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Profesi Keguruan

A. Pengertian

Menurut KBBI Profesi adalah bidang pekerjaan yg dilandasi pendidikan keahlian (keterampilan, kejuruan, dsb) tertentu.

Dalam website www.wikipedia.org Profesi adalah kata serapan dari sebuah kata dalam bahasa Inggris "Profess", yang dalam bahasa Yunani adalah "Επαγγελια", yang bermakna:"Janji untuk memenuhi kewajiban melakukan suatu tugas khusus secara tetap/permanen". Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang membutuhkan pelatihan dan penguasaan terhadap suatu pengetahuan khusus. Suatu profesi biasanya memiliki asosiasi profesi, kode etik, serta proses sertifikasi dan lisensi yang khusus untuk bidang profesi tersebut. Contoh profesi adalah pada bidang hukum, kedokteran, keuangan, militer, teknik dan desainer.

Dalam buku karya Prof. Dr. H. Syafruddin Nurdin, M.Pd disimpulkan bahwa profesi digunakan teknik dan prosedur intelektual yang harus dipelajari dengan sengaja, sehingga dapat diterapkan untuk kemaslahatan orang lain.

Menurut Mukhtar Lutfi, ada delapan kriteria yang harus dipenuhi oleh suatu pekerjaan agar dapat disebut sebagai profesi, yaitu:

1. Panggilan hidup yang sepenuh waktu

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang mennjadi panggilan hidup seseorang yang dilakukan sepenuhnya serta berlangsungg untuk jangka waktu yang lama, bahkan seumur hidup.

2. Pengetahuan dan kecakapan/keahlihan

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang dilakukan atas dasar pengetahuan dan kecakapan/keahlihan yang khusus dipelajari.

3. Kebakuan yang universal

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang dilakukan menurut teori, prinsip, prosedur dan anggapan dasar yang sudah baku secara umum (universal) sehingga dapat dijadikan pegangan atau pedoman dalam pemberian pelayanan terhadap mereka yang membutuhkan.

4. Pengabdian

Profesi adalah pekerjaan terutama sebagai pengabdiaan pada masyarakat bukan untuk mencari keuntungan secara material/finansial bagi diri sendiri.

5. Kecakapan diagnostik dan kompetensi aplikatif

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang mengandung unsur-unsur kecakapan diagnostik dan kompetensi aplikatif terhadap orang atau lembaga yang dilayani.

6. Otonomi

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang dilakukan secara otonomi atas dasar prinsip-prinsip atau norma-norma yang ketetapannya hanya dapat diuji atau dinilai oleh rekan-rekannya seprofesi.

7. Kode etik

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang mempunyai kode etik yaitu norma-norma tertentu sebagai pegangan atau pedoman yang diakui serta dihargai oleh masyarakat.

8. Klien

Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang dilakukan untuk melayani mereka yang membutuhkan pelayanan (klien) yang pasti dan jelas subjeknya.

Sanusi et al, mengutarakan ciri-ciri utama suatu profesi itu sebagai berikut.

a. Jabatan yang memiliki fungsi dan signifikansi sosial yang penting

b. Menuntut keterampilan/keahlihan tertentu

c. Didasarkan pada disiplin ilmu yang jelas, sistematik, eksplisit, yang bukan hanya sekedar pendapat khalayak umum

d. Memerlukan pendidikan tingkat perguruan tinggi dengan waktu yang cukup lama

e. Proses pendidikannya merupakan aplikasi dan sosialisasi nilai-nilai profesional itu sendiri

f. Memiliki ikatan profesi yang memberikan pengawasan kepada anggotanya supaya dalam melayani masyarakat selalu berpegang pada kode etik profesinya

g. Tiap anggotanya memiliki kebebasan dalam memberikan judgement terhadap permasalahan profesi yang dihadapinya

h. Anggotanya memiliki kebebasan bersifat otonom dan terbebas dari campur tangan orang luar

i. Mempunyai wibawa yang tinggi dan imbalan yang tinggi dalam masyarakat

j. Jabatan ini memiliki prestise yang tinggi dalam masyarakat dan oleh karenanya memperoleh imbalan yang tinggi pula

Dalam Ensiklopedia bebas, wikipedia.org, Profesi mempunyai karakteristik sendiri yang membedakannya dari pekerjaan lainnya. Daftar karakterstik ini tidak memuat semua karakteristik yang pernah diterapkan pada profesi, juga tidak semua ciri ini berlaku dalam setiap profesi:

1. Keterampilan yang berdasar pada pengetahuan teoritis: Profesional diasumsikan mempunyai pengetahuan teoretis yang ekstensif dan memiliki keterampilan yang berdasar padapengetahuan tersebut dan bisa diterapkan dalam praktik. 2. Asosiasi profesional: Profesi biasanya memiliki badan yang diorganisasi oleh para anggotanya, yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan status para anggotanya. Organisasi profesitersebut biasanya memiliki persyaratan khusus untuk menjadi anggotanya. 3. Pendidikan yang ekstensif: Profesi yang prestisius biasanya memerlukan pendidikan yang lama dalam jenjang pendidikan tinggi. 4. Ujian kompetensi: Sebelum memasuki organisasi profesional, biasanya ada persyaratan untuk lulus dari suatu tes yang menguji terutama pengetahuan teoretis. 5. Pelatihan institutional: Selain ujian, juga biasanya dipersyaratkan untuk mengikuti pelatihan istitusional dimana calon profesional mendapatkan pengalaman praktis sebelum menjadi anggota penuh organisasi. Peningkatan keterampilan melalui pengembangan profesional juga dipersyaratkan. 6. Lisensi: Profesi menetapkan syarat pendaftaran dan proses sertifikasi sehingga hanya mereka yang memiliki lisensi bisa dianggap bisa dipercaya. 7. Otonomi kerja: Profesional cenderung mengendalikan kerja dan pengetahuan teoretis mereka agar terhindar adanya intervensi dari luar. 8. Kode etik: Organisasi profesi biasanya memiliki kode etik bagi para anggotanya dan prosedur pendisiplinan bagi mereka yang melanggar aturan. 9. Mengatur diri: Organisasi profesi harus bisa mengatur organisasinya sendiri tanpa campur tangan pemerintah. Profesional diatur oleh mereka yang lebih senior, praktisi yang dihormati, atau mereka yang berkualifikasi paling tinggi. 10. Layanan publik dan altruisme: Diperolehnya penghasilan dari kerja profesinya dapat dipertahankan selama berkaitan dengan kebutuhan publik, seperti layanan dokter berkontribusi terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. 11. Status dan imbalan yang tinggi: Profesi yang paling sukses akan meraih status yang tinggi, prestise, dan imbalan yang layak bagi para anggotanya. Hal tersebut bisa Dianggap sebagai pengakuan terhadap layanan yang mereka berikan bagi masyarakat. Jika dilihat dari uraian diatas, maka jawabannya jelas bahwa bidang keguruan belum merupakan profesi dalam arti yang sepenuhnya. Tetapi, jika kita memusatkan kepedulian pada kebutuhan akan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas tinggi dan diperlukan untuk melestarikan keyakinan bangsa dan negara, maka penanganan layanan pendidikan, mulai dari perencanaan sampai dengan penyelenggaraanya dari hari ke hari mutlak mensyaratkan tenaga-tenaga profesional. Untuk menyiapkan hari esok yang baik membutuhkan guru-guru yang benar-benar memiliki ketanggapan yang berlandaskan kearifan (informed responsiveness) terhadap kemungkinan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi kepada guru-guru yang profesional masa depan bangsa dan negara dapat dipercaya.

B. Perkembangan Profesi Keguruan

Dalam buku Sejarah Pendidikan Indonesia, Nasution (1852) menjelaskan sejarah pendidikan di Indonesia terutama dalam zaman kolonial Belanda, termasuk juga sejarah profesi keguruan. Guru-guru yang pada mulanya diangkat dari orang-orang yang tidak didik secara khusus menjadi guru, secara berangsur-angsur dilengkapi dan ditambah dengan guru-guru yang lulus dari sekolah guru yang didirikan di Solo tahun 1852. Kebutuhan guru yang mendesak maka pemerintah Hindia Belanda mengangkat lima macam guru yakni:

1) Guru lulusan sekolah guru

2) Guru bukan lulusan sekolah guru

3) Guru bantu yang lulus ujian guru bantu

4) Guru yang dimagangkan kepada guru senior

5) Guru yang diangkat karena keadaan yang mendesak

Sekolah guru dimulai dan kemudian didirikan sekolah normal, namun pada mulanya bila dilihat kurikulumnya dapat kita katakan hanya mementingkan pengetahuan yang diajarkan saja. Ke dalamnya belum dimasukkan secara khusus kurikulum ilmu mendidik dan psikologi.

Keadaan yang berlanjut hingga zaman pendudukan Jepang dan awal perang kemerdekaan, walaupun dengan nama dan bentuk lembaga pendidikan guru yang disesuaikan dengan keadaan waktu itu. Pendidikan guru meningkatkan jenjang kualifikasi dan mutunya. Sehingga saat ini kita hanya mempunyai lembaga pendidikan guru yang tunggal, yakni Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan (LPTK).

Jabatan guru tidak disebut sebagai profesional penuh, statusnya membaik. Di Indonesia telah ada Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia (PGRI) yang menjadi wadah persatuan guru dan juga mempunyai perwakilan di DPR/MPR. Dalam sejarah pendidikan guru di Indonesia, guru pernah mempunyai status yang sangat tinggi dan dianggap sebagai orang yang serba tahu. Peranan guru saat itu tidak hanya mendidik anak di depan kelas, tetapi mendidik masyarakat, tempat bagi masyarakat untuk bertanya, baik untuk memecahkan masalah pribadi ataupun masalah sosial.

Kewibawaan guru mulai memudar sejalan dengan kemajuan zaman, perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi dan kepedulian guru yang meningkat mengenai imbalan atau balas jasa. Dalam era teknologi yang maju sekarang, guru bukan lagi satu-satunya tempat bertanya bagi masyarakat. Pendidikan masyarakat mungkin lebih tinggi dari guru dianggap kalah gengsi dari jabatan lainnya yang mempunyai pendapatan yang lebih baik.

Jabatan guru merupakan jabatan profesional, dan sebagai jabatan profesional, pemegangnya harus memenuhi kualifikasi tertentu. Kriteria jabatan profesional antara lain melibatkan kegiatan intelektual, persiapan yang lama untuk memangkunya, memerlukan latihan untuk memangku jabatan yang berkesinambungan dan memiliki kode etik yang ditaati oleh anggotanya.

Jabatan guru dapat memenuhi secara maksimal persyaratan itu, namun perkembangannya di tanah air menunjukkan arah untuk terpenuhinya persyaratan tersebut. Usaha untuk ini sangat tergantung kepada niat, perilaku dan komitmen dari guru sendiri dan organisasi yang berhubungan dengan itu, selain juga oleh kebijaksanaan pemerintah.

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...presentation in conference. Sub-themes are only indicative, papers on other related areas of management can also be submitted. The first page of the paper should have Title of the Paper, the name of the author (s) and complete mailing address. Length of paper should not be more than 3000 words, using MS-Word with Times New Roman Font Size 12 points and 1.5 Line spacing with 5-6 keywords. The participants are requested to forward the abstract and full papers via soft copy at the email id: conferencemgc2016@gmail.com LCD projector/Laptops will be provided for the presentation. Authors will be given time for paper presentation by keeping in view the whole management of event. Submission of Abstract Submission of full Length Paper th : 28 January, 2016 SRI FATEHGARH SAHIB "To Strive, To Seek, To Find & Not to Yield" ORGANIZING COMMITTEE CONFERENCE PATRON Jathedar Avtar Singh President SGPC & College Governing Body CONFERENCE DIRECTOR Dr. Jatinder Singh Sidhu Director-Principal, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib st I International Conference on On 3rd February, 2016 CONFERENCE CHIEF GUEST Mr. C.R. Bector Professor Emeritus Faculty of Management, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada Attendance Certificate and Registration Rules: Participants are requested to make transportation and accommodation arrangement on their own. However, outstation participants will be provided accommodation on payment only. : 20 January, 2016 Academicians : Rs.1000 Industrialists : Rs.1500...

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