...Identify and explain the main changes that have occured to the employment relations environment. A successful employment relationship is the fundamental element of any successful business or organisation, hence, it is essential and the reason of all the organizations continues seeking methods to improve and maintain these relationships. There are many philosophers and writers have studied and written lots of different theories and approaches that are related to employment relationship. These theories and approaches have changed rapidly from the classical era to the modern era. Furthermore, illustrating issues that have evolved through changes in the employment relations environments such as the nature of work, technology, managerial regimes, regulation, policy and globalisation. The purpose of this essay is to identify and explain the main changes that listed above. The second part of this essay identifies those changes or improvement of employment relations environment that can benefit both the employers and employees by creating a healthy and supportive working environment. Employees who have strong employment relationships, are more satisfied and keen on work, also, they tend to have helpful and friendly co-workers as well as high levels of employee trust and commitment with employer. The establishment of regulation and policies such as labour law, minimum wages, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) enhance safety and security in workplace. Thus, strong employment relationships...
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...Employment relations and law Assignment One Employment relations and law Assignment One Abstract A written commentary discussing how the issues are dealt with in the system from the 3 clippings on issues of concern to employment relations (e.g. dismissals, worker grievances, wage decisions, award decisions.) Abstract A written commentary discussing how the issues are dealt with in the system from the 3 clippings on issues of concern to employment relations (e.g. dismissals, worker grievances, wage decisions, award decisions.) S/No | Clipping | Attachment | 1 | Frozen yogurt chain llaollao under investigation for turning away Singaporean | | 2 | Industrial Relations Act: PMEs can now be represented as a group by rank-and-file unions | | 3 | Improving productivity critical to higher wages, job security: NTUC | | --- Employment Relations is about how people work with one another to deliver the goals of the organization. One of the key concern will be how to prevent and resolve any problems involving individuals which arise out of or affect work situations. From the clippings collected, it is clear that our tripartite partners – represented by the Ministry of Manpower (MOM), Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) and National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), has an important role to play in today economy. Under the GUM Tripartite model, it states the relationship between the three actors (Government, Union and Management), where...
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...Henry Fayol and than considered scientific management (Taylorism), known as classical theory. These are mainly concerned with structure and mechanization of organization , human relations & social psychological theories focused on human factor at work. And as technology changes the organizations are shifting their emphasis to knowledge management which has several approaches to socio-technical perspectives ( Grant & Shahsavarani 2010 ). The main task of this essay is to enhance & illustrate importance of scientific management , human relations & socio technical perspectives in organization. Henri Fayol (1841-1925): To manage is to forecast plan, organize, command to coordinate and control. Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915): known as father of management. He invented the scientific way of organizing companies. Management : coordinated activites ( planning, forecast, organize, decide, command) to direct and control. Scientific management: A work study technique to design & organization of work inorder to get maximum output which increases productivity. There are six best ways designed to increase productivity, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. job design and practice. Repetitive work cycles. Detailed . Prescribed task sequences. Separation of task conception from execution. Motivation based on economic rewards. Productivity : it is a measure of efficiency which summarizes value of output relative to input. The main principles of scientific management : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Develop for each operation...
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...Organizational Philosophies and Technology TEC/401 Organizational Philosophies and Technology Innovations in technology create opportunities as well as challenges for businesses. Organizations continually pursue business standards that support a connection between the fundamentals of the business operations and its ethical obligations. Furthermore, this student will analyze how setting and managing ethical standards using technology influences company’s’ culture, work environment structure, and in what way company’s culture is affected by operating technology to accomplish human resources functions. Setting and Managing Ethical Standards Ethical standards are values that endorse shared values such as kindness, trust, social responsibility, and fairness. For example, in the opening statement in the General Dynamic Standards of Business Ethics and Conduct guide Daniel Johnson President General Dynamics states, “General Dynamics Information Technology is strongly committed to adhering to certain principles of ethical standards and practices. We expect not only General Dynamics employees, but also our partners in business, to abide by these same ethical standards and practices. Please read this booklet carefully as it sets forth the high standards and principles we feel are important in doing business with our company. Be aware that the high standards we are committed to upholding are the same principles that we expect your company and employees to adhere...
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...Kushnerova Maria M-503 Managing for productivity Precis Managing for productivity is the same as effective management in every other context. Achieving consistent, high productivity involves every management function and the linking processes of communicating, decision making, and leading. Productivity is the measure of how specified resources are managed to accomplish timely objectives stated in terms of quantity and quality. Productivity-Oriented Mission and Objectives. An organization cannot be productive if it does not determine what its intended customers really need in relation to the outputs the organization is capable of producing. This means that the strategic planning process has to include a systematic analysis of market, competition, and the relative strength of the organization. Long-term Planning for Productivity. A long-term perspective is vital to sustained productivity growth because it is common for productivity to decline temporarily for reasons that have no bearing on the effectiveness of an improvement program. Integrated Productivity Planning. Formal planning for productivity is felt throughout the management process. It facilitates motivating people to perform in ways that contribute to productivity by clarifying what the organization wants and by setting a basis for tying rewards to productivity. Naturally, planning for productivity is the basis for controlling for productivity. Organizing for productivity. The organizing process is the means...
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...Introduction Information Technology (IT) delivers a chance for companies to improve their productivity and efficiency, and even to gain competitive advantage. The introduction of IT is likely to cause changes in work procedures and increase computer knowledge among the employees. IT can help in controlling and reporting each single activity done by the employees and help the management to take an appropriate strategic decision. Also IT does create value that is reflected in the market value of firms and in their future profitability although it is hard to address empirically because of difficulties in obtaining data about IT investment that can be linked to firm performance (Anderson, 2006). After globalization, the world became a small country so the IT applications became mandatory to any industry for online communication as anyone nowadays can search for whatever, whenever and wherever he is through online internet connection. The aim of this research is to address the effect of investment in IT sector and the tourism firm profitability and how does it affect the growth and cost reduction in tourism sector by questionnaire and collecting finical data from a firms working that field. Abstract Information Technology (IT) has become mandatory in the businesses, till now many of the developing countries consider the IT as a very costly sector to invest in, unlike the civilized nations whom invest much more in IT although it is still expensive but they recognize how much it...
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...Does export lead to growth? Hoang Ngoc Anh – 1001010026 – CTTTk49 Abtracts The export-led growth hypothesis (ELG) hypothesis states that export is one of the key factors of economic growth. It rose to prominence in the late 1970s and became part of a new consensus among economists about the benefits of economic openness. This study aims to discover the relation of export and economic development, digging into past data and empirical study to give a conclusion that export is a key factor for economic growth. Does export lead to growth? Introduction Economic Growth is perhaps the foreground goal of all nations. Across time, in pursuing this objective, varies economic hypothesis and strategies have been developed and applied within different countries. Among these strategies, exportled growth has gained its popular among economists and policy makers due to the success of this policy in many new developed countries in the late 20 th century, especially the miracle growth of the 4 Tigers of South East Asian and China. The idea that trade can be the engine of economic growth states that promotion of the export sector is the best way to achieve economic growth. This hypothesis is verified to be valid through many economic data thorough history and also there are many explanations as to why exports are a crucial way to obtain growth. Firstly, the economy of scale argument of the new trade theory is that domestic markets severely limit the scope for sales of a domestically produced...
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...simple picture of international trade between nations, which was created to show comparative advantage in producing goods and the gain from trade. The concept of comparative advantage was introduced by David Ricardo in 19th century. The country has comparative advantage in producing certain product if it can produce it at a lower cost than any other country. The Ricardian model has been developed on following assumptions: * Only two countries are involved in activities; * Only two goods can be produced; * Labor is the only factor of production. The Ricardian model is a useful key for economy, because it explains why trade between countries can happen and how it will effect national welfare (Krugman, 2012). Countries should export a product in which they are most productive to fulfill the prediction of the Ricardian model. The principal of the model is defined by specialization, meaning countries specialize in goods they export. This will not hold in the data. However, the prediction that countries tend to export those goods they have high labor productivity is confirmed in data. Since 1950s, there has been a few attempts to empirically test the validity of the comparative advantage theory. McDougall, Stern, and Balassa have claimed that they found confirmation for the model by using the data from World War II. However, later researches have criticized this model, and fallacies have been found (“International Trade Relations”, 2014). The model was tested by McDougall...
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...STUDY This chapter is devoted to explaining the methodological approach to this thesis. Section 3.1 deals with the model specification as was used in (Mundlak, Larson & Butzer 1997)with a bit of modification. Section 3.2 examines the approach used in applying the model to statistical problem. Data used in estimating the model, the description of variables used as well as their sources are discussed in section 3.3. 3.1 THE EMPRICAL MODEL The point of departure in relation to this issue is that producers (that is countries in this case) are faced with a lot of options when taking a decision on the techniques needed in production. That is, the problem of how to produce. This fact put forward a choice of the combination of inputs and outputs. Given: x = the vector of all inputs Fj = the production function of the jth technique T = a technology set comprising of all possible techniques That is, T= {Fj(x); j=1, …, j} In a case where countries choose the methods used in relation to their constraints, constrained (k) and unconstrained (v) inputs can be differentiated. Therefore, x = (k, v) with the assumption that they do not possess an alternative cost. This leads to a Lagrangian optimization problem where the goal of the producer at this stage is to decide the method suitable with the right level of inputs in other to maximize profit. The Lagrangian equation becomes; L = ∑ pj Fj (vj, kj) - ∑ wvj – λ (∑ kj – ku ) ...
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...Brief History of Human Resources and HR Management Human Resources is a business function, which manages, leads, facilitates and provides tools for the human capital management in the organization. HR sets strategic processes and procedures, runs difficult and complex communication campaigns as the organization attracts the best talents from the job market, retains them with the attractive compensation packages or it develops them in talent development programs. HR runs many processes, which are crucial for the modern organization. We cannot believe that the successful business could exist without the Recruitment and Staffing, Compensation and Benefits, Training and Development or the Leadership Development. However, in the past the companies did not use any of the HR value added processes. The story of Human Resources started as evidence of all employees. It dealt with issues and requests. Nothing more was expected to be delivered. The HR Management history is fascinating. The wars usually change the path of Human Resources in organizations and society. The history of Human Resourcesstarts to be interesting with the evolution of the large factories. It was in the 18th century. The rapid development of new industrial approach to work changed the world dramatically. The quick and cheap production became a priority for many industries. The factories hired thousands of workers, who worked up to 16 hours a day. Soon, many entrepreneurs discovered that satisfied employees are more...
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...Product: Software Production/Development Assessment Item 1 Words: 549 1.0 Introduction This brief features research related to conversing about sexual relations in the workplace between employees. Following the summary of the topic, there is an analysis of implications within App2go’s workplace environment in relation to the issue. The brief will conclude with recommendations for App2go to monitor and control the implications of discussing sexual relations within the work atmosphere. 2.0 Summary of the issue The current issue focuses on talking about sex/sexual relations within the workplace. Talking about sex has become very commonplace in today’s society; it has become very easy to cross the line between professional discussion and discussions meant for after work. It is becoming an ever-increasing problem within the workplace as persons and employees think of themselves as innocently flirting, cracking a joke or making a risqué comment (Seidenfeld,2010). The persons themselves may not have a problem with their actions and remarks; it may in fact be their co-workers who have difficulties understanding and dealing with the said actions. Small businesses are more likely to entail conversations about sex within the workplace due to the likeliness of little to no Human Resource censure (Cain,2015). App2go as a business has grown from a small business of roughly ten employees to a medium size business with over 100 in the space of three years. It is important...
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...There is no honest answer to “who changes work organization”. The changes to work develop from the constant battle between employee and employer over workplace control. Additionally managers, unions and the state bring other variables to the mix, each collectively shaping our workplaces. Numerous types of changes can occur; all of which have an effect on the workers psychological feelings. Finding the balance between worker and employer goals is essential for maintaining business quota and respecting worker feelings. Sociologist perspectives can help us understand how and why these changes occur in the workforce. It’s very common in most employment relationships for the worker and the employer to have diverging interests. The employer favors the interest of the organization, typically with a capital or “business” goal in mind. On the contrary, employees conduct work on the basis that they need to provide a standard of living outside of work for themselves and possibly their families. With separate goals in mind, conflict is highly probable. Employers generally hold the position of control. Most employees don’t have the option of working; rather it is simply required for them to put food on the table. This idea is relative to that of a bureaucratic hierarchy, a work system based on authority and rules (Krahn et al. 2011, p 225). Bureaucracies typically cause employee submission, which a loss in control that employers are looking to gain. The idea that there would be little...
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...1. Identify, and outline briefly, major trends in management theory since the beginning of this century. • Classical – this approach focuses on purpose, formal structure, hierarchy of management, technical requirements and common principle Scientific Management – A major sub-group of classical approach, emphasis is placed on increased productivity through technical structuring of the work organization and the provision of monetary incentive as motivator of highest output. Bureaucracy – Another major sub-group of classical approach, it focuses on the importance of administration based on expertise (rules of expert) and administration based on discipline (rules of official) • Structuralism – This approach places emphasis on the relationship between the formal and informal aspects of the organization of the organization, and the conflict of needs between the needs of the individual and organization, and between the workers and management. • Human Relations – This approach underlines the social factor at work and the behavior of employees within an organization. • Neo Human Relations – This approach is concerned on the personal adjustment of the individual work within the organization, and the effects of group relationships and leadership styles. • Systems – This approach is focused on the total work of the organization and the interrelationships of structure and behavior, and the range variables within the organization. • Contingency – This approach highlights the...
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...following essay will analyse the principal features in four main approaches of management dating from the nineteenth century. It will also discuss how these theories have contributed to the current interventions used by different organisations to manage human resources. With the development of the industrial organisations and the beginning of issues linked to their structure and management, the importance of managerial practises arose and different methodologies were used in order to accomplish their aims and objectives as organisations. These strategies revolve around the next major approaches: Classical approach which stresses the influence of applying scientific methods and monetary reward to maximise productivity, as well as the designation of a hierarchical structure, Human Relations approach underlines the effect of social aspects at work such as leadership style, personal development and their significant part in the organisation’s performance. Open systems approach centres on the need to contemplate organisations as an overall not only as individual parts in isolation and Contingency approach assumes that the organisations structure should be based on the surrounding environment. (Mullins 2007). The first theory is the classical approach which splits into three different schools; scientific management, administrative management and bureaucracy. F.W Taylor (1856-1915) regarded as the father of scientific management, emphasised on the relevance of applying a combination of technical...
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...Amber Anaya Project Introduction Internet and new technologies have shaped the world and its history. While human kind is increasingly dependent on technology and internet, communication and jobs are being affected as the need of human interaction at local businesses is slowly phasing out. This research project will try to answer a fundamental question: how does technology affect jobs and communication? According to Daniel Stockhaus, Editor Chief of Ligo.co.uk, individuals across the United States, as well as the whole world, are talking on the phone less than ever in history. In fact, the average phone call is now 50% shorter than it was 5 years ago (Stockhaus, 2009). Another impact technology has had on communication, is the fact that face to face interaction has decreased by 9%. All this data shows a downward trend in human communication, which poses threats not only to humankind but also to businesses and the way our world functions. The increasing reduction in human interactions is causing economists and experts in the job market to evaluate how this trend will impact job growth and the overall basics of human nature. One of the experts who has spent many years in researching the relation between technology and jobs is David Rotman, editor and journalist for MIT Technology Review. According to an interview David Rotman conducted with Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, David Rotman has found that technology plays a big role in the automation of jobs, which result...
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