...1. Q. What are some of the social, political, and economic forces that are influencing SIA’s decision to become a learning organization? * The situation in this case study demonstrates the need to consolidate employee knowledge into one system in an effort to improve overall company performance. SIA had acquired 30 separate businesses but they were still functioning like 30 separate companies. They each still had their own set of management and well-defined procedures and policies. As a result, most of the employees had developed their own areas of expertise. In the highly competitive insurance market, SIA needed to change this business philosophy if they were going to succeed. * In the early years of the new century, many companies use behavioral approach that means they use information and techniques from the social sciences to improve organizations health and improving internal relationships, and increasing problem for solving capabilities. In that time, social and political environment is changing. If SIA Corporation keep their own political policy, and keep its own hierarchy, characterized by strong top-down administration, SIA could not able to see or compete to other organizations as competition for achieving its goal. 2. Q. If you were a specialist from SIA, how and why would you respond to the proposed changes? What steps would you suggest Jerry take to increase employee utilization of the knowledge- sharing system In particular? How can he encourage...
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...the Security Market Line COMM 298 Outline 1 Portfolios 2 Portfolio Expected Return 3 Portfolio Variance 4 Systematic Risk, Specific Risk, and Diversification 5 Market Portfolio and Measure of Systematic Risk 6 CAPM: From Risk to Return COMM 298 Return, Risk, and the Security Market Line 1 / 54 Outline 1 Portfolios 2 Portfolio Expected Return 3 Portfolio Variance 4 Systematic Risk, Specific Risk, and Diversification 5 Market Portfolio and Measure of Systematic Risk 6 CAPM: From Risk to Return COMM 298 Return, Risk, and the Security Market Line 1 / 54 Portfolios Investors are risk averse. COMM 298 Return, Risk, and the Security Market Line 2 / 54 Portfolios Investors are risk averse. To reduce risk, it is good idea “not to put all your eggs in one basket”. COMM 298 Return, Risk, and the Security Market Line 2 / 54 Portfolios Investors are risk averse. To reduce risk, it is good idea “not to put all your eggs in one basket”. This is achieved by building a portfolio, which is a collection of assets. COMM 298 Return, Risk, and the Security Market Line 2 / 54 Portfolios Investors are risk averse. To reduce risk, it is good idea “not to put all your eggs in one basket”. This is achieved by building a portfolio, which is a collection of assets. The process is called diversification. COMM 298 Return, Risk, and the Security Market...
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...return of 18% d. portfolio with a standard deviation of 12% and an expected return of 9% ANS: B To determine which portfolio is the best, draw a line from the risk-free rate to each dot in the figure and choose the line with the highest slope. DIF: H REF: 7.3 The Security Market Line and the CAPM 2. Suppose David can borrow and lend at the risk-free rate of 5%. Which of the following three risky portfolios should he hold in combination with a position in the risk-free asset? a. portfolio with a standard deviation of 16% and an expected return of 12% b. portfolio with a standard deviation of 20% and an expected return of 16% c. portfolio with a standard deviation of 30% and an expected return of 20% d. he should be indifferent in holding any of the three portfolios ANS: B To determine which portfolio is the best, draw a line from the risk-free rate to each dot in the figure and choose the line with the highest slope. DIF: H REF: 7.3 The Security Market Line and the CAPM 3. The risk-free rate is 5% and the expected return on the market portfolio is 13%. A stock has a beta of 1.5, what is its expected return? a. 17% b. 12% c. 19.5% d. 24.5% ANS: A E(R) = 5% + 1.5(13%-5%) = 17% DIF: E REF: 7.3 The Security Market Line and the CAPM 4. The risk-free rate is 5% and the expected return on the market portfolio is 13%. A stock has a beta of 1.0, what is its...
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...expected return rate on the market and beta coefficient of a single portfolio and security. Re = Rf + β [E(Rm) - (Rf)] According to the formula, Re represents the Return on Equity, Rf is for the risk-free rate, E(Rm) denoted to expected rate of return on the market, and β is the beta coefficient and E(Rm) - Rf is the difference among the expected market rate of return and the risk-free rate, is known as the market premium (Phillips, 2007). The total risk of stock is divided in two parts: the systematic risk, which is risk linked with the market and is impossible to...
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...oscillator moves above the zero line * Sell when it moves below zero * If the security makes a new high or low that is not confirmed by the chaikin oscillator, a potential reversal is pending * Ease of Movement * Reduces each period’s Rice and Volume to a single value that represents the ease at which prices are moving upward or downward * Buy when EMV crosses above the zero line, indicating ease of upward price movement * Sell when EMV crosses below the zero line, Indication ease of downward price movement * Force Index * Combines price changes and Volume into a single value that attempts to represent the magnitude of the force driving a rally or decline * When the smoothed Force index crosses the zero line, it indicates a change in trend and can be used as a buy/sell signal * Linear regression forecast * Calculates a “line of best fit” at each date, then plots the price value of that line at the specified point in time * Similar in display and interpretation to a moving average * MACD * Moving Average Convergence/Divergence is a price oscillator based on the difference between two moving averages * Sell when the MACD move below the MACD Signal line * Buy when the MACD moves above the MACD Signal Line * Another approach * Sell when the MACH histogram makes a peak well above the zero line then begins to reverse ...
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...6 The Meaning and Measurement of Risk and Return CHAPTER ORIENTATION In this chapter, we examine the factors that determine rates of return (discount rates) in the capital markets. We are particularly interested in the relationship between risk and rates of return. We look at risk both in terms of the riskiness of an individual security and that of a portfolio of securities. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Expected Return Defined and Measured A. The expected benefits or returns to be received from an investment come in the form of the cash flows the investment generates. B. Conventionally, we measure the expected cash flow, [pic], as follows: [pic] = [pic]XiP(Xi) where n = the number of possible states of the economy Xi = the cash flow in the ith state of the economy P(Xi) = the probability of the ith cash flow II. Risk Defined and Measured A. Risk can be defined as the possible variation in cash flow about an expected cash flow. B. Statistically, risk may be measured by the standard deviation about the expected cash flow. III. Rates of Return: The Investors’ Experience A. Data have been compiled by Ibbotson and Associates on the actual returns for various portfolios of securities from 1926-1998. B. The following portfolios were studied: 1. Common stocks of large firms 2. Common stocks of small firms 3. Corporate...
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...most investors, however, their interest in investment is largely pecuniary- to earn a return on their money. However, selecting stocks exclusively on the basis of maximization of return is not enough. To sat that investors like return and dislike risks is, however, simplistic. To facilitate our job for analyzing securities and portfolio within a return-risk context are, we must begin with a clear understanding of what risk and return are, what creates them, and how they should be measured. The ultimate decisions to be made in investment are (1 ) what securities should be held and (2) how much money should be allocated to each. These decisions are normally made in two steps. First estimates are prepared of the return and risk associated with available securities over a forward holding period. This step is known as security analysis. Second risk-return estimates must be compared in order to decide how to allocate available funds among these securities on a continuing basis. Security analysis is built around the idea that investors are concerned with two principle properties inherent in securities; the return that can be expected from holding a security, and the risk that the return that is achieved will be less than the return that was expected. The primary purpose herein is to focus upon return and risk and how they are measured. Importance :The relationship between risk and return is a fundamental financial relationship that affects expected rates of return...
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...Discuss potential explanations for the Security Market Line has been flatter than the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) would predict. Student Name: Jiaxin Shen Student Number: 100103708 Word count: 1227 Discuss potential explanations for the Security Market Line has been flatter than the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) would predict. The Capital Asset Pricing Model is based on asset portfolio theory and capital market theory. It emphasizes on the study of the relation between the expected return of asset and risky asset in the securities market. As one of prediction models based on the balance of risky asset expected return, CAPM elaborates on the formation of market equilibrium in the case of investors through Markowitz’ theory to investment management. (Pennacchi, 2008) It shows that a sample liner relation about expected return of asset and expected risks. In the model, beta is a significant parameter, since it measures the expected risks of assets. The Capital Asset Pricing Model has been widely adopted by investors, however, it has some limitation. The relation between beta and average return is too flat is confirmed in time-series tests. It is described by the the Security Market Line. Black, Jensen and Scholes (1972) concentrated their attention on the security market line. If the portfolio is efficient, which means there is a positive relation between beta and expected return. The study of Fama and MacBeth (1973) mainly focus on predicting the future returns...
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...Part I Portfolio Theory 1. Introduction Before discussing the portfolio, it is important to make sure the following concepts are understood: E¢cient Portfolios: That is when investors seek to maximize the expected return from their investment given some level of risk they are willing to accept. Risk Aversion: Individuals according to those theories are assumed to be risk averse: is one who, when faced with two investments with the same expected return but two di¤erent risks, will prefer the one with the lower risk. Risky assets: Those are the ones which the return that will be realized in the future is uncertain. Corporate bonds are riskier than public bonds, because of the possibility of default, in‡ation and so on. Assets in which the return that will be realized in the future is known with certainty today are referred to as risk-free assets or riskless assets. 1.1. Returns And Variances In order to understand the relationship between risk and return, we must be able to measure both risk and return for an investment. 1.1.1. Dollar returns The return on an investment has two components: the income component; and the capital gain (or capital loss) component. For a common stock, your return comes in two components: dividends ( periodic income) and capital gains. Suppose you buy 100 shares of ABC common stock for $25 per share. Over one year, the ABC company pays a cash dividend of $2 per share and the value of the stock rises to $30. At the end of the year you have received...
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...can be shown that the expected return function is a weighted average of the individual returns. In addition, it is shown that combining any portfolio with the risk-free asset, that the standard deviation of the combination is only a function of the weight for the risky asset portfolio. Therefore, since both the expected return and the variance are simple weighted averages, the combination will lie along a straight line. 2. Expected Rate of Return * F M * P * * B RFR *A E Expected Risk (( of return) The existence of a risk-free asset excludes the E-A segment of the efficient frontier because any point below A is dominated by the RFR. In fact, the entire efficient frontier below M is dominated by points on the RFR-M Line (combinations obtained by investing a part of the portfolio in the risk-free asset and the remainder in M), e.g., the point P dominates the previously efficient B because it has lower risk for the same level of return. As shown, M is at the point where the ray from RFR is tangent to the efficient frontier. The new efficient frontier thus becomes RFR-M-F. 3. Expected Rate of Return ...
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...can occur with an equal opportunity (50%). The annual return on the market and a certain security X in the two states of the economy are as follows: • Market: at the end of the year, the market is expected to yield a return of 30% in the good state and a return of (-10%) in the bad state; • Security X: at the end of the year, the security is expected to yield a return of 40% in the good state and a return of (-35%) in the bad state; Furthermore, assume that annual risk-free rate of return is 5%. A. (5 points) Calculate the beta of security X relative to the market. B. (5 points) Calculate the alpha of security X. C. (5 points) Draw the security market line (SML). Please, label the axes and all points (including the market portfolio, the risk-free security, and security X) in the graph clearly. Identify alpha in the graph. Solution: 1. (5 points) Beta of security X is: Market portfolio: (1/2) probability of getting 30% and (1/2) probability of getting -10%. So, expected/mean return and the standard deviation of the market are: [pic] [pic] Security X: (1/2) probability of getting 40% and (1/2) probability of getting -35%. So, expected/mean return and the standard deviation of security X are: [pic] [pic] The covariance between the market return and the security X return is: [pic] (a formula that comes from CF classes) Therefore, the beta of security X will be: [pic] 2. (5 points) Security’s alpha is: [pic] The...
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...The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of the New Deal. The New Deal signified the first federal regulation of the economy. President Roosevelt designed the New Deal to assist in resolving the issues that resulted from the Great Depression, an unmatched economic calamity that eventually produced an unemployment rate of 25% and a 33% reduction of the nation's economy. The regulation of securities was a good initial foundation for the New Deal reforms. The stock market crash of 1929 was a major cause leading to the economic downfall of America, known as the Great Depression. Today, the word securities refers to negotiable financial instruments, such as, banknote, bonds, common stock, and options. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 defines securities as “means any note, stock, treasury stock, security future, bond, debenture, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement or in any oil, gas, or other mineral royalty or lease, any collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange...
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...are considering investing $1,000 in a T-bill that pays 0.05 and a risky portfolio, P, constructed with 2 risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14 and variance of 0.01, and Y has an expected rate of return of 0.10 and a variance of 0.0081. If you want to form a portfolio with an expected rate of return of 0.11, what percentages of your money must you invest in the T-bill and P, respectively? A. 0.25; 0.75 B. 0.19; 0.81 C. 0.65; 0.35 D. 0.50; 0.50 E. cannot be determined 2. You are considering investing $1,000 in a T-bill that pays 0.05 and a risky portfolio, P, constructed with 2 risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14 and variance of 0.01, and Y has an expected rate of return of 0.10 and a variance of 0.0081. If you want to form a portfolio with an expected rate of return of 0.10, what percentages of your money must you invest in the T-bill, X, and Y, respectively if you keep X and Y in the same proportions to each other as in portfolio P? A. 0.25; 0.45; 0.30 B. 0.19; 0.49; 0.32 C. 0.32; 0.41; 0.27 D. 0.50; 0.30; 0.20 E. cannot be determined 3. You are considering investing $1,000 in a T-bill that pays 0.05 and a risky portfolio, P, constructed with 2 risky securities, X and Y. The weights of X and Y in P are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. X has an expected rate of return of 0.14...
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...the model to reflect an extreme case of an institutional arrangement that can preclude investors from choosing fully optimal portfolios. In particular, I assume that investors are unable to take negative positions in assets. For this version of the model I draw heavily from papers by Glenn (1976), Levy (1978), Merton (1987) and Markowitz (1987, 1990). Finally, I discuss the stock index futures contract - a major financial innovation of worldwide importance that postdates the development of the CAPM. Such contracts can increase the efficiency of capital markets in many ways. In particular, they can bring actual markets closer to the idealized world assumed by the Capital Asset Pricing Model. THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL The initial version of the CAPM, developed over 25 years ago, was extremely parsimonious. It dealt with the central aspects of equilibrium in capital markets and assumed away many important aspects of such markets as they * I am particularly grateful for the detailed comments and suggestions on the contents of this lecture provided...
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...(DEBD) SECURITIES – are securities that pay a specified cash flow over and specific period. EQUITY – an ownership share in a corporation. DERIVATIVE SECURITIES – securities providing pay offs that depend on the value of other assets. AGENCY PROBLEMS – conflicts of interest between management and stockholders. ASSET ALLOCATION – allocation of an investment across broad asset classes. SECURITY SELECTION – choice of specific securities within each asset class. SECURITY ANALYSES – analyses of the value of securities. RISK-RETURN TRADE-OFF – assets with higher expected returns entail greater risk. PASSIVE MANAGEMENT – buying and holding a diversified portfolio without attempt to identify mispriced securities. ACTIVE MANAGEMENT – attempting to identify misplaces securities or to forecast broad future trends. FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES – institutions that connect borrowers and lenders by accepting funds from lenders and loaning funds to borrowers. INVESTMENT COMPANIES – company that manages funds for investors. An investment company can manage several mutual funds. INVESTMENT BANKERS – firms specializing in the sale of new securities to the public, typically by underwriting the issue. PRIMARY MARKET – a market in which new securities are offered to the public. SECONDARY MARKET – a market in which previously issued securities are traded among investors. GLOBALIZATION – tendency toward a worldwide investment environment, and the integration of international capital markets. PASS-THROUGH...
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