...Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper no. 1044-94 Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Sanders Korenman Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs and Center for Population Analysis and Policy University of Minnesota Jane E. Miller Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research Rutgers University John E. Sjaastad Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota September 1994 This research was funded by a grant from the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin. An earlier version of part of this paper appeared as part of Office of Population Research Working Paper No. 93-5, Princeton University, June 1993, which contains supplemental analyses and is available from the authors. We thank participants in seminars at the University of Maryland, the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 1993 meetings of the Population Association of America for their comments. Abstract The authors describe developmental deficits in early childhood associated with long-term poverty in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). They compare estimates of the effects of long-term poverty (based on a thirteen-year average of income) to estimates of the effects of poverty based on a single year of income (at the time of developmental assessment). They find substantial developmental deficits among...
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...Pimping Central America Imagine living in conditions so consumed with poverty that you are forced to risk your life to flee to another country in hopes to take care of your family. Hoping and praying to find “under the table” jobs such as roofing, gardening, grounds maintenance, cleaning houses and/or agricultural work. Central American’s do this on a daily and nightly basis; combing through the desert heats during the summer and its vicious coldness in the winter in hopes of a brighter future. Some get lucky and others either get caught and deported back to Mexico or, worse yet, trafficked and sold into a life of servitude (slavery). “Although it’s the 14th largest economy in the world, rural Mexico is still very unequal. Depending on the measure, between one-third and one-half of Mexicans live in poverty and up to 18 percent live in extreme poverty, unable to meet their basic food needs.” ("Bread For The World Institute", 2011). In this paper I will discuss death rates, risks and benefits (to include programs) of crossing through the desert for an undetermined future in the United States of America. I will also focus on the trafficking and prostitution rings between the United States and Central America. By the end of this paper I will have explained how and why these issues of Central American’s immigrating into the United States meet the specifications of the Social Structure Theory because of the poverty disturbance in their system. * Understanding the Social Structure...
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...Gurinder K. Fnu Soc&101 The Culture Of Poverty and the theory of Functionalism Background: In 1959 a sociologist, Oscar Lewis investigated poverty and its trends amongst society. Lewis came up with a theory commonly known as the ‘Cycle of Poverty’. The cycle of poverty is the term used to refer to the phenomenon in which poor families become trapped in poverty for generations. This is because they have no access to long-term education and no long-term financial guarantees. The cycle of poverty suggests young children who are born into poverty will remain in poverty because they lack the ability to go to school and receive no education, their families are not financially stable (no clean clothing, a poor diet, lack of hygiene, etc.). The ability for them to break out of this cycle is limited, and in some cases simply not possible. The structural-functionalist approach to stratification asks the question: what function or purpose does stratification serve? The theory's answer is that all parts of society, even poverty, contribute in some way or another to the larger system's stability. Structural-functionalists maintain that stratification and inequality are inevitable and beneficial to society: the layering is useful because it ensures that the best people are at the top of the hierarchy and those who are less worthy are at the bottom. Those at the top are given power and rewards because of high abilities, and the high rewards exist to provide incentive for qualified...
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...Millennium Development Goal #1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Millennium Development Goal #1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger History has shown poverty and hunger has been an ongoing issue all over the world. Wars have been fought not only because of persecution, freedom, and inequality but also due to starvation affecting a great number of populations who are less fortunate. Although peace and unity has taken place in some parts of the world, research shows that the challenge in poverty and hunger continues. Today, approximately 870 million people are undernourished with over 100 million undernourished and underweight being children under the age of five. (WHO, 2011) UNICEF says that even in the world’s richest countries, one in every six children still lives below the national poverty line. Local and international organizations working hand in hand to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger have made great progress since 2000. Along with undernourishment; however, about 1.2 billion people still live in extreme poverty and about 30% of these are children. During the Millennium Summit in 2000, the United Nations gathered together with several other members such as UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, and UNESCO just to name a few. During this summit they established 8 goals to attend the world’s need. These goals are to be monitored regularly by all the UN members and accomplished by 2015. To conclude whether these are being met or not, they are using statistics...
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...was released in 1973 and it is about racism and poverty, which many people are still suffering from. The song was and still is appreciated by many people and Wonder wants people to wake up and understand the importance of these issues. The song specifically apprizes a boy growing up in Mississippi. His parents work hard and encourage him to do well in school, despite the living conditions that are surrounding them. His family is poor and they don't have enough money and they have to deal with racism and injustice. But his parents are encouraging him to stay strong and work hard to get out of this dreadful situation. This was a typical living condition in the 1970s and unfortunately a lot of people in today’s society are still living under these circumstances. The song starts off by Wonder describing how the boy's parents work hard; hours on end to get through the hard days but barley make enough money for food. Poverty is a big issue here and it has become a way of life. Many people say that poverty is a natural phenomenon while others argues that people cause poverty. It is hard to tell what actually causes poverty because it depends on where you are born and what the society you belong to is doing to prevent poverty. It is a difference between countries in the west like United Kingdom and USA and countries like India and countries in Africa. As the song continues, it states that the song is about black people. The lines " His sister's black but she is sho' nuff pretty...
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...Miranda 1 Jacqueline Miranda Ms. Klidonas English Writing Structure- E2 6 May 2011 Homelessness/ Poverty in the United States A very important issue in our country is homelessness and poverty. This is important because poverty and homelessness have psychological effects on individuals. We can see this issue in Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle because the Walls family is always moving around. Homelessness affects your appearance severely. The Walls family doesn’t have enough food to go around. Research shows that the rate of homelessness and poverty is high. The government is trying to reduce the rate of homelessness and poverty. Many Americans have gone through poverty or will go through poverty at some point in their life. In my paper, I will attempt to inform you that homelessness and poverty is a topic which should be taken seriously. Homeless ness and poverty have psychological effects on individuals. In website http://ic.galegroup.com, homeless in the United States swelled for a variety of reasons during the 1800s. Such examples are: migration to the frontiers; displacement caused by the Civil War; immigration from Europe; seasonal employment in agriculture; construction, and mining. This is important because these are some causes of homelessness. Isn’t sad to know that there are so many reasons why there are homeless people out there? In 1929 the Great Depression triggered a new wave of homelessness, as many people lost their jobs. This is important because the...
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...Child abuse is a state of emotional, physical, economic and sexual maltreatment meted out to a person below the age of eighteen and is a globally prevalent phenomenon. It has serious physical and psycho-social consequences which adversely affect the health and over-all well-being of a child. It may include physical or mental ill-treatment, sexual abuse, malnutrition and many others which are responsible for hindrance of a healthy growing body of a child. Children who are normally born in poor families areoften subjected to work at shorter ages and are usually underpaid and harassed both mentally and physically. Child abuse is a violation of the basic human rights of a child and is an outcome of a set of inter-related, social, psychological and economic factors. While certain child abuse and neglected issues are common in almost all countries at the global level such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, problems of street children, there are also many issues which are prevalent only in certain regions of the world.For instance, in Asia where population density is high, the issues of child labor and child sexual exploitation are also high. The largest population of children in the world live in South Asia and majority of these children lack access to proper health care, nutrition and education. This reflects the socio-economic reality of the developing countries of the Asian region. The main...
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...Human Rights and the Millennium Development Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and reporting UNITED NATIONS Human Rights and the Millennium Development Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and reporting UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2010 Note The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. HR/PUB/10/1 © 2010 United Nations All worldwide rights reserved Credits Photographs: Goal 1: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 2: © International Labour Organization/ G. Cabrera; Goal 3: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 4: © UNICEF Armenia/2007/Igor Dashevskiy; Goal 5: © International Labour Organization/E. Gianotti; Goal 6: © World Lung Foundation/ Thierry Falise; Goal 7: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet; Goal 8: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet. About the publication This publication builds on a series of country and thematic background studies commissioned for the regional “Dialogues for Action: Human Rights and MDGs”, which took place in...
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...Running Head: POVERTY IN AMERICA The Effects of Poverty on Millions Americans and New faces of Poverty & Possible Prevention Clara M Jones Strayer University Instructor: Dr. Astiage Tondari Economics of Social Issues ECO405009VA016-1124-001 June 9, 2012 Abstract When a person think of poverty, one simply says’ and or think that individuals, families, groups, and what have you lack financial stability; however, there is so much more that should be considered when it comes to poverty. The World Health Organization has described poverty as the greatest cause of suffering on earth. Living in a state of financial instability is both physically and emotionally damaging, the stress alone can make one ill. Poverty continues to be a problem not only in the United States of America but in developing countries and less developed countries (LDC) worldwide. Some of those countries are under developed countries and developing countries; furthermore, there are major problems in both. The main focus in this paper is on poverty in America; also, the new faces of poverty and how it affects the new faces. . Four Families of Article from USA TODAY, September 28, 2011 The article covers various issues of poverty of different families and individuals; however, the main portion of the article is about a father in Leesburg, Virginia. The man’s name is Billy Schlegel. He is the father of three children; also, he is divorced as of 2004. Billy and his ex-wife share joint...
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...Social Justice Issue- Poverty Poverty can be defined as the state of a person when their basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter are neglected (World Health Organisation, 2015). The social justice issue of poverty is often associated with other countries, but many do not realise that poverty is a concerning issue in Australia as well (World Health Organisation, 2015). Australia is often called the 'lucky country' as it is a safe, peaceful and fair place to live- however this not always the case. There is approximately 2.5 million Australians living below the national poverty line and as a result their basic needs are failing to be fulfilled (ACOSS, 2014). A recent media article published in the Sydney Morning Herald by Judith Ireland,...
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...DEVELOPMENT FINANCE & ITS ROLE IN RURAL AREAS TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY 2010 M. MOBASHAR ALI & RANA RASHID REHMAN STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN-BANKING SERVICES CORPORATION SIALKOT 9/3/2010 Contents INTRODUCTION 4 LITRATURE REVIEW 4 REVIEW OF POVERTY IN PAKISTAN 6 SBP INITIATIVES IN TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT FINANCE 8 ESTABLISHMENT OF DEVELOPMENT FINANCE GROUP 8 ESTABLISHMENT OF AGRICULTURE FINANCE DIVISION 9 PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMS 10 DEVELOPMENT FINANCE PROGRAMS CURRENTLY IN OPERATION 11 NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) 11 RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM (RSP) 11 AGA KHAN RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM (AKRSP) 11 SARHAD RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM 12 NATIONAL RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM (NRSP) 12 ROLE IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION 12 TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF FINANCE TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION 14 DEVELOPMENT FINANCE SUCCESS STORIES 15 CONCLUSION 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 Figure 1 8 Figure 2 10 Figure 3 10 Figure 4 13 Table 1 7 Table 2 7 Table 3 9 Table 4 10 Table 5 13 INTRODUCTION Development Finance is the offering of financial services to the entrepreneurial poor that contributes finally to the economic growth. Although the most notable of these services is the provision of credit, many other offerings are a part of Development Finance including credit for business activities and credit for emergency and for the fulfillment of life cycle needs. Many Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) give finance for...
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...The most important factor in overcoming generational poverty is changing the stigma associated with it. Many people assume that if someone is experiencing poverty it is because they are not working hard enough and are lazy. This could not be further from the truth because if you look at the statistics, the majority of those suffering from generational poverty are some of the most hard working people ever and that is because that is often all they know, the only thing they know how to do to survive. The thing about poverty is that it is not something one desires and specifically with generational poverty, it is much more difficult to overcome then people think and is more associated with the society we live in then with the actual person or family experiencing it. The main reason it is so difficult to overcome generational poverty is because the education in these impoverished communities is significantly lacking. If you look at the distribution of finances in this country it is clear as day that the money is distributed to the wealthy communities first because they are the ones that contribute to the economy of a certain area the most and in order to make those communities desirable, they need to have good schools, jobs, etc. Often it is not the teachers that are the problem in these schools, it is the limited resources they have to work with and if a community doesn’t value the education of the youth, the youth are not going to value education, which leads to the increase in...
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...The Arithmetic of Inequality Jimmy is a second grader. He pays attention in school, and he enjoys it. School records show that he is reading slightly above grade level and has a slightly better than average IQ. Bobby is a second grader across town. He also pays attention in class and enjoys school, and his test scores are similar to Jimmy's. Bobby is a safe bet to enter college (more than four times as likely as Jimmy) and a good bet to complete it -- at least twelve times as likely as Jimmy. Bobby will probably have at least four years more schooling than Jimmy. He is twenty seven times as likely as Jimmy to land a job which by his late forties will pay him an income in the top tenth of all incomes. Jimmy has about one chance in eight of earning a median income (Bassis, 1991:216). I. Basic Definitions A. Life Chances Life chances refer to one's access to resources. Life chances can refer to one's ability to get food and shelter. It also refers to access to social institution such as health care, education, the government, and the law (to mention a few). Social class affects one's life chances across a broad spectrum of social phenomenon from health care, to educational attainment, to participation in the political process, to contact with the criminal justice system. B. What is Social Stratification? Social stratification refers to the division of a society into layers (or strata) whose occupants have unequal access to social opportunities and rewards. People in the top strata...
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...Building Background Knowledge for Academic Achievement by Robert J. Marzano Table of Contents Chapter 1. The Importance of Background Knowledge According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2003), every day from September to June some 53.5 million students in the United States walk into classes that teach English, mathematics, science, history, and geography and face the sometimes daunting task of learning new content. Indeed, one of the nation's long-term goals as stated in the The National Education Goals Report: Building a Nation of Learners (National Education Goals Panel, 1991) is for U.S. students to master “challenging subject matter” in core subject areas (p. 4). Since that goal was articulated, national and state-level standards documents have identified the challenging subject matter alluded to by the goals panel. For example, in English, high school students are expected to know and be able to use standard conventions for citing various types of primary and secondary sources. In mathematics, they are expected to understand and use sigma notation and factorial representations. In science, they are expected to know how insulators, semiconductors, and superconductors respond to electric forces. In history, they are expected to understand how civilization developed in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. In geography, they are expected to understand how the spread of radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear accident has affected the present-day world. Although...
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...The tremendous hardships of poverty are not confined, as some are wont to believe, to the inner-city slums of India or the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa. This problem also strikes much closer to home. The United States is ranked among the highest in both overall and childhood poverty rates of any major industrialized nation. There are currently 46.2 million Americans living below the Federal Government determined poverty line—without access to basic resources such as food, shelter, and capital—and countless others struggle to make ends meet everyday. The high level of inequality between the underprivileged and the upper and middle classes can be felt across the country, leaving pain, grief, and despair in its wake. Those born on the wrong end of this disparity are given a persistent socioeconomic disadvantage, putting them in a position where they will likely remain impoverished. They inherit a vicious cycle of poverty that will likely be passed on to their progeny. This is just one among the many issues that my generation is inheriting and will need to confront, but it is an important and controversial one. Many try to find someone to blame. Perhaps the impoverished made poor decisions. Perhaps the government failed them. Or perhaps they are merely the products of luck, or rather lack thereof. Stemming from this, there exists a wide spectrum of beliefs and ideologies of how we must handle the situation. Some fault the individuals and therefore have minimal sympathy...
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