...may have resulted in affecting the salinity levels. Although with saying this the more rainfall will decrease the salinity levels. Though over the past years there has been little rainfall therefore this means that...
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...AIM To investigate the amount of salts dissolved in 5 water samples. RESEARCH QUESTION Does 88 µ s/cm have a less suitable domestic use than 3500 µ s/cm ? HYPOTHESIS 88 µ s/cm has a lower suitability for domestic use than 3500 µ s/cm VARIABLES Independent variable: Amount of TDS Control variables: sample size of water Dependent variable: Water sample MATERIALS • 5 water samples • Beakers(200 ml) • Vernier Conductivity probe • Wash bottle with distilled water (200 ml) • Logger Pro • Measuring cylinder METHOD 1. First I decided 5 places from where to collect water samples. This was not planned but done in a random manner. 2. I then collected the water samples in plastic jars. 3. Once the water was collected, 100 ml of each sample was measured...
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...The Input Subsystem: Mango Commodity 1. Major Inputs Used Mango production is said to be input-intensive as inputs cost per kilogram in pesos is 4.8 and share in total, 32.9 %. The farm inputs (planting materials, chemicals, fertilizers – organic and synthetic, financing assistance and technologies) take up nearly a third of production cost; and another third of imputed costs of labor and capital account. Profit per kg is P10.00 (FAO 2013). Table _. Cost and Return Analysis per Hectare of MANGO Production, 2011P ITEM | Amount (Pesos) | CASH COSTS | | Seeds/Planting Materials | - | Fertilizer | 16,357 | Pesticides | 7,134 | Other Material Inputs | - | Hired Labor | 10,070 | Wages for Overseer | - | Land Tax | 791 | Rentals | 1,732 | Water/Electric Bills | 281 | Fuel and Oil | 1,726 | Transport of Inputs | - | Irrigation Fee | - | Interest Payment on Crop Loan | 1,133 | Food Expense | 1,168 | Repairs | 1,292 | Landlord's Share | - | Electric Bill | - | Others | - | Sub-total | 41,684 | NON-CASH COSTS | | Seeds Paid in Kind | - | Hired Labor Paid in Kind | 632 | Wages for Overseer Paid in Kind | - | Rentals Machine and Vehicle | 118 | Landlord's Share Paid in Kind | 3,037 | Harvester's Share | 610 | Lease Rental | - | Sub-total | 4,397 | IMPUTED COSTS | | Operator and Family Labor | 5,014 | Exchange Labor | - | Depreciation | 10,676 | Interest on Operating Capital | 5,370 | Rental Value of Owned...
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...Solving the Salinity Control Problem in a Potable Water System⋆ Chiu Wo Choi and Jimmy H.M. Lee Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong {cwchoi,jlee}@cse.cuhk.edu.hk Abstract. Salinity is the relative concentration of salts in water. In a city of southern China, the local water supply company pumps water from a nearby river for potable use. During the winter dry season, the intrusion of sea water raises the salinity of the river to a high level and affects approximately the daily life of 450,000 residents of the city. This paper reports the application of constraint programming (CP) to optimize the logistical operations of the raw water system so as to satisfy the daily water consumption requirement of the city and to keep the potable salinity below a desirable level for as many days as possible. CP is the key to the success of the project for its separation of concerns and powerful constraint language that allows for rapid construction of a functional prototype and production system. Flexibility and adaptiveness allow us to deal with our clients’ many changes in the requirements. Deriving good variable and value ordering heuristics, and generating useful implied constraints, we demonstrate that branch-and-bound search with constraint propagation can cope with an optimization problem of large size and great difficulty. 1 Introduction Salinity is the relative concentration of salts in water measured in parts...
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...According to UN estimation, one third of the world’s population lives in water shortages areas. Even today, about 1.1 billion people are living without access to safe drinking water (Shaw and Thaitakoo, 2010). In reality, some of the countries in the world have severe water scarcity; especially in African countries. This worst scenario is also knocking at the door of Bangladesh. Particularly, Southwestern region of Bangladesh faces safe drinking water supply due to natural contamination of arsenic in the groundwater, salinity intrusion and drought as well. At present, different governmental officials, international, national and local NGOs, private sectors and community people are trying to overcome the crisis of drinking water individually and/or combined in different ways. But they are focusing a single issue rather than keeping all issues in an integrated way. However, the problem of safe drinking water availability caused by the combined effect of salinity, arsenic, and drought which are intimately inter-linked with each other. Therefore, it is imperative to include all the issues by developing an integrated approach, which will help to find a successful solution for better access of safe drinking water in the affected area. In view of the above mentioned issues, this study developed a holistic approach named “SIPE” that helps to find out/determine safe water adaptability index considering socio-economical, institutional, physicochemical and environmental aspect of the...
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...Chapter 5: Water and Seawater • Water has many unique properties, both chemical and physical. • Salts and other dissolved compounds in seawater. • Ocean water salinity, temperature, and density vary with depth. Water's structure defines its many properties • Atoms – building blocks of all matter • Subatomic particles – Protons – Neutrons – Electrons • Number of protons distinguishes chemical elements Water is a molecule • Strong covalent bonds between one hydrogen (H) and (two) oxygen (O) atoms • A single molecule of water is stable. • H20 is dipolar – Bent shape gives water its unique properties • Dipolar nature leads to molecules attracting each other Hydrogen Bonding • Polarity results in attraction between molecules. • Also, attraction to ions in water. Hydrogen Bonding • Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but strong enough to contribute to: – Cohesion – High surface tension Hydrogen Bonding -High solubility of compounds in water -Unusual thermal properties of water -Density of water Water as a solvent • Water molecules attract other polar molecules. • This attraction produces an ionic bond. • Water can dissolve almost anything – universal solvent Water’s thermal properties • Water in all three phases is present at the Earth’s surface. • Water moderates the Earth’s heat budget. Heat, Freezing and Boiling Points • Heat – energy that is transferred • Temperature – average kinetic...
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...Salinity Species like fish and prawns migrate and thus avoid stressful salinities when conditions are unfavourable The less mobile organisms such as Cyclograpsus punctatus can’t tolerate salinities below 20% migrating into certain suitable sections of the estuary. Sesarma catenata moves further into the estuaries as it tolerates 7% but S. eulimene occur near the head of the estuaries where salinities reaches 2. 7% Floods influences the salinity levels and result in very low salinity which kills estuarine bivalves however the Dosinia hepatica survives by clamping its shell tightly shut, resulting in excluding the water when salinities drop below 14%. When experiencing low salinity some organisms regulate the concentrations of salts in its tissue...
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...2Name: ____________ Fieldtrip Report Task, Term 1 2016 FACULTY: | Geography and Social Sciences | CLASS CODE: | 9GGB, 9GGD, 9GGF | TEACHER: | Dr Digan, Ms McInnes, Ms Trotter | YEAR: | 9 | COURSE TITLE: | Geography | No. OF STUDENTS: | 80 | UNIT TITLE: | Biomes and Food Security | DATE: | By 3:30 pm, Wednesday 6 April, Week 10 | TIME ALLOWED: | 7 lessons allocated | MARKS: | /60 | WEIGHTING: | 35% | Report Outline 1.0 Introduction Enforcing sustainable activities within a farm has been shown to lead to an increase in the productivity of the land, as demonstrated at Caroola farm and the campus of Mulloon Institute, the Home farm. Caroola farm is a permaculture based farm that uses organic methods of farming to develop and maintain sustainable practises. Since the bushfire(s) a couple years ago, in which pasture and fences were destroyed, Caroola Farm has come a long way in restoring and rehabilitating the land so that it can be used for agricultural purposes, through the use of sustainable practises. At the Home Farm, the emphasis in rehabilitation work is their specific focus on rehydrating the landscape through sustainable practises. This land is then used by Mulloon Institute to further research which methods are the most effective. 2.0 Background Land is Australia’s greatest asset, though increasing human activity is resulting in soil loss at a greater rate than nature’s ability to replace it. This process is...
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...The values of temperature and salinity of the water masses are acquired on the surface and in the mixed layer by heating, cooling, rain, evaporation, wind, waves and currents. Once they sink below the mixed layer, temperature and salinity may be changed only by mixing processes with adjacent water bodies. In these depths the temperature and salinity are conservative properties as there are no significant sources or sinks in the deep ocean. Seen from this perspective the temperature and salinity are not independent variables, and their knowledge allows us to recognize water masses. Oxygen is on the other hand, a non-conservative property, is acquired in surface and and is slowly reduced over time due to oxidation of organic matter and respiration of organisms. Currents are coherent streams of water moving through the ocean. Currents are primary forced by winds blowing across the ocean surface and by differences in temperature, density and pressure of water. Currents are also governed by Earth rotation...
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...Photosynthesis in plants, especially algae, cause oxygen concentrations to peak in the afternoon. At night, available oxygen is depleted rapidly and animals migrate to the surface. A pool with a large surface area to volume ratio will allow more oxygen to diffuse into the water from the air. 4. Carbon Dioxide and pH The other result of photosynthesis during the day is that carbon dioxide is taken up by the plants. As the level of carbon dioxide drops, the pH rises, making the water more alkaline. This change is reversed at night when photosynthesis stops but plants and animals continue to respire - using up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. High levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in the water make the pool more acidic. 5. Salinity The sun and wind evaporate water from the surface of pools. In isolated...
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...Shrimp lab 2013 9/10/13 Introduction Artemia salina or (Brine Shrimp) belong to the Anthropoda phylum. Brine Shrimp are found in a variety of different habitats, ranging from temporary ponds to estuaries, lakes and rivers. A Brine Shrimp’s ability to inhabit various environments can be attributed to their tolerance of a range of salinities. Brine Shrimp have been found to survive in salinities from 0% to 15%. When hatching Brine Shrimp the highest number of eggs will hatch at a salinity of 7.5%. The ability to adapt to new environments gives Brine Shrimp a distinct advantage among their aquatic community, and allows them to successfully reproduce and survive within their environment. Materials and Methods In determining the optimal salinity for hatching brine shrimp eggs, seven samples were made with salinities ranging from 0%, 3.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%. Four trials were performed for each of the seven samples. The room temperature and the water used were both at 72°F. The salt used to create the samples was supplied by Carolina Biological Supply Company. The seven ranging salinities were prepared in 100 mL samples. Seven masses of salt were measured on a scale (0g, 3.5g, 5g, 7.5g, 10g, 12.5g, and 15g) and were corresponded to a beaker filled with 100 mL of distilled water. For each sample, four trials were replicated by filling 30 mL plastic vials with 25 mL of solution. 2400 cysts (one leveled scoop) were placed...
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... 2. Exception: III. Global Thermostatic Effects of Water (properties that act to moderate changes in ______________) A. Thermal inertia- 1. Land vs. water a. land 1). Highest temps 2). Lowest temps 3. difference: b. ocean’s surface 1). Highest temps 2.) lowest temps 3. difference: 2. Example: Two cities on the same line of latitude (winds flow from west to east at this latitude): San Francisco, CA Norfolk, VA B. Thermostatic Effects of Water and Air Movement 1. __________________ in the air and water move tremendous amounts of heat from the _____________ to the _____________ IV. Temperature, Salinity, and Density Seawater: Examples: *during formation of sea ice at polar ocean surfaces *evaporation in some marginal sea basins *at a river mouth A. Density Structure of the Ocean 1. surface zone (mixed layer) a. b. ___________ and ______________...
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...Top shell distribution is the tolerance range for Salinity levels. Intertidal organisms experience large, rapid changes in salinity of their environment due to the changes in the weather and climate. On hot breezy days, evaporation of water increases the salinity levels within the tide pools and crevices which is where the Top shell is located on the rocky shore. When the weather is bad eg- rainy or stormy, the salinity decreases, this is because when it rains, there is not enough sunlight to evaporate the salt water in the rock pools. When the salt water evaporates on sunny days, it leaves behind salt deposits. Top shell would have to watch out for because if the tide is low and the Top shell is located in a small rock pool and the weather is hot then the water inside of the rock pool could evaporate and leave the Top shell to dry out, which means they will then be able to not reproduce more offspring. This effects there distribution pattern because the high tide zone consists of high levels of salinity because they are exposed so the top shell would not be able to tolerate these high levels of salinity which is why they are located in the low tide zone. In the low tide zone they are mostly submerged by water 24/7 except when the tide is really low and cannot fully submerge the species and there isn’t enough sun light to evaporate the water located in the low tide zone so the top shell will not be exposed to high levels of salinity. A behavioural adaptation that Diloma (melagraphia)...
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...GEOGRAPHY S.B.A [pic] Name: Keeshan Ramkissoon Candidate Number: School: St. Mary’s College School Code: Teacher: Ms. Gangaram Year: 2008-2009 Topic: Pollution – Environmental Degradation Title: What are the causes of pollution in the Couva River located in Trinidad W.I.? GEOGRAPHY S.B.A [pic] Name: Keeshan Ramkissoon Candidate Number: School: St. Mary’s College School Code: Teacher: Ms. Gangaram Year: 2008-2009 Topic: Pollution – Environmental Degradation Title: What are the causes of pollution in the Couva River located in Trinidad W.I.? TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. 1. Aim of Study 3 2. Location Maps 4 3. Methodology 7 4. Presentation of Data 8 5. Analysis and Discussion 14 6. Conclusion 16 7. Bibliography 17 AIM OF STUDY What are the types and causes of pollution in the Couva River, Trinidad, W.I.? What are some possible solutions to the causes of pollution? ...
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...the lake -Averages 15.7 inches of precipitation per year -Water temperature varies from below freezing to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. (Gwynn, 2002) Current Human Impact -Humans building a railway through The Great Salt Lake has divided the lake and caused that half of the lake has a higher salinity percentage than the other half. This is caused by the South end has more fresh water flowing into it and the North end has more salt water flowing through it. Because of the railway, it doesn’t pass through to the other side. The percentage of salinity is affecting the brine shrimp eggs harvest. It has decreased. The residents in the Salt Lake area use more water than the average people in the country. Not conserving and using so much water is affecting the water levels of the Great Salt Lake. The lake is getting smaller each year. (USGS, 1999) Future Human Impacts -If current water usage trends continue, the lake will continue to get smaller and smaller. With future growth of the area expected to triple in the next 50 years, Utahns are facing a water shortage problem. -The continued increase in salinity in the North portion of the lake and decreased salinity in the South portion will affect brine shrimp harvest. Something needs to be done with the railway so there is more water circulation. (Miller and Klotz, 2010) Guidelines -Implement a water conservation act for the residents and businesses in the area. Limiting the...
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