...Positive Reinforcement Case Study Nicole Smith ECE 201 Intro to Early Childhood I Instructor Dana Bux May 7, 2012 Doug is a very talented and extraordinary little boy. He loves playing with blocks and he is also very good at it. However, his teacher and his parents started to notice a slight problem with his attention span when it comes to individual assignments. He does well in group assignments but when it comes any individual work and does no even like to participate. So challenging behaviors are difficult and some are simple, follow along as I explain further more about Doug’s case study. A group contingency is one of the commonly consequences, that may require rewarding a student depending on their behavior, used in early childhood education today. “Group contingency consist of either one person within the group, a part of the larger group or each member of the group that is following a certain criteria using childhood behavior.” (Murphy K.,2007). There are a total of three group contingency, which are Interdependent, Dependent and Independent. Interdependent group contingency deals with all the members of a group that’s meets a criterion of the contingency, rather its group wise or individually, before any members earns the reward. Interdependent is easily implemented by teachers. (Cooper J., 2007). Independent group contingency deals with individuals within the group are reinforced for individual achievement toward a goal. The same rules apply to everyone...
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...Positive Reinforcement Tonya ECE 201: Intro to Early Childhood Behavior Management Instructor: June 23, 2014 Praise is a powerful tool that can be used by teacher’s to motivate students. Unfortunately, research suggests that praise is underused in both general and special education classrooms (Hawkins & Heflin, 2011; Kern, 2007). Praise can be a very important reinforcement because it will build self-esteem, provide encouragement which will build a good relationship between students and teacher. After reading case study scenario level B case 1 that involves Doug, I feel there are a few strategies that could help him reach is goals. However, when it comes to choosing only one strategy that would best address Doug’s goals, I believe would be specific praise. With specific praise, the teacher delivers specific feedback regarding observed student success, informing the student what was done correctly and praising success. By specific praising Doug, will tell him he has done a great job. It will motivate him to continue the behavior of doing the work on time as well as participate in class (Sklar & Rasminsky 2012). I would point out to Doug how well he is doing by specifically praising him on his assignments, such as Doug what a great job you are doing in keeping up with you class work. This will get him to the point of the goals of starting and finishing his work, and gradually increase the number of completed assignments due to the specific praise...
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...Positive and Negative Reinforcements Agyoly Nunez Grand Canyon University: SPE-522-0101 August 7th, 2013 Positive and Negative Reinforcements When a child exhibits negative behavior, teachers must try to find methods and strategies that will reduce student failure. Challenging behavior is seen by, students that feel frustrated because they do not understand the task or assignments that must be completed during classroom time, or students that may have a negative home environment where, parents are involved with drugs or have a low income. Every school year teachers are faced with challenging behavior in the classroom. In order to minimize negative behavior and produce desirable behavior teachers use reinforcers that appeal to students, and are effective, such as positive reinforcement, and sometimes negative reinforcement that may appear to be good for students. Teachers will use positive reinforcers that are appealing and increase student academic performance, because it is the most effective way to improve behavior for all students (Grand Canyon University, 2010). When using interventions and strategies in the classroom, administers are urge to use research base material that supports the technique (GCU, 2010). Reinforcement is defined as a consequence that precedes a behavior that promotes or motives that particular behavior (Wheeler & Richey, 2010). It is also known as a process, that reinforces and strengthens a behavior that is displayed by an individual...
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...According to About.com the definition for positive reinforcement is “a behavioral technique in which desired behaviors are increased through the use of rewards, also known as positive reinforce” (Fritscher & Lisa, 2009, 1). All behavior whether positive or negative are followed by consequences in turn the consequences are defined as positive or negative based on the effect it has on the behavior( Watling & Schwartz, 2004). Therefore positive reinforcement is a type of consequence when used consistently and immediately following a behavior increases the chances that the behaviors will reoccur (Watling & Schwartz, 2004). An example of this could be working with a client who has social anxiety, the client goes to dinner with a friend, and the clinician could demonstrate positive reinforcement by praising the clients’ efforts to socialize. Such praise could offer the client the encouragement they need to make more efforts toward socializing. Positive reinforcement can be used to encourage a client to develop new behaviors or strengthen behaviors a client is currently demonstrating (Watling & Schwartz, 2004). Positive reinforcement is an effective tool when used correctly. Unfortunately, there are a few misconceptions concerning positive reinforcement, such as the belief by some that positive reinforcement is a form of bribery or coercion (Watling & Schwartz, 2004). According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary bribery is “money or favor given or promised in...
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...POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS IN THE WORKPLACE For an organization, good work is rewarded with some type of a positive reinforcement. By doing the positive reinforcement, the act which was rewarded had a pleasant result and makes the employee want to continue to do good work. Behavior is a function of its consequences (Love, 2005). Managers have to do some type of positive reinforcement to keep the employees doing great performances and that leads to the organization’s good repetition and what keeps the business going. Some forms of positive reinforcements in the workplace are: • Contests- to recognize and reward top performance • Promoting fun and values • Rewards which should be symbolic, tangible, and anchor positive behaviors With the right reinforcement, everyone’s performance can improve. Applying that knowledge will bring about the behavioral changes you want from your employees. And that’s the best way to meet your company’s goals (Love, 2005). Being a manager, taking into consideration of positive reinforcements would only make what he/she has at hand better. Ways to let your employees know that they are valued and spur them on to success are to accentuate the positive by informing of the wrong but going easy on how it is said and what is said; open the lines of communication by encouraging group discussions where employees are able to just open up and get everything off their minds and as a manager, being there as a mediator. If you give your people a little more...
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...Psychology 2730 Patrick Flanagan March 3, 2011 Positive Reinforcement Essays 1. Transport Phenomena II 2. I wrote this letter because I have the utmost respect for this professor. I am aware of the research he heads and notice his capabilities during every class I have with him. I aspire to get the same amount from my education as he did. I would like to become a professor like him in the future and hope that this letter will set up a connection between us. 3. Dear Professor _____, I am writing to you to thank you for the wonderful learning experience in Transport Phenomena II I have had thus far. What stood out to me in your introduction of the class was when you said that Transport Phenomena II confirmed your decision to be a Chemical Engineer and encouraged you to become a professor. This fact has garnered respect and motivation from many of the students in the class. I enjoy your lectures because they are focused, driven and organized logically. When you answer a question you clearly draw upon points that we have already covered but often you add an interesting application of the problem or reference to other subjects that help to further cement the idea in my mind. Also, the homework and quiz problems are challenging in a way that forces me to expand my conceptual...
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...the following reinforcement that follows. Animal trainers apply Operant conditioning, if the animal performs a behavior that they want done again or the trainer will also give them a treat for doing this behavior. Humans learn in the same way for example if your teenager is supposed to come home from high school every day and/or chores around the house making the bed, washing close, doing dishes, vacuuming, if you do not reward her for this positive reinforcement will not follow and will probably stop altogether doing the chores around the house when she comes home from school. Positive reinforcement- when an animal does a behavior produces a positive stimulus if you reinforce the positive stimulus and you give the animal a treat then later on the animal is likely to always do the same favorable behavior over and over. The positive stimulus will know that you gave it positive reinforcement and will probably do the same behavior over when you like the animal to do it. Negative reinforcement this involves taking away the unfavorable stimulus, or in this case a negative reinforcement will increase what you would like the child not to do again and again. This is not like a punishment because punishments follow consequences good ones and bad ones. Positive reinforcement for a behavior that you want to happen again whenever you wanted to happen has for different schedules. The first one it called: the fixed interval this is just means that you receive the reinforcement after a certain...
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...It is important for physical education teachers to manage and discipline their class effectively and acceptably. One of my favorite positive reinforcement strategies is implementing activity reinforcers. Activity reinforcers are activities that the children enjoy that are awarded because of good behavior. Examples would include free time, playing a game, student of the day, being a teacher’s aide, extra time in physical education class, etc. (Pangrazi, 2016). I prefer this strategy because it incorporates physical activity as a reward. A good method I learned in PED-415 for resolve conflicts between students is rock-paper-scissors. This can be used in disagreements between students for just about anything. It is especially good when students...
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...A Positive Reinforcement is described as a pleasing stimulus being presented. Such as telling your child that they did a good job for doing well on a test or quiz they done. A Positive Punishment is described as an unpleasing stimulus, or negative stimulus being presented. This is similar to Positive Reinforcement, where you are giving a stimulus, but in this case it is not a stimulus one would want to receive. We can use the same example in this situation, like telling your child that they did not do so well on a quiz or test so you would give them a look. A Negative Reinforcement is when an unpleasant stimulus is removed. An example of Negative Reinforcement would be a child doing his or her homework when they get home, so that their parents...
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...modifications on behavior. In addition, operant conditioning a “consequence is made contingent upon a behavior” (Operant Conditioning, 2004, para. 2). There are two routes to go when replacing or conditioning a behavior. The reinforcements can either be positive or negative. A multitude of studies have been conducted to determine whether positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement are more effective. Operant conditioning can be applied in many circumstances to shape behavior. Operant Conditioning The modification of behavior can come about through several methods of conditioning. For example, operant conditioning is one method that uses unassociated stimuli and reinforcements to shape behavior. In addition, Staddon and Cerutti (2003) state, “operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules” (para. 1). “Perhaps the easiest way to view operant conditioning is to regard it as a set of circumstances under which new responses that are within an organism's volitional repertoire come to be strengthened by contingent reinforcement” (Operant Conditioning, 2009, para. 1). The theory of reinforcement has demonstrated to be a potent mechanism in behavior conditioning (Operant Conditioning, 2009). The strong force of reinforcement is the base of operant conditioning. There are countless uses for operant conditioning. For example, an individual can use operant conditioning to train pets, and to motivate children. Speaking in simple terms, behavior...
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...(Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Through his work Skinner went on to identify fundamental principles of learning, based on experiments with pigeons and rats. From these experiments, Skinner developed an explanation as for how humans learn behaviors or change behaviors, and went on to infer that patterns of reinforcement shape behavior, which is operant conditioning. Comparing and contrasting positive and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning gives an understanding of how both are a necessity in operant conditioning. Both positive and negative reinforcement are a necessity in operant conditioning; one form of reinforcement is more effective than the other. Several reasons exist to why one form of reinforcement is more effective than the other. A given scenario can show how to apply operant conditioning to shape behavior and how the creation of a reinforcement schedule can apply to a certain selected behavior. B. F. Skinner developed the “term” operant conditioning in 1937 (Staddon& Cerutti, 2003). Skinner's theory of operant conditioning explains how organisms acquire learned behaviors that they exhibit. The main focus of operant conditioning is to use reinforcement as a reward or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). Operant conditioning is a means or method of learning, which occurs through or by reward and punishment for an organism’s behavior (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Basically, a learner receives either reward...
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...involves behavior to be controlled by negative or positive consequences and happens with rewards or punishments. With operant conditioning we see how certain consequences have a relationship with our behaviors. B.F. Skinner believed that we should not look at the way we think or the things that motivate us to understand behavior, he believed that we had to look and pay attention to those external things that we were able to observe to understand behavior. In operant conditioning there is positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. A positive reinforcement happens when a behavior is strengthened because of a positive condition. A negative reinforcement happens with a behavior is strengthened because of something stopping to avoid a negative condition. Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive reinforcement is reinforcing a certain stimulus so that a behavior has a higher chance of being repeated again in the future. When a positive outcome happens after a certain behavior the behavior is more than likely going to happen again in the future; this is also if there is a reward after the behavior it strengthens the behavior and makes and gives it a chance of happening again. When we think about positive reinforcement we can think about something good being added to a behavior. An example of positive reinforcement is when you do something good and someone compliments you and say “good job. An example of positive reinforcement with a reward is you doing a great job at your...
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...of the first theories that one is introduced to during their psychology learning years. So, what exactly is this theory? While learning about operant conditioning we must pay attention to two necessities, positive and negative reinforcements. These two play a key role in operant conditioning and behaviors. But which reinforcement method works better? Positive or negative? There are a few aspects to look into when determining which method works the best. Once operant conditioning, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement are learned, then it becomes easy for an individual to take the information and shape a behavior. Along with shaping behaviors, the creation of a reinforcement schedule can also be applied to the selected behavior. The Theory of Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning was created by behaviorist BF Skinner. Operant conditioning occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviors. This creates a link between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Skinner had believed that it was not really necessary to look at internal thoughts and motivation in order to explain behavior. Instead we should look only at the external observable causes of human behavior (Cherry, 2005). When we have actions that are followed by reinforcement, they will be strengthened and then more likely to occur again in the future. However, actions that result in punishments or non-desirable consequences will be the opposite. These actions will be weakened and...
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...a woodpecker finds a particular tree that offers an especially abundant supply of the bird's favorite bugs. The woodpecker is likely to return to that tree again and again. 3. Humans learn by the same principles. For example, consider the behavior of a child doing chores. Suppose a child voluntarily performs a chore, like cleaning the garage or washing the car. If the behavior is reinforced by positive attention such as praise, money, or some other reward, the child is likely to do additional chores on his own. If no positive attention were to follow, repeating that behavior would be less likely. 4. Animal trainers apply the principles of operant conditioning. If an animal performs a behavior that the trainer wants to see performed again, the trainer will administer a favorable consequence. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT 1. Let's explore those favorable consequences a little further. A favorable consequence is often a physical experience - something that can be seen, heard, felt, or tasted. This experience is a type of stimulus. When an animal performs a behavior that produces a positive stimulus, the animal is likely to repeat the...
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...Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports The Impact of Positive Reinforcement Sara Nino Dallas Baptist University Abstract I chose to research the Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports approach to positive reinforcement. I wanted to find out if this approach taught temporary or long-term (positive) behavioral changes. I researched this approach and compared it to the Responsive Classroom approach. In order to determine its effectiveness, I looked at referral data at Nimitz High School provided around this time this last year, and compared it to its current numbers. While it showed beneficial changes last year, I found an increase in behavioral problems this year. I also attempted to look at the reasoning behind the increase in referral numbers. Keywords: P.B.I.S., Responsive Classroom, positive, behavior, reinforcement, Skinner’s theory Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (P.B.I.S.) is framework utilized within the school system in order to create a positive atmosphere. It is an approach which is implemented through reinforcement of student’s positive behavior. This approach is similar to one known known as the Responsive Classroom approach. The expectation of positive behavior reinforcement is to reduce discipline problems and increase student productivity and learning. These types of reinforcement fall in line with Skinner’s Theory. P.B.I.S. follows a three-tiered framework in order to prevent and correct problem behaviors. ...
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