...Objective: To demonstrate and explain muscle fatigue Variable Choices: Temperature (hot,neutral and cold) Background Information: The bones on the skeleton are caused to move by skeletal muscles. When muscles tend to contract it creates the ability of the joints to move and let us engage in physical activities. For muscles to contract, chemical energy is required. The chemical energy is a result of respiration. The skeletal muscle is made of two different kinds of fibers: slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT). Slow twitch fibers are mostly used in prolonged, because they are low and moderate the intensity activities. Slow Twitch fibers are more efficient at using oxygen to extend muscle contractions over a long time. As for the fast twitch fibers they use up more energy and the muscle fibers contract very fast. They are much better at generating short bursts of strengths and that slow. The fast twitch are usually used in short intense activities....
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...interpreting mechanical activity based on muscle contraction. The prediction of muscular tissue condition can be found using MMG, a technique that muscular mechanical waves produced during a fiber’s contraction and stretching that are sensed over skin surface [22]. The purpose of this research is to explore various methods of muscle activity through MMG signal to recognize multiple hand gesture. The evaluation of muscle condition can be known with mechanomyography (MMG), that registers intramuscular mechanical waves produced during a fiber’s contraction and stretching that are sensed or interfaced over skin surface [21]. The major focus is on mechanomyography, the measurements of mechanical response of muscle during activity. It is well documented that muscle produce low frequency vibrations (5-100Hz) during muscle activity. The mechanomyogram (MMG) signal is observable at the surface of the muscle due to the movement of the muscle...
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...The geckos were euthanized by pentobarbital and the tails were removed by induced autonomy. Moisture from the exposed end of the tail was collected and subjected to Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry and analyzed using MS-BLAST. The tails’ structure was analyzed through multiple methods. Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a Micro Imaging 5 probe, a Great 60 Imaging system, a saddle coil, and a gradient cooling temperature of 20°C was utilized. Electron Microscopy and 3D Fast Low-Angle Shot sequence were utilized. Scanning Electron Microscopy was utilized and the tails were observed through a FEI NOVA NanoSEM 600. The analysis showed that there was a fat layer around the vertebra and the muscle was between the fat layer and dermis. The autonomy septum divided the fat and muscle regions in each fracture planes. A dorsal median septum, a ventral...
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...Introduction: The cardiac cycle is associated with the blood flow through the heart (Saladin, 2015). The heart rate is a term describing the regularity of the cardiac cycle (Marieb,2007). The heart rate is the amount of times it contracts or also known as beats in a unit of time, nearly always per minute. The normal pulse rate for healthy adults ranges from 60-100 bpm(beats per minute), approximately the adult heart rate regulates 75 bpm but this varies from person to person (Saladin, 2015). The heart rate generally slows down through childhood, as you develop (MacGill, 2015). Abnormal heart rates have medical names and harmless for some (MacGill, 2015). Tachycardia refers to the heart beating too fast at rest being over 100 beats per minute...
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...Human Biology Week 1: Worksheet 1. Consider the organization of life. Identify the different levels of organization from the cell to the organism. -The cell is the smallest unit displaying the properties of life that is the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. -Tissues are a group of similar cells that performs similar functions. - Organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissues that work together for a common purpose. -Organ system is a group of organs arranged in such a way that they perform functions that they would not otherwise be able to perform if they were by themselves. -Organism is an individual being that contains all of the above mentioned. Without these an organism would not be able to function properly. 2. List and define the characteristics of life and provide an example in your life that demonstrates the characteristic. -There are 7 characteristics of life and they are as follows: Organization is when single cell organisms have a specific make up to be self sufficient. It starts with an organism which is complex. Humans are classified as multicellular because they are composed of many different types of cells. A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. An organ is made up of many tissues, and organ systems are a group of organs that perform a common function. One example of life is humans. When acquiring materials and energy, living things take in energy and use it...
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...Adulthood adulthood, the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. Physically, early and middle adulthood are marked by slow, gradual declines in body functioning, which accelerate as old age is reached. The muscle mass continues to increase through the mid-20s, thereafter gradually decreasing. The skeletal mass increases until age 30 or so, and then begins to decrease, first in the central skeleton (pelvis and spine) and last in the peripheral skeleton (fingers and toes). Throughout adulthood there is a progressive deposition of cholesterol in the arteries, and the heart muscle eventually grows weaker even in the absence of detectable disease. The production of both male and female hormones also diminishes with age, though this cannot be directly related to the gradual diminution in sexual activity that occurs in both males and females between 20 and 60. There is clear evidence that with increasing age adults display a slow, very gradual tendency toward decreasing speed of response in the execution of intellectual (and physical) tasks. Slowing rates of electrical activity in the older adult brain have been linked to the slowing of behaviour itself. This decline in the rate of central nervous system processing does not necessarily imply similar changes in learning, memory...
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...African Americans and their involvement in Olympic Swimming; Why are there so few African American swimmers? Marcos Mendez Georgia Southern University Abstract This paper explores the phenomena that we see in Olympic Swimming. Whites dominate this sport and African Americans hardly ever participate in this sport. This research paper explores why that is, by examining numerous sources. These sources were obtained using the internet. From the research conducted, their seem to be varying answers to this question. However the main ones are genetics and socioeconomic factors. Consequently, the genetic research is not a direct correlation to why African Americans don’t participate in swimming. Genetics only points out that differences in muscle composition, bone density, and buoyancy have some effect on a person’s ability to swim. The major cause for this goes into the past to segregation and economics. History of Olympic Swimming Swimming was learnt by prehistoric people in order to cross bodies of water. This can be proved in ancient egyptian paintings( 2011 Olympic. Org). Swimming did not truly become an organized sport until the early 19th century when British swimming clubs began to hold competitions. Swimming was added to the Olympic in 1896. History of African American Swimming Now lets look at African swimming. In 1451 when Europeans began exploring Africa. Europeans regarded Africans as “ The best swimmers in the world.” They attributed these swimming skills...
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...Adulthood adulthood, the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. Physically, early and middle adulthood are marked by slow, gradual declines in body functioning, which accelerate as old age is reached. The muscle mass continues to increase through the mid-20s, thereafter gradually decreasing. The skeletal mass increases until age 30 or so, and then begins to decrease, first in the central skeleton (pelvis and spine) and last in the peripheral skeleton (fingers and toes). Throughout adulthood there is a progressive deposition of cholesterol in the arteries, and the heart muscle eventually grows weaker even in the absence of detectable disease. The production of both male and female hormones also diminishes with age, though this cannot be directly related to the gradual diminution in sexual activity that occurs in both males and females between 20 and 60. There is clear evidence that with increasing age adults display a slow, very gradual tendency toward decreasing speed of response in the execution of intellectual (and physical) tasks. Slowing rates of electrical activity in the older adult brain have been linked to the slowing of behaviour itself. This decline in the rate of central nervous system processing does not necessarily imply similar changes in learning, memory...
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...The Talent Code – Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How Introduction – The Girl Who Did a Month’s Worth of Practice in Six Minutes: * Media coverage tends to treat each hotbed as a singular phenomenon, but in truth they are all part of a larger and older pattern * Consider the artists of the Italian Renaissance, during which the city of Florence (population 70,000) suddenly produced an explosion of geniuses that has never been seen before * The questions echo – where does this extraordinary talent come from? How does it grow? * Clarissa, part of a study by music psychologists that tracked her progress at the clarinet for several years * Based on her aptitude tests and the testimony of her teacher, parents and her self, she possessed no music gifts * Good musical ear, but her motivation was below average * In the study’s written section, she responded “because I’m supposed to” as her reason for practicing * Nonetheless, she had become famous in music-science circles * Since on an average morning, the camera would capture this average kid doing something un-average, in 5 minutes and 40 seconds, she accelerated her learning speed by 10x and she didn’t even notice * Her music sounded pretty bad, common sense would lead us to believe that Clarissa is failing, but this would be wrong * She has a blueprint in her mind that she’s constantly comparing herself too, she’s not ignoring errors, she’s hearing...
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...Depending on the chemical nature, fiber increases volume of the meal, and it can affect transit time of food in the digestive tract, help maintain health of gastrointestinal mucosa, and consistency of feces, which is very important for those who have to pick it up. As a source of fiber, we can use ingredients such as wheat bran, fruit pulp and tomato, beet pulp, soybean and peanuts by products. Dogs cannot digest fiber directly, but certain level of fermentation in large intestines is possible. Pectin’s and other soluble fibers are easily fermented, but they can decrease availability of essential fatty acid and lipo-soluble vitamins in the small intestines. (ReinhartIII...
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...Running head: Muscle Repair after Injury Muscle Repair after Injury Dee Gooseby Exercise Science Lenoir-Rhyne University Date Submitted: December, 2013 Introduction One of the most common injuries in sports of both genders is the tearing of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL. Each year there are over 200,000 reported cases of a torn ACL (Kim & Smith, 2009). Out of the 200,000 reported cases, an ACL reconstruction was performed in 175,000 of them with the majority of the procedures ending successfully, but failure rates averaged from three percent to high as 10% - 25% (Bogunovic, 2013). An ACL injury usually occurs while doing a move you have performed over a 100 times (Kidzworld). In other cases, a torn ACL is normally caused by getting hit extremely hard on the side of your knee, overextending the knee joint or by quickly stopping and changing direction while running (Kim & Smith, 2009). The ACL is the ligament that connects the tibia to the femur, and when it becomes torn it usually swells and produces a sharp pain immediately. Since the ACL is a pivotal aspect to a person’s knee, it is very important for scientists and doctors to figure out a sufficient way to heal it. Normally when an ACL is diagnosed as torn, the first step of the healing process is to go through a couple weeks of rehab before surgery to help strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscle. The most common ACL procedure consists of taking a ligament from the patella tendon or the use...
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...Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also fatigue much more quickly...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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...requirements for the Course Human Kinetics and Ergonomics 102. Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics INTRODUCTION When the metabolic motion of skeletal muscles increases, the flexibility of the heart can be detected throughout the exercise (Okutucu et al., 2010). The heart and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, which respond to exercise with an increase in heart rate and strength of reduction with each heartbeat, causing a higher cardiac output (amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute) and blood pressure (Okutucu et al., 2010). This report presents an assessment of “exercising” blood pressure and heart rate. The aim of this assessment was to obtain an understanding of how heart rate and blood pressure respond to submaximal exercise of the same intensity. The hypothesis tested was what impact exercise had on blood pressure and heart rate. The purpose of assessment of “exercising” heart rate was to measure heart rate while exercising at a submaximal intensity as well as to measure recovery heart rate following submaximal exercise. The purpose of assessment of “exercising” blood pressure was to measure blood pressure while exercising at a submaximal intensity and to measure recovery blood pressure following submaximal exercise. This report presents the procedures for the experiment, the experiment's results, and an analysis of those results. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Research demonstrates that exercise aids the heart. In addition, researches...
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