...Beyond supply and demand: Assessing the Ph.D. job market by Elka Jones G reg O’Malley got a taste of the job market for Ph.D. graduates when he supervised several of them after earning his bachelor’s degree. “It was incredible to me that they had gone through so many years of rigorous training,” says O’Malley of his subordinates at his postbaccalaureate publishing job, “only to be working under someone who’d barely finished his undergrad work.” Still, the experience failed to deter him from pursuing a graduate degree of his own: O’Malley currently is enrolled in his second year of the history Ph.D. program at Johns Hopkins University. 22 22 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● For O’Malley and thousands of others, the desire for a doctorate outweighs concern about the job market that awaits after graduation. Most Ph.D. candidates are willing to dedicate themselves to intensive research and study because they enjoy the subject matter. Winter 2002-03 Statistics also show other, more tangible payoffs for Ph.D. recipients when they enter the labor force. Unemployment rates are consistently lower and earnings are significantly higher for people with a Ph.D. degree than they are for people with lower levels of educational attainment. As chart 1 shows, doctoral degree holders in 2001 had an unemployment rate of slightly more than 1 percent and median annual earnings of $66,000—considerably Elka Jones is an economist in the Office of ...
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...Paper Part I: Physics strives to identify fundamental principles governing the build and deportment of matter, the engenderment and movement of energy, and the interaction of matter and energy. Some physicists use those principles in theoretical areas, such as the nature of time and the beginnings of our universe, while some work in practical areas such as the development of advanced materials, optical and electrical devices, and medical equipment (BLS, para. 2). I chose physics for my career research paper because I have an intellectual curiosity for the world, the universe, and everything in between. I want to understand how matter moves through spacetime, and how the universe behaves. Understanding physics also means understanding many other scientific areas of study, thus providing an intimate knowledge for reality as we know it. Many physicists work in laboratories, where they design and perform experiments with sophisticated equipment. Some of that equipment includes lasers, particle accelerators, electron microscopes, and mass spectrometers. Although much research may be conducted through experiments in the lab, physicists still spend much time in offices planning, recording, analyzing, and reporting on research. Many who are deeply involved in research way also work very long or irregular hours. For basic research positions, independent research in industry, faculty positions, and advancement to managerial positions, a Ph.D in physics or related field is generally...
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...John Smith Dr. Madaro University Physics I Spring 2014 Biomedical Engineering and the Future of Modern Medicine I have always been interested in math and science, but my interest developed into a fascination this year in physics class. I enjoyed being able to apply all of the laws and theories that we learned in class to real-world situations. I liked being able to figure out the distance an object traveled just by knowing the acceleration and speed, finding the vertical and horizontal components of a force, and solving for the coefficient of friction of a surface. I loved that every concept seemed to build on the one before it, and how they all helped me understand the world in a way I never had before. Whenever I think about my future, what I want to study, and how I want to make a living, I always think of engineering- a career that would allow me to develop this fascination with the way the world works and to apply my knowledge to a project that could help improve peoples' lives. I want to go into this field to develop technology that could help cure disease or improve the quality of life of those with serious medical conditions. The concepts of Physics play a crucial part in the everyday work of Biomedical Engineers, specifically in the invention of prosthetic limbs, artificial organs, and improved hearing aids. "The first artificial limbs were stiff and did not have joints that bent like real arms, hands, or legs" (Woods 40). The invention of the artificial limbs...
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...behaviors and experiences, may provide the answer for us. Apart from that, new age movement, which is important for our future and started from the 1960s, is a spiritual development and relative to paranormality. Furthermore, the main concepts of new age are “We are all in one” and “our consciousnesses create our own realities”. In fact, parapsychology, which can be proven by quantum physics, makes the concept of new age more complete and persuadable. Thus, quantum physics and parapsychology, which have a strong relationship between them, make a great impact on new age. Nevertheless, the challenges are many people may think that paranormal phenomenon and these concepts are frauds and ridiculous. We will recognize these are possible and really amazing when we investigate more. This essay investigates what is parapsychology, evaluates the impact on new age and discusses the challenges faced. Background There are two main directions in parapsychology, which are Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis. In the past, there were many famous scientists and inventors who are enthusiastic for paranormality such as William Crookes, Michael Faraday, Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison. Furthermore, The Society for Psychical Research (SPR), which was founded in London in 1882, sustained investigation of paranormal phenomena. In recent years, there are many laboratories such as Duke University and Edinburgh University research and gain many...
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...Five Musicological Fields: The study of music also known as musicology encompasses five distinct fields. These include the study of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, philosophy of music, psychology of music and acoustics (Nation-master, 2013). The first major field, historical musicology, is the study of musical origins including subjects such as composers, genres and musical notation. Ethnomusicology is the second major field of musicology and is based around the field studies on music in diverse cultures. Thirdly, the philosophy of music is concerned with the central question of ‘what is music’. Another major field is Psychology of music which relates to the effect music has on human beings. The last musicological field of acoustics is the study of the science of sound (Nation-master, 2013). These five fields make up the fundamentals of musicology and will be explored within this report. Historical musicology focuses on the progression of music over time. This field studies the progressive styles of compositions, performances, receptions and criticisms of music (Nation-master, 2013). The methods of studying historical musicology also include source studies, manuscript studies, textual criticism, style criticism, the choice of historical method, musical analysis, and the application of musical analysis (Nation-master, 2013). This field of study also examines the lives and work of composers and performers (Queensland Studies Authority 2008). Influences and impacts on...
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...Network, the Institute of Physics, Institute of Physics Publishing and the Royal Astronomical Society. They would like to thank the study authors at the 1) Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 2) Department of Information Systems, London School of Economics, 3) UCL Centre for Digital Humanities and the Department of Information Studies, University College, London, 4) e-Humanities Group, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences (KNAW) and Maastricht University, and 5) Oxford e-Research Centre (OeRC), University of Oxford. The main authors for this report are: Eric T. Meyer, Monica Bulger, Avgousta Kyriakidou-Zacharoudiou, Lucy Power, Peter Williams, Will Venters, Melissa Terras, Sally Wyatt. For the full acknowledgements, please see the project website: www.rin.ac.uk/phys-sci-case contents executive summary Overview method cases Tools and practices of information Information sources 68 69 77 78 4 4 4 4 research software dissemination complexity conclusion and recommendations Information retrieval Information and data management data analysis citation practices dissemination practices collaboration Transformations in practice New questions New technologies recommendations 79 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 90 91 92 Glossary Information in the physical sciences background and related literature About the study Approach and methodology 14 16 16 18 18 Particle physics Astrophysics gamma ray burst Nuclear physics chemistry earth science...
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...“Without ambition one starts nothing. Without work one finishes nothing…” I strongly believe in every word Ralph Waldo Emerson said in this famous quote. For realizing my ambition I have done my bachelors in the exploitation of oil and gas fields in my undergraduate program with a significant exposure on renewable and sustainable energies. To accomplish my ambition at every stage I planned well and worked hard. Schooling infused in me a keen sense of analytical reasoning and scientific temperament. My ceaseless efforts and strong will power earned me a Distinction at intermediate level with Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as majors. I am most proud that I have obtained my Bachelor’s degree through 4 years of dedicated academic...
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...towards the industrial work environment and this is the reason I am looking to pursue graduate study. Added to this, are the factors that there have been huge changes in Design engineering and global industrialization in the recent times making the role of a mechanical engineer a very indispensable one. Being part of this rapidly burgeoning community has been my deepest desire. I pen down my Statement of Purpose with due reverence to the University and the department. In order to reach perfection at its peak, it is of utmost necessity that I consider studying in Y University with its rewarding research program, excellent research facilities, and highly suitable environment. From my schooling times, I have shown very keen interest in the subjects of mathematics and physics, which have enhanced my analytical and quantitative skills. These are my areas of strength which have helped me very strongly in acquiring YY % in my tenth grade. I passed out of my senior secondary school with YY% in physics and YY% in mathematics. My overall percentage in Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry are YY%. In all of my academic successes, my competitive spirit acted as a catalyst in me. Given my love towards science and technology, pursing study in the engineering field was almost like a natural consequence. To study the programme, I had to overcome many a hurdle- such as the common entrance examination which I had to take alongside thousands of students. I passed the examination with flying...
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... introduction to issues surrounding the history and philosophy of the sciences. We will consider the trajectory of how science as we now think of it came to be, where new ideas and new technologies transformed major worldviews into what we now recognize as the beginnings of modern science. The historical part of this course will begin with the physics of Aristotle, look at important episodes in the development of science such as the work of Copernicus and Galileo, and conclude with Newton and his massive achievement in creating a framework for modern physics. These historical episodes will provide the jumping-‐off point to consider conceptual issues in contemporary science. We will also consider the role of new technologies in driving advances in human knowledge and changes to our understanding...
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...Steven Weinberg: “Against Philosophy” (from “Dreams of a Final Theory”). Physicists get so much help from subjective and often vague aesthetic judgments that it might be expected that we would be helped also by philosophy, out of which after all our science evolved. Can philosophy give us any guidance toward a final theory? The value today of philosophy to physics seems to me to be something like the value of early nation-states to their peoples. It is only a small exaggeration to say that, until the introduction of the post office, the chief service of nation-states was to protect their peoples from other nation-states. The insights of philosophers have occasionally benefited physicists, but generally in a negative fashion—by protecting them from the preconceptions of other philosophers. I do not want to draw the lesson here that physics is best done without preconceptions. At any one moment there are so many things that might be done, so many accepted principles that might be challenged, that without some guidance from our preconceptions one could do nothing at all. It is just that philosophical principles have not generally provided us with the right preconceptions. In our hunt for the final theory, physicists are more like hounds than hawks; we have become good at sniffing around on the ground for traces of the beauty we expect in the laws of nature, but we do not seem to be able to see the path to the truth from the heights of philosophy. Physicists do of...
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...Verma The debate on the use and abuse of plastics vis-a-vis environmental protection can go on, without yielding results until practical steps are initiated at the grassroots level by everyone who is in a position to do something about it. The plastic wastes could be used in road construction and the field tests withstood the stress and proved that plastic wastes used after proper processing as an additive would enhance the life of the roads and also solve environmental problems. The present write-up highlights the developments in using plastics waste to make plastic roads. Plastic is everywhere in today’?s lifestyle. It is used for packaging, protecting, serving, and even disposing of all kinds of consumer goods. With the industrial revolution, mass production of goods started and plastic seemed to be a cheaper and effective raw material. Today, every vital sector of the economy starting from agriculture to packaging, automobile, building construction, communication or infotech has been virtually revolutionised by the applications of plastics. Use of this non-biodegradable (according to recent studies, plastics can stay unchanged...
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...scientist called Roger Bacon was the first person to use the microscope and had written on their use in magnifying things. However, the first real microscope was invented and put into use by a Dutch biologist called Anton van Leeuwenhoek and had the power to magnify objects 200 times their normal size. Around 1674, he argued that he had seen tiny organisms using the microscope. The invention of the microscope was also the development of microbiology, which refers to a branch of science which deals with the study of microorganisms. The microscope has undergone various modifications since the time of Bacon and Leeuwenhoek, with various types of microscopes being invented over time. The first compound light microscope was made by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1590 this microscope had two separate lenses, but it was not very powerful. Since then many people have made improvements on the microscope, even our old friend from integrated science H the astronomer Johannes Kepler had a few thoughts on a better design. The light microscope is mainly used in the fields of biology and medicine. Also since then new ideas for different microscopes have come along. In 1932 the phase-contrast microscope was invented by Frits Zernike to help biologist examine living material without having to stain which sometimes killed the material. In the 1800 s the first polarizing microscopes were developed to study crystals. Another microscope that is very useful, not that the others aren’t, is the stereomicroscope...
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...future perspectives in this rapidly enhancing scientific area. Key words: Graphene; Graphene-based material; 2-dimensional (2D); monolayer; Carbon nanotubes; Dirac level; fullerene; nanostructure; graphene synthesis; graphene applications. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Aldabergenov, M., Balbayeva, G., Mirassov, A., Yerkinova, A. & Torgayeva, T. (2013) ‘The analysis of Graphene Material’, Astana: Nazarbayev University. 1 Introduction With the time movement and generation flow, the science and engineering achievements expands and widens by creating, exploring and making innovations that is still able to amaze the wide majority of the world. One of such extraordinary explorations was done in 2004 in the field of material science, and is being studied intensively in the different research areas. The discovery is known as “Graphene”, which is a material that has unique and exceptional properties due which the science and...
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...Research and Development: Essential Foundation for U.S. Competitiveness in a Global Economy Our hope is that there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living…Surely we will not get there by standing still, merely by making the same things we made before and selling them at the same or higher prices. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products…There must be a stream of new scientific knowledge to turn the wheels of private and public enterprise. (Vannevar Bush, 1945)1 U.S. Basic Research: A Need for Serious National Attention U.S. industry and the Federal Government are the primary pillars of financial support for the U.S. research and development (R&D)2 enterprise. The National Science Board (Board) observes with concern the indicators of stagnation, and even decline in some discipline areas, in support for U.S. R&D, and especially basic research, by these two essential patrons and participants. A decline in publications by industry authors in peer reviewed journals suggests a de-emphasis by U.S. industry on expanding the foundations of basic scientific knowledge. More specifically, research contributions by U.S. industry authors in the physical and biomedical sciences through publications in peer reviewed journals have decreased substantially over the last decade. In addition, in this century the industry share of support...
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...magnetic materials with very gradual saturation, such as commercial manganese-zinc (MnZn) power ferrites. The formulation also enables the Basso–Bertotti model to better characterize both the major loop and the minor loops of these soft magnetic materials. The formulation introduces a model that defines the transition between low field/minor parameter loops and high field/major loop. An explicit expression for magnetization in term of domain-wall position was synthesized to make the hysteresis model numerically attractive. The formulation was verified by experimental data of commercial MnZn ferrites. Index Terms—Hysteresis modeling, power MnZn ferrites, Preisach model, soft magnetic materials. ployed in [6], but the material treated was the hard polycrystalline hexaferrite and the issue of minor versus major loops was not addressed. Following this section, the DWM model for static hysteresis is reviewed in Section II. A domain-wall surface function suitable for power ferrites is synthesized in Section III. Emphasis is placed more on the mathematics, numerics, and formulation/implementation of the modeling equations/procedures and less on the physics of static hysteresis, which can be found in [7]. Parameter extraction and experimental verification are discussed in Section IV. The main results are summarized in Section V. II. DOMAIN-WALL MOTION MODEL FOR STATIC HYSTERESIS I. INTRODUCTION YSTERESIS models for power ferrites are an integral part of a computer-aided design (CAD)...
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