...This essay seeks to define why the Scottish Enlightenment theorists rejected previous attempts at social theory and instead formulated their own social theory. It also seeks to define what was scientific about their approach compared to other theorists who formulated other social theories. Firstly the enlightenment will be defined and previous attempts at social theory outlined. Secondly the theorists social theory will be outlined and finally a discussion of why their approach could be considered scientific. This essay will argue that it was the theorists’ departure from conjecture and sermon which made their theory so radical for its time, and their application of the new framework of Newtonian science which allowed their application to be considered scientific. The enlightenment was a period of philosophical thought and intellectual development which began in the eighteenth century (Ritzer, 2010). The enlightenment theorists sought to combine empirical research with the developing model of Newtonian science. The theorists were convinced that the world around them could be understood using reason and research and that the institutions which governed social values and societal norms were rooted in irrationality and actually acted to inhibit human development (Ritzer, 2010). The theorist’s arguments clashed with the conjectural and traditionally espoused history of the social institutions such as the Church and the political regimes of the countries they operated in (Broadie...
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...integrating the evidence you've gathered into your essay, you must first look at your essay plan to decide where evidence needs to be placed in relation to the points you’re making. Then you need to look at the particular paragraph in which a piece of evidence belongs to decide how it can be integrated, remembering that its role will be to support or expand on a point you've already made in your own words within that paragraph. In the paragraph below, you'll notice that evidence has been paraphrased or directly quoted and placed in a position that allows it to extend the point the writer is making in the topic sentence. | | | |One phenomenon that can impact greatly on the effectiveness of groups is that as group sizes |topic sentence | |increase there is a tendency for the effort put in by the group to be less than the average | | |effort put in by individuals engaged on the same task separately (Gabrenya, Latane & Wang 1981; | | |Albanese & Van Fleet 1985). The phenomenon has been described using various terms. Writers | | |influenced by industrial economics describe it as the 'free-rider problem', where the collective| | |nature of the 'contract' obscures the fact of one member failing to...
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...Management Planning Paper Samuel K. Mims MGT 330 Roxanne Bates July 26th, 2011 Management planning is the most important function of management because it is the foundation for the organization. The planning function of management is the management function of systematically making decisions about the goals and activities than an individual, a group, a work unit, or the overall organization will pursue. Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals. Planning activities for the company include analyzing current situations, anticipating the future, determining objectives, deciding in what types of activities the company will engage, choosing corporate and business strategies and determining the resources needed to achieve the organization’s goals (Bateman & Snell, 2008). When it comes to a huge corporation such as Boeing, the planning function becomes even more important because there are so many different divisions within the corporation that must be accounted for. In Boeing’s case, they are a multinational corporation that provides their services all throughout the world so they have to plan on a worldwide scale which is a much more difficult task than planning as a domestic company. Boeing’s planning functions are well thought out and executed to the fullest of their ability as they are very focused on their stakeholders needs, motivating their workforce, enabling teams, requiring alignment...
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...politicians is constantly scrutinised by their constituents, peers, the press and the nation as a whole. The recent expenses scandal provides an example as to why national and global societies have suspicious feelings toward the intentions of politicians. This essay will highlight the fact that the role of a professional politician, where instant decisive and important decisions need to be made, and the context sometimes require democratically elected politicians, engaged in a social contract with the electorate, to lie to safeguard the greater good of national and global citizens. Due to the volume of theory and discourse related to this topic, it would not be practical to analyse all aspects to this question. However, this essay will examine the following: first, it will look at the unique nature of the role of a politician, followed by an overview of the social contract theory and the contributions made to it by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Rawls. Then, the work of Niccolo Machiavelli and the notion of Reason of State will be examined, followed, in turn, by Utilitarianism, commenting on the contributions of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. This will be done before going onto balance the essay by introducing a counterargument offered by Idealism. Finally, to contextualise the thesis, there will be a contemporary example given of a world leader having to lie for the greater good of global citizens for possible prevention of future harm. Politicians...
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...James Staton Mr. Borton World Literature II October 6, 2015 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent writer in the eighteenth century and influenced different revolutions in his work such as the revolutionary sentiments in France and American colonies. Rousseau helped start the Romantic Movement and is responsible for creating the new genre in literature known as an autobiography. This came from the one of the stories he wrote called Confession, which he goes in to detail about what he has been through in life. He was writer during the Enlightenment period and he drew influences from Immanuel Kant. A lot of beliefs of the enlightened way of thinking show in Rousseau‘s writing called The Social Contract. Being “Enlightened” is ones freedom to think for them and not be trapped in social status that societies may put on people. Rousseau put together the social contract to persuade people to break the political rule of authority and give power to the people and not one person. The Social Contract was written in 1762 containing four different books explaining the possibilities of how people can achieve equality and power with the help contract. Rousseau's intended audience were the people who were under the political rule of authority. I feel that the way he explains his contract is effective especially because each book is something different that would erase the political rule of authority and bring equality among the citizen. Book...
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...Particularly in paragraph 8, it uses seven keywords to make the blur language of Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on adequate housing become very lucid. “Legal security of tenure”, “availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure”, “affordability”, “habitability”, “accessibility”, “location” and “cultural adequacy” are the seven key words are very essential to detail the concept of adequate housing. In the case study of Chinese floating population’s housing right, the essay stresses the “legal security of tenure”, “availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure”, “affordability”, “habitability” and “location”...
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...For example, motorcycle helmet laws – if we know that the use of a safety helmet can protect individuals from severe head and neck injuries in an accident, why do some states not have full helmet laws for all motorcycle riders? Week 2 Discussion Health policy is profoundly influenced by value-driven issues that cut across the entire U.S. policy landscape. Describe both positions (i.e., for and against) a current debate regarding a value-driven health policy issue. What interests in health policy do you bring to this class? McLaughlin’s Table 1-1 specifies the knowledge and skills called for in a policy analyst. Discuss for which of these areas do you currently feel prepared, and in which ones do you want to gain competence? Why? Week 3 Discussion Argue the following statement: Despite our relatively high level of healthcare expenditure, we may still be getting enough for our money. Discuss the social forces and other issues behind the move toward industrialization. Does industrialization threaten professional autonomy and control? If yes, why? If no, why? Please provide examples to support your position. Week...
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...For example, motorcycle helmet laws – if we know that the use of a safety helmet can protect individuals from severe head and neck injuries in an accident, why do some states not have full helmet laws for all motorcycle riders? Week 2 Discussion Health policy is profoundly influenced by value-driven issues that cut across the entire U.S. policy landscape. Describe both positions (i.e., for and against) a current debate regarding a value-driven health policy issue. What interests in health policy do you bring to this class? McLaughlin’s Table 1-1 specifies the knowledge and skills called for in a policy analyst. Discuss for which of these areas do you currently feel prepared, and in which ones do you want to gain competence? Why? Week 3 Discussion Argue the following statement: Despite our relatively high level of healthcare expenditure, we may still be getting enough for our money. Discuss the social forces and other issues behind the move toward industrialization. Does industrialization threaten professional autonomy and control? If yes, why? If no, why? Please provide examples to support your position. Week...
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...Youth Justice http://yjj.sagepub.com/ Book Review: M Little and B Maughan, Effective Interventions for Children in Need, The Library of Essays in Child Welfare and Development, Ashgate, Burlington, VT, USA, 2010, £120 Hb, ISBN 978-0-74562-825-2 Declan Coogan Youth Justice 2011 11: 194 DOI: 10.1177/14732254110110020603 The online version of this article can be found at: http://yjj.sagepub.com/content/11/2/194 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Youth Justice can be found at: Email Alerts: http://yjj.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://yjj.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://yjj.sagepub.com/content/11/2/194.refs.html >> Version of Record - Jul 13, 2011 What is This? Downloaded from yjj.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) on April 16, 2014 194 Youth Justice 11(2) alongside England and Wales and in so doing makes some invaluable comparisons and contrasts in light of the differing legal systems. Nonetheless, this does raise questions about the primacy accorded to the Scottish Sheriffs’ accounts in the second section of the book in light of the markedly different approach to ASBOs adopted in Scotland, especially where young people are concerned (pp. 121–125). The Sheriffs’ accounts clearly lend support to extant concerns about net-widening (cf. Squires and Stephen, 2005)...
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...Ethics Essay Rukiya Parsons Ethics and Social Responsibility / 316 09/03/2015 Larhonda Jones Ethics Essay Ethics is defined as the study of moral philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct as it pertains to habit or custom. The ethical theory focuses on the actions or character of an individual in relation to an ethical situation or issue. When I think of ethics I automatically am drawn to the conclusion of something being considered right or wrong based on cultural rules, while on the other hand when judging the morality of a situation I will almost always base my decision on personal values of what I consider to be just. This paper will compare the similarities and differences of ethical theories as it relates to ethics and morality. Consequential Theories “Consequential theories base morality on the results or outcomes of behaviors. Actions with good consequences are morally right; actions with bad consequences are morally wrong.” (Nicholas Manias, 2013, Ethics Applied, p.113) Utilitarianism An ethical theory that is almost self-explanatory, concluding that the best moral action results in optimal use or “utility” in an individual producing more good in a situation than bad for great numbers. As stated in the reading, happiness vs. unhappiness and the outcome of happiness proves to be morally ethical. Non-consequential Theories “Non-consequential theories base morality on factors other than...
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...can keep the business to be insistent is to make contract to customers or business partners. The essay will analysis the case study and provide suitable solutions to solve all issues. Contract in business may be significant to keep relationship between firms and partners to the position that it should be. Contract management can be defined as the control of contracts which involved a company and its customers or partners (Lee, Lin and Pasari 2014). In order to create the business contract, all participants might be considering some relevant factors such as creation, negotiation, adherence, service level agreement, managing changes, documenting and analysing (Tumuhairwe and Ahimbisibwe 2016). According to the case study, there are two contractors such as police and Maybury Security Ltd (MSL) as well as there are serval sub-contractors in different part including facilities management, building construction, software development, data Centre management and systems integration. The issue was occurred by a failure of MSL’ s contract, the reason is because contractual performance was not attained which made various complaints from police side and sub-contractors side. The causes might be, for example, a lack of communication, high price of contract changes and so on. However, there are several solutions to conquer the problems that impact all the participants. First of all, finding the mid-person to be in charge of the direct contract which is a senior responsible officer assigning...
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..."firing women first" during mass lay-offs and the conversion of their status from full-time to part-time. Consequently the KWTU was formed to shed light on and abolish the prejudiced policies and actions endorsed against women workers. Currently, the KWTU has 1,500 union members who are involved in the activities of local units of nine major cities including, Seoul, Inchon, Pusan, Kwanju, Buchon, Ansan-Shuheung, Masan-Cangwon, Iksan-Chonju and Taegu. Protecting the rights of many women workers who are often denied membership in other trade union, the KWTU offers membership to all women workers working in any workplace or region. In fact, 71.8 percent of KWTU's membership consists of irregular women workers (Choi, 2000, Song, 2001). This essay has numerous objectives. First, the fundamental incentives for the configuration of the KWTU will be presented. Principally, the discussion will depict the rising number of women workers in the workforce, their worsening work conditions, along with the execution of prejudiced actions targeting women workers. Subjects such as the gender discrepancies in wage, the patriarchal coercion of women workers and the pessimistic influence of the IMF reforms will be raised. Subsequent, the history of the organization of the KWTU will be presented. This part illustrates the force...
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...development of contractarianism in the work of Rawls allows for a moral duty towards animals. This essay seeks to investigate the question of whether Rawlsian contracualism is a satisfactory approach to our moral duty towards animals? Encompassed within this will also be an inquiry into whether any other moral theories studied provide a better examination of this issue. Traditional Contractarianism has generally been discredited to having any moral claim towards animals. Hobbesian Contractarianism is based on the presumption that the state of nature is “solitary, poor, nasty, short, and brutish.” It can be seen as a “war of all against all.” This therefore entails that one will seek peace from this sate of nature through a desire to escape death and war through the antidote: peace. Rationality therefore will show us that in order to live in...
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...world in 2010. Undoubtedly, Apple has become one of the world's influential technology companies in the world. In the mobile phone market, Apple now occupies the third place after Samsung and Nokia (Gartner, 2012). However, from 2006, it has been reported that the employees assembling iPhones, iPads and other devices in contract manufacturers, such as Foxconn and Inventec often work in harsh conditions. Thus, a question has been arisen that whether Apple should be responsible for the actions of Foxconn. According to the case study, this essay will argue that Apple is partially accountable for the actions of Foxconn through analyzing the theory of organizational culture and organizational structure. Analysis of Apple’s influence on Foxconn in terms of organizational culture will be demonstrated firstly. The second part will examine the reasons why Apple will be responsible for the behavior of Foxconn according to the theory of organizational structure. Finally the conclusion will be drawn. Organizational culture Apple is partially responsible for the misbehavior of Foxconn because the culture of Foxconn is partially determined by Apple. Furthermore, social responsibility could be part of Apple’s organizational culture, making Apple want to change the current situation of Foxconn. Organizational culture has become an essential element in our understanding of organizations. It is a complicated theory related to share value and shared meanings in an organization (Linstead...
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...How significant lifestones are marked in different cultures In our lifetime we will celebrate a range of different milestones or rites of passage. These events are celebrated in various different ways in various cultures or religions. In this essay I will explore a range of different milestones or right of passage such as birth, puberty, marriage death etc. amoung the different cultures and religions. I will also compare and contrast the religious beliefs in 2 different religions/cultures/socieities. The first milestone is birth. Birth is a milestone that is celebrated in every culture. The birth of a child can be marked with a family gathering after the mother has given birth. A welcoming home party may also be carried out. Birth can also be celebrated later on in life with Birthdays. Birthdays also mark a significant date in a persons life. For example, birthdays can effect the person and the legal system. Examples of this are when a person turns 18 they are considered an adult, legal to vote, legal to purchase alcohol, consent to sex, to marry and to obtain a drivers license. The next milestone is puberty. Puberty is marked in various different ways in different cultures. Puberty marks the change of when a child becomes a teenager and matures. Puberty in a vary of different ways in different cultures. For example, puberty in the Irish catholic culture is celebrated with a ceremony called '' Confirmation ''. Confirmation marks the person as having completed...
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