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Starbucks Memo

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Submitted By sbrandl
Words 1754
Pages 8
An: Howard Schultz, Chairman and CEO der Starbucks Corporation
Datum: August 1997
Betreff: Marktanalyse und Strategieempfehlung für Starbucks Corporation

Executive Summary
Starbucks ist Marktführer im Bereich des Specialty Coffee auf dem nordamerikanischen Markt. Obwohl das Unternehmen schnelles und kontinuierliches Wachstum aufweist, herrscht Unsicherheit hinsichtlich der momentanen Wachstumsstrategie und der zur Verfügung stehenden Optionen für die Zukunft. Im Folgenden wird die Attraktivität der Specialty Coffee Branche analysiert und die Unternehmensressourcen untersucht. Es wird sich zeigen, dass die Branche eine nur mittlere Attraktivität aufweist, das Unternehmen aber über teilweise sehr gute Ressourcen verfügt. Mithilfe von Produktneueinführungen soll es gelingen, innerhalb der nächsten 3 Jahre die Marktführerposition weiter auszubauen und die Umsätze deutlich zu steigern.

Analyse
Branchendefinition: Nachfolgend wird der amerikanische Markt für Specialty Coffee im Jahr 1997 analyiert.
Externe Analyse:
Mithilfe des Five-Forces-Modells von M. Porter werden die Haupteigenschaften dieser Branche untersucht.
Die Rivalität in der Branche lässt sich als relativ hoch einstufen. Zwar macht der Verkauf von Specialty Coffee 1997 knapp 40% des gesamten Kaffeeverkaufs aus und das Wachstum in der Branche soll bis 2000 auf gut 50% weiter ansteigen. Weiter sind niedrige Austrittsbarrieren zu erkennen, da viele Unternehmen häufig über nur wenige Anlagen bzw. über keine Immobilien verfügen und somit leichter vom Markt ausscheiden können. Doch es sprechen einige Faktoren dagegen, dass es sich hier um eine attraktive Branche handelt. Zunächst haben Kunden nur sehr niedrige Umstellungskosten, die dazu führen, dass leicht zu einem der fast 3.500 Konkurrenten gewechselt werden kann. Die riesige Anzahl an Konkurrenten stellt auch deshalb ein Problem dar, weil diese unterschiedliche Ausprägungen annehmen (erfolgreiche Ketten, einzelne Coffee Shops, nur Verkauf in Supermärkten, etc.). Das letzte Argument, das für eine relativ hohe Rivalität spricht, wäre die Tatsache, dass es in diesem Markt um viele kleine Käufe geht und damit hohe Volumina für jeden Konkurrenten entscheidend sind.
Auch die Gefahr von Neueintritten lässt sich als hoch beschreiben. Da in der Branche kaum Anlagen benötigt werden und wie bereits erwähnt Kunden keine Wechselkosten haben, fällt es neuen Unternehmen leicht, in den Markt einzudringen. Zudem ist der Zugang zu verschiedenen Vertriebskanälen relativ leicht und es bestehen kaum rechtliche Restriktionen. Außerdem sind bei der Vielzahl von bereits am Markt vorhandenen Konkurrenten nur die Marken der größten Spieler etabliert, sodass viele kleinere Marken am Markt relativ unbekannt sind und ein neuer Eintritt mit einer eben solchen Marke weniger schwierig ist.
Betrachtet man die Gefahr durch Ersatzprodukte, wird schnell deutlich, dass Specialty Coffee einer Menge an Substituten gegenübersteht: Basic Coffee, Tee, Saft, Softdrinks, Alkohol und andere Getränke. Allerdings ist zu bemerken, dass der Konsum all dieser Substitue im Vergleich zum Specialty deutlich zurückgegangen ist. Allerdings stellen bestimmte Kaffeesorten, die von Basic Coffee Firmen als Antwort auf die steigenden Zahlen bei Specialty Coffee angeboten wurden und eine Art „Upscale Version von Supermarktmarken“ sind, eine gewisse Gefahr dar. Hierbei ist aber positiv anzumerken, dass dieser Trend deutlich zurückgehen soll und Specialty Coffee in Zukunft zu mehr als der Hälfte (bisher nur knapp 20%) in extra Specialty Coffee Stores gekauft wird. Zusammen mit diesen Faktoren spricht auch eine hohe Produktloyalität der Kunden dafür, dass diese Gefahr nur mittel bis niedrig ist.
Bei der Verhandlungsmacht der Lieferanten werden hier nur die Exportfirmen betrachtet. Grundsätzlich ist deren Verhandlungsmacht relativ hoch, da Specialty Coffee Firmen keinesfalls mit Rückwärtsintegration drohen können und der gelieferte Kaffee essentiell für den Fortbestand eines Unternehmens ist. Außerdem sind die Firmen in der Branche zum Teil relativ klein und nicht konzentriert, was erneut die Verhandlungsmacht erhöht. Allerdings ist zu beobachten, dass große Firmen gute Verträge mit Exportfirmen haben, die zum Beispiel ihre Rückgaberechte und Lieferbedingungen deutlich verbessern. Für diese großen Firmen lässt sich also eine nur mittlere Verhandlungsmacht der Lieferanten erkennen.
Auch die Verhandlungsmacht der Kunden ist nicht besonders hoch. Zwar lässt sich feststellen, dass sich immer mehr Kunden fast vollständige Informationen über Kaffee aneignen, die Umstellungskosten niedrig sind und alle Kaffeeprodukte relativ standardisiert sind. Doch gibt es in dieser Branche eine sehr große Anzahl an Kunden, die immer weiter steigen soll. Aufgrund verschiedener Gesundheits- und Lifestyletrends kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass der momentane Anteil der Specialty Coffee Trinker (22% der US Konsumenten) deutlich wächst.
Interne Analyse:
Die Ressourcen von Starbucks sollen anhand von 3 Gruppen vorgestellt werden.
Zu den materiellen Ressourcen gehören die über 1000 Verkaufsstellen, die aufgrund ihres Designs und der Atmosphäre einen maßgeblichen Wachstumsfaktor darstellen. Die Ballung verschiedener Locations (store clustering) verhilft dabei, hohe Marktanteile in bestimmten Gebieten zu gewinnen. Doch die finanzielle Lage zeigt einige Schwierigkeiten auf. Der statische Verschuldungsgrad von 60,88% ist sehr hoch. Das bedeutet, dass die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und die Glaubwürdigkeit deutlich geschwächt sein können. Das könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass Starbucks fast nur über eigene Stores verfügt und kein Franchise betreibt, was den Bedarf an Kapital deutlich erhöht. Auch die Anlagenintensität ist mit 50,85%1 sehr hoch. Dies spiegelt eine ungünstige Kapazitätsauslastung und damit Ertragslage wider. Außerdem kann dadurch eher schwer auf kurzfristige Änderungen reagiert werden, da sehr viel Kapital gebunden ist. Auch die relativ niedrige Gesamtkapitalrentabilität von nur 9,43%1 zeigt, dass Kapital nicht effizient eingesetzt wurde.
Obwohl die materiellen Ressourcen mit den meist optimal platzierten Verkaufsstellen zunächst sehr positiv aussehen, muss an der Finanzlage trotz bisher gutem Rating und gutem Risikoprofil, das durch Diversifikation bedingt ist, gearbeitet werden.
Dennoch verfügt Starbucks über einige sehr gute immaterielle Ressourcen. Hierzu zählen u.a. ein leistungsfähiges Supply Chain Management oder Specialty Sales Vereinbarungen, durch die andere Firmen Starbucks Produkte verkaufen. Vor allem die Technologie des Röstens und Mischens sowie der Verpackung stellt einen erheblichen Faktor dar. Durch lange Recherche konnte Starbucks ein Verfahren ermitteln, das auf lange Sicht von Konkurrenten nur schwer zu imitieren ist und das auch momentan nicht substituiert werden kann. Da der Geschmack des Kaffees im Vordergrund steht, ist dieses Verfahren außerdem von substanziellem Wert für den Kunden. Somit kann diese Fähigkeit, gebündelt mit weiteren Faktoren wie zum Beispiel gutem Personal, einen deutlichen Wettbewerbsvorteil darstellen. Im Bereich der immateriellen Ressourcen ist aber ein sinkender Markenwert zu beobachten, dem mithilfe von Marketingmaßnahmen entgegengewirkt werden soll.
Im Bereich der Human Resources verfügt Starbucks über eine Vielzahl sehr gut ausgebildeter Baristas. U.a. begründet durch die offene Unternehmenskultur sind die Mitarbeiter sehr motiviert und loyal. Mithilfe verschiedener Maßnahmen bleiben Mitarbeiter länger im Unternehmen, was sich in einer im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Unternehmen relativ niedrigen Fluktuationsrate von 60% widerspiegelt.
Fazit:
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass der Specialty Coffee Markt durch eine hohe Rivalität und Gefahr durch Neueintritte geprägt ist, die Gefahr durch Substitute und die Verhandlungsmacht von Kunden und Lieferanten dagegen eher mittel bis niedrig sind. Insgesamt lässt sich somit eine eher mittlere Marktattraktivität feststellen. Starbucks verfügt über verschiedene sehr wichtige Ressourcen, muss aber im Bereich der Finanzen oder des Markenwertes deutlich arbeiten.

Strategische Alternativen
1. Eine mögliche Alternative ist es, McDonalds als neuen Specialty Sales Partner zu gewinnen und somit die Vertriebskanäle auszubauen. Dadurch könnte der Kundenstamm erweitert, das Markentbewusstsein und die Umsätze gesteigert und die Kundengruppe der Jugendlichen erreicht werden. Allerdings besteht hier die Gefahr einer Markenverschlechterung, da das Image von McDonalds nicht unbedingt zu Starbucks’ Strategie passt und seine Zusammenarbeit mit CocaCola (Partner von McDonalds) Starbucks Produkte teilweise nicht zulassen könnte (z. B. Frappuccino, entwickelt mit Pepsi). Weitere Möglichkeiten sind der Ausbau des Doppio Modells sowie des Bestellservices und der Verkauf von Produkten in Supermärkten.
2. Desweiteren ist es möglich, neue Märkte zu erschließen. Diese Internationalisierungsstrategie wurde bereits mit Asien begonnen, sollte in Zukunft aber verstärkt werden. Vor allem in den europäischen Ländern, deren Kultur der amerikanischen gleicht, kann diese Strategie ein voller Erfolg werden. Außerdem kann das Ziel, 2000 Stores im Jahr 2000 zu haben, hierdurch erreicht werden.
3. Eine weitere Möglichkeit wäre eine Diversifikationsstrategie, die sich speziell an die Zielgruppe Jugendliche richtet, die durch das aktuelle Produktsortiment kaum angesprochen werden.
Empfehlung:
Unter Berücksichtigung aller Umstände sollte man sich momentan für die Diversifikationsstrategie entscheiden, wobei auch die zweite Strategie langfristig auf jeden Fall verfolgt werden sollte. Ziel dieser Strategie ist es, innerhalb von 3 Jahren einen Marktanteil von 10% im Segment der Jugendlichen zu erreichen und in 2000 insgesamt Umsätze von rund $1,3 Milliarden zu erzielen. Diese Produktneueinführungen stellen eine Investition für die Zukunft dar, da jetzt bereits Markenloyalität bei Jugendlichen hergestellt werden kann.
Implementierung:
Produkt: Es sollten zum Beispiel sog. Flavoured Coffees entwickelt werden, die vorzugsweise von Jugendlichen und Kunden, die keine typischen Kaffeetrinker sind, verzehrt werden. Durch Proben können bevorzugte Geschmacksrichtungen oder neue Kaffeeprodukte ermittelt werden.
Beschaffung und Distribution: Es können die selben Lieferanten verwendet werden und damit kann von bereits bestehenden Vereinbarungen und Beziehungen profitiert werden. Da Supply Chain Management und v.a. die Logistik ohnehin gut ausgebaut sind, sollten die selben Vertriebskanäle wie für andere Produkte genutzt werden.
Personal: Für die Mitarbeiter sollte ein Training für die neuen Produkte durchgeführt werden. Das größtenteils sehr junge Personal kann neue Produkte für Jugendliche entsprechend gut verkörpern und promoten.
Marketing: Marketingausgaben sollten relativ hoch angesetzt werden und kundengerecht und jung gestaltet werden. Intensive Werbung wird auch Spillover-Effekte für andere Produkte haben und ein modernes, junges Image bei allen Kunden erzeugen.
Anhang:

Für die Berechnung der drei Kennzahlen wurden die tatsächlichen Werte aus 1996 verwendet. Sie stammen aus der Bilanz (Exhibit 9) und der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung (Exhibit 7).

Berechnung der Anlagenintensität:

Anlagenintensität = Anlagevermögen / Gesamtvermögen =

= 369,477 / 726,613 = 50,85%

Berechnung des Statischen Verschuldungsgrades:

Statischer Verschuldungsgrad = Fremdkapital / Eigenkapital =

= (101,091 + 173,862) / 451,660 = 60,88%

Berechnung der Gesamtkapitalrentabilität:

Gesamtkapitalrentabilität = EBIT / Gesamtkapital =

= 68,501 / 726, 613 = 9,43%

Umsatzschätzung für 2000:

Der Umsatz in 2000 ohne die neu eingeführten Produkte könnte bei rund 994.972.857 $ liegen.
Die zugrundeliegenden Zahlen sind der tatsächliche Umsatz in 1996 (696.481.000 $) und die Grafik aus Exhibit 1, die für 1996 einen Specialty Coffee Anteil von etwa 35% angibt, für 2000 50%.
Unter der Annahme, dass Starbucks’ Marktanteil und alle sonstigen Bedingungen gleich bleiben, ergibt sich somit folgender Umsatz für 2000:

Umsatz2000 = (696.481.000 $ / 35) * 50 = 994.972.857 $

Allerdings ist davon auszugehen, dass die Kundenzahl aufgrund von Bevölkerungswachstum in den US und verschiedener weiterer Faktoren steigen wird und der tatsächliche Umsatz in 2000 deutlich über dem berechneten Wert liegt.

Für die Umsätze aus den Produktneueinführungen soll ebenfalls sehr vorsichtig gerechnet werden, sodass sich eventuelle Umsätze von 282.240.000 $ ergeben könnten. Dies ergibt sich folgendermaßen:

US Einwohner 2000: 280.000.000
Anteil der Zielgruppe (Daten verfügbar für 15-24 Jährige) an Bevölkerung: 14%
Angestrebter Marktanteil in 2000: 10%
Anzahl an Käufen pro Monat: 2
Durchschnittlicher Preis: 3 $

Umsatz2000 neu = 280.000.000 * 0,14 * 0,1 * 24 * 3 $ = 282.240.000 $

Für den Gesamtumsatz ergibt sich somit:

Umsatzgesamt = 994.972.857 $ + 282.240.000 $ = 1.277.212.857 $ ≈ 1,3 Milliarden $

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. Kennzahlenberechnung siehe Anhang
[ 2 ]. Umsatzberechnung siehe Anhang

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...Memo of Starbucks Corp. Mission: Making Starbucks a high-level coffee bar using high quality beans and introduce an coffee culture experience. (Access-based positioning) Strategies are divided: A. Production: produce high quality, variety products coffee source: high quality and sustainability. 2.Craftsmanship: unique producing process including roasting and brewing,using exclusive machines and coffee brewers. 3. Variety of productions:quality coffee,a variety of hand-crafted beverages,Tazo teas,Ethos water,pastries and, in some markets,a selection of sandwiches and salads. Attributes of measurements: Certification of coffee beans, sales, customer flow Substitute attributes: Certification of coffee beans—the testing results of the soil in coffee plantation every year to guarantee the organic planting method B. Service: ‘Starbucks Experience’ Key words: humanity, standardization, good customer experience 1.Connect with, laugh with, and uplift the lives of customers Starbucks Entertainment: film, music, books, which be purchased at stores or online app store Stores are decorated full of humanity: making customers feel the sense of belonging and enjoyment Attributes of measurements: customer satisfaction Substitute attributes: customer satisfaction—customers’ average time of stay, regular customers(VIPs) C. Operation: diversified operation Key words: retail duplication, word of mouth marketing (WOM), digital marketing, social marketing, regular chain and market expansion. Retail...

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Starbucks Teaching Note

...Starbucks Coffee Company Teaching Note Overview The Starbucks Coffee Company case offers students an opportunity to explore the tradeoffs between a successful business strategy (in this case, its focus on the purchase of the highest quality coffee, which is at the heart of this business) and the company’s interest in maintaining and enhancing its reputation as a socially responsible company. The case focuses on the CEO, Orin Smith and his decision whether to purchase and offer fair trade coffee after being pressured by the Global Exchange, an NGO responsible in the 1990s for Nike’s difficulties in relation to unfair labor practices in developing nations. Questions to Begin the Case Discussion Students can approach this complicated case from many different angles, so questions should be tailored to the individual needs of the course you are teaching. Possible successful approaches include the following: 1. Focus on the factors in the environment affecting Starbuck’s decision. This allows you to explore comparison between Nike in the 1990s and Starbucks today. The company faces the risk of overexposure because of its incredible rate of growth. And, like WalMart, the company has been seen as a destroyer of smaller main street type businesses. It also represents American culture in distant lands in the same way that McDonalds did in the 1970s and 1980s. Its interest in presenting itself as a socially responsible company also makes it an easy target for antagonists like the Global...

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Starbucks

...STARBUCKS: JUST WHO IS THE STARBUCKS CUSTOMER? By Annie C. Rodriguez For MKT-301 Principles of Marketing Mr. M. Loizides Howard Schultz traveled to Italy in the early 1980’s and was inspired to transform Starbucks, what then was just a handful of Seattle coffee shops, to a European-style coffee houses. His vision was to provide customers with the “third place” to go to. A place where they could relax that was away from home and work. A place where you can get away from it all and just sink into your thoughts and relax your mind. He started and created what is known as the Starbucks Experience. His idea worked and after twenty years Starbucks is a household word and an icon in finely brewed coffee. However, what goes up will eventually come down and by 2008 the twenty percent annual growth dropped ten percent and store sales where decreasing by three percent. By the end of the year profits had dropped by fifty-three percent and the value of their stock was down to $10 a share. What was the problem? What caused such a decline in profits and company value? There were a lot of important facts in this case that are extremely relevant to this case that were presented to us. One of the first things that were presented was that after twenty years Starbucks boosted over 17,000 stores in dozens of countries, between the years of 1995 to 2005 they added US stores at an annual rate of 27%. They were opening 3,300 locations in one year which was averaged...

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