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Subarachnoid Hemorrgage

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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhages are more common than the public realizes. Asubarachnoid hemorrhageis a hemorrhage into the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space between the arachnoid and pia membranes on the surface of the brain.Trauma is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Some causes are vehicle accidents, aneurisms, sports, and falls. Some signs and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage include headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, impaired consciousness, loss of consciousness, and seizures. There are various ways of diagnosing subarachnoid hemorrhages among these are MRI, LP, and CT scans. Once discovered a subarachnoid hemorrhage needs to be treated right away. The most important part of treatment is time. The patient’s body must be allowed to attempt to heal on its own. If the hemorrhage does not stop on its own within 24 hours, surgery will be required. People who are conscious and demonstrate few neurologic symptoms when they reach medical help have the best outcome. There are many long term conditions that the individual will have to live with upon survival from fatigue to living in a vegetative state. Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhages, so it follows that efforts to prevent head injury would prevent these hemorrhages.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a hemorrhage into the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space between the arachnoid and pia membranes on the surface of the brain. The hemorrhage may extend into the brain if the force of the bleeding from the broken vessel is sudden and severe.

Trauma is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The leading causes of injury are bicycle, motorcycle, and automobile accidents, with a significant minority due to accidental falls, and sports and recreation mishaps. A subarachnoid hemorrhagecan lead to death or severe disability, even if recognized and treated early. Severe headaches, mental status depression, and focal deficits are common. Other causes of SAH include arteriovenous malformation (AVM), vascular inflammation affecting the central nervous system, and carotid artery dissection.

The signs and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage are: a sudden headache, which is usually severe. Patients describe the pain as similar to receiving a blow on the head - a thunderclap headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, impaired consciousness, sometimes total loss of consciousness, seizures, sometimes there may be intraocular hemorrhage (bleeding into the eyeball), some patients may find it hard to lift an eyelid, and a sharp increase in blood pressure.
There are several ways of diagnosing subarachnoid hemorrhages which include: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, Lumbar puncture, Doppler ultrasound, and CT (computerized tomography) scan. The CT brain scan will detect subarachnoid hemorrhage in 95 percent of cases.
Once the cause of the subarachnoid hemorrhage is found, it needs to be treated right away. Aneurysms and AVMs require treatment specific to those disorders. Treatment generally occurs in three phases: Early intensive care focuses on support of vital functions of the body, preventing high blood pressure, renewed bleeding and seizures. Within 24 to 36 hours of onset of symptoms, Surgery will be performed. Late intensive care treats vasospasm by elevating blood pressure and blood volume.
Prognosis depends largely on how badly the person was affected. Despite vast improvement in prognosis for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, about one third to half may die or be left with impaired brain function. Individuals who are conscious and demonstrate few neurologic symptoms when they reach medical help have the best prognosis. Neurologic disabilities may include partial paralysis, weakened or numbed areas of the body, cognitive or speech difficulties, and vision problems. Subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with traumatic brain injury has a poor prognosis. In clinical studies, 46-78% of head injury cases involving subarachnoid hemorrhage resulted in severe disability, vegetative survival, or death. Furthermore, it is possible that traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages are accompanied by additional injuries, which would further diminish survival and recovery rates. Individuals whose subarachnoid hemorrhages occur as a result of AVMs have a slightly better prognosis, although the risk of death is approximately 10-15% for each hemorrhage.
Long term prognosis includes Neurocognitive symptoms, such as fatigue, mood disturbances, and other related symptoms are common ramifications. Even in those who have made good neurological recovery, anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and cognitive impairment are common; 46% of people who have suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage have cognitive impairment that affects their quality of life. Over 60% report frequent headaches.
Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhages, so it follows that efforts to prevent head injury would prevent these hemorrhages. Since accidents cannot always be prevented, measures to minimize potential damage are always advisable. Use of activity-appropriate protective gear, such as bicycle helmets, motorcycle helmets, and sports head gear, is strongly encouraged and promoted by medical associations, consumer organizations, advocacy groups, and health-care professionals. These same groups also advise using seat belts in automobiles.
Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages are more difficult to prevent. Since there may be a genetic component to aneurysms and AVMs, close relatives to individuals with these conditions may consider being screened to assess their own status. Quitting smoking and keeping blood pressure within normal limits may also reduce the risk of suffering a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.

References
Tibor, B. M. (2013, October 14). Subarachnoid hemorrhage.Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164341-overview

Gijn, MD, J. V. (2000, August 31). Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Retrieved from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/124/2/249.full

Traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage.(n.d.)Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (2008). Retrieved December 16 2013 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Traumatic+subarachnoid+haemorrhage

McDaniels, MD, E. (2013, March 11). Post-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Retrieved from http://surgeonwriter.com/ptsah/

Borczuk, P., Penn, J., Peak, D., & Chang, Y. (2013, June).Patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage are at low risk for deterioration or neurosurgical intervention.. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23694879

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