and so on. Anyone can be stereotyped by the color of there skin, backgrounds, or finances. We live in a cruel world, where the colors of someone skin can be determined on how someone will treat you, or act around you. I believe everyone has been stereotyped at least once in their life, and some more than others. I also believe people have stereotyped someone by the way they look. I’ am not perfect and I will admit that I have stereotyped someone before. I do not judge someone by the color of there skin; it does not matter if you are white, black, or Hispanic. I believe being a female; it is harder for us not to stereotype, especially towards men. I've heard plenty of stories where women are being abused, raped, or kidnapped, and I feel like those are my reasons. I only feel that way if I’ am in an unfamiliar place, and I do not know my surroundings. For example, if I know I’m in a bad neighborhood, and I’m walking to a store, and I see a man walking behind me, I will become frighten. I probably will start to walk faster, run, or cross to the other side of the street. One, because I’ am by myself in an area that I know is dangerous, and two, because I wouldn’t know what he would have done to me. I believe this stereotype is ok, meaning...
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