...The Author Guida Diehl was the founder and leader of the Newland Movement, which pre-dated the Nazi Party by at least six years. She came from a nationalist and anti-Semitic family, and only joined the Nazi Party in August 1930. Following the advice of Adolf Stocker, who hated Jews and supported the emancipation of unmarried women, she attended social-work school and later worked as a teacher of social work in Frankfurt. Diehl constantly preached a spiritualist, quasi-Christian, and nationalist message, that went against the postwar values of Americanism, materialism, and mammonism, which threatened to overpower Volk, God, and fatherland. Diehl wholly supported National Socialist goals, the Nazi’s anti-communism and anti-Semitism, and was particularly concerned with stemming the tide of moral ‘filth’ including the campaign to legalize abortion. Diehl was installed as ‘cultural advisor’ in the Nazi Party, but by 1936 had lost any appreciable political influence or organizational role. The Document in its Historical Context The title of the document undergoing analysis is, “A New Type of Woman”, and “Principles of the National Socialist Women’s Organizations” (the document), both from the book ‘Die deutsche Frau und der National Sozialismus (The German Woman and National Socialism), and published in 1932. “A New Type of Woman”, as written by Guida Diehl, outlines what characteristics a German woman should possess, and what type of woman she should aspire to become....
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...totalitarian state in Germany between 1933 and 1939? How would you define a totalitarian state? Well many would argue that it was a political system where the state, usually under one organisation, recognises no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life. This was what Hitler wanted for Germany under the control of the Nazi party. From 1933 to 1939 Hitler tried to control every aspect of Germany and its people. To create a totalitarian state Hitler would have to insure that one party and one party only controlled Germany. He would also have to ensure that he could keep the economy, the opposition, the media, the army and the police fully under his control. This essay will closely examine if he achieved this or not. Carl Freidrichs, a German historian believes that to have a totalitarian state all of these features are needed. In other words for a country to be a totalitarian state then the following features were essential. These included: suppression of all sources of opposition, total control of the media, total control of all groups in society, the total control of education, total control of the economy and finally total control of all civil life. If these things could be controlled then Hitler would have indeed created a totalitarian state. Firstly Hitler would have to crush all opposition to ensure that he could create his totalitarian state. Although Hitler had quickly established a one party state and silenced his...
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...1 GCSE HISTORY GERMANY 1918-1939 REVISION This awesome booklet has been designed to help you get exam-ready. It contains the ‘essential’, need-to-know points for the Germany unit, plus useful revision boosters and guidance on answering exam questions. Remember, getting your exam technique sorted is a must if you’re going to succeed in the exam - it’s just as important as knowing your stuff! CONTENTS....There are 4 sections to this booklet. 3 Hitler overcomes his opposition 1 The rise and fall of the Weimar Republic 1918 1929 1933 1934 2 The rise to power of Hitler and the Nazis 1939 4 The Nazi dictatorship 1 The rise and fall of the Weimar Republic 1918-33 Introduction If, just for fun, we were to make a graph showing the fortunes of the Weimar Republic, it would probably look like this…. B A Phase A 1918-23: The WR suffers from a few major teething problems, and struggles to survive. C Phase B 1924-28: ‘The Golden Twenties’. Things are on the up for the WR, as it recovers from its earlier problems. But beneath the surface, there are still weaknesses. Phase C 1929-1933: With the Wall St. Crash and the Great Depression, the WR comes ‘crashing’ down! Of course, during each phase, the Nazis were experiencing their own political rollercoaster ride. Broadly speaking, whenever the WR was enjoying success, the Nazis were not, and vice versa. More about that later. What was the Weimar Republic and why was it set up? A lot...
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...Part 1 - Weimar Germany 1918-1929 1) The Treaty of Versailles ▪ Kaiser abdicates November 9th 1918, Armistice (cease-fire) signed November 11th ▪ Treaty of Versailles signed June 1919 ▪ It is a DIKTAT – something forced on to Germany. Allies say that they will carry on the war if Germans do not sign. ▪ For many Germans the defeat in WW1, national humiliation, the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar constitution & democracy are all linked – helps explain why democracy is weak in Germany ▪ Terms of the Treaty – ▪ Germany has to pay REPARATIONS (fixed in 1921 as £6600 million) ▪ Germany loses all its COLONIES (overseas parts of their empire) ▪ German army limited to 100,000 men with no air force & a small navy with only 6 battleships and no submarines ▪ 13% of Germany is now transferred to neighbouring countries as the map is redrawn ▪ Germany loses land to France (Alsace-Lorraine), Belgium, Poland (Posen & West Prussia) & Denmark ▪ 15% of German coal mines are lost in map changes ▪ Many Germans blame the defeat in the war on “the stab in the back” (DOLCHSTOSS) – i.e. the Socialists / Communists / Jews betrayed Germany & the army was never defeated. This myth makes it harder to accept the Treaty ▪ Treaty weakened democracy in Germany and the German economy ▪ Friedrich Ebert appointed Chancellor in October 1918 2) The Weimar Constitution ▪ A National Assembly was elected to write this new constitution ▪ It met in Weimar because Berlin was...
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...To what extent did women’s status improve in Nazi Germany? Hitler had a very clear idea of women’s role; she was the centre of family life, a housewife and the mother. Their job was to keep the house nice for their husband and family – their lives should revolve round the three ‘ks’, church, children and cooking. This ideal was based around Hitler wanting to achieve his long held goal of Lebensraum to increase the German Aryan population. Strasser argues that ‘National Socialism intended to restore the natural order, and states that this was to accord women the respect they deserved as mothers and housewives’, therefore improving their status. However Carey argues that women’s position did not improve and “throughout the civil war women endured horrific human rights violations...women were raped tortured, and killed.” To a greater extent, it is more credible to argue that women’s status did not improve in Nazi Germany because they were fixed with a specific role of being a housewife and breeding children and women who did not fit the German ideal were persecuted. Word count: Cumulative word count: Married women benefitted as they were rewarded with incentives, such as loans. This is evident through the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage which was passed in July 1933. This enabled ‘newlyweds to take out a loan of 1000 marks’, with the agreement that for every child they had from this point onward they would not have to pay back 25% of the loan. This meant that if...
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...The women in Nazi Germany had a very specific role set up for them. The specifications of their job consisted of revolving around their house duties, their husbands and their children. Most of the income in the family would come from the husband, while back at home, the women would tidy up and keep everything in place. The encouragement of marrying at a young age, and getting a proper family dates back to 1933, from when Hitler first rose to power, and the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage was introduced. This law specified that all newly married couples would get a government loan of 1000 marks which was about 9 months average income. This loan was not to be simply paid back. The birth of one child meant that 25% of the loan did not have to be paid back. Two children meant that 50% of the loan need not be paid back. Four children meant that the entire loan was cleared. In another sense, it was logical for the families to reproduce in order to have a stable life. Hitler’s policies mainly revolved around the main idea of producing more children in the country, in order to have more mother and more soldiers. With more young boys and girls, Germany was gaining more soldiers and mothers. Before becoming eligible men and women, all of the youth had to go through specific programs where they would gain more knowledge and learn new policies. The programs were called “Hitler Youth”. In the first few years the programs were launched, they were strictly for the boys, where they...
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...Stalin’s USSR and Hitler’s Germany | |USSR |GERMANY | | | | | | |Single Party Communist Dictatorship under the leadership|Single Party Fascist Dictatorship under the leadership of Hitler. | | |of Stalin. |Hitler had a close knit group of Nazi officials to carry out his | |Style |Council of 7 people led by Stalin who had a close knit |plans for Germany for him. | |of Government |group of supporters carrying out his ideas without |Hitler was a charismatic and persuasive figure who ‘charmed’ the | | |questioning. |people into supporting him and his ideas for a better life. | | |Stalin was a domineering and threatening person who | | | |wielded power through fear. | | | | ...
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...SECTION 1: THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF THE WEIMAR GOVERNMENT 1918-OCTOBER 1933 |9 November 1918 |Abdication of the Kaiser | |January 1919 |Spartacist Uprising | |February 1919 |First Weimar elections | |28 June 1919 |Treaty of Versailles signed | |July 1919 |Weimar Constitution announced | |March 1920 |Kapp Putsch signed | |January 1923 |Occupation of the Ruhr | |January-November 1923 |Hyperinflation | |8-9 November 1923 |Munich Putsch ...
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...Kayla Noll April 12th, 2015 Hartman Arguments and Persuasions in Arts/Humanities The Power of Language In “A Handmaids Tale” by Margaret Atwood we see the establishment of a new world. This new world has taken over what was previously known as The United States of America. We see a world where women are oppressed, restricted in their rights, and where government has total control over it’s people. These acts of oppression and restriction of rights by the government stand alongside another period in time (though this one not being a work of fiction) which is that of Nazi Germany. In “A Handmaids Tale” within the new society of Gilead we see the use of language being used as a tool of power. The government constructed these new sets of words in order to hide the bitter realities of what they were doing, as well as to serve societies elite. They invented a new set of laws and language that would be used to persuade the public that their new “empire” would be better and improved than the last. Women do not have a true identity in Gilead, as they are simply defined as a “Wife”, “Handmaid”, or “Martha”. A wife is simply a married woman, while a handmaid is the woman who is hired to carry the wife and her husbands baby due to infertility rates. A Martha is a woman whose ovaries are deemed unusefull and acts as a cook or servant in the house of a commander. After the United States government was overthrown, a chemical spill took place that extremely lowered fertility rates...
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...arise from Germany and Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the key element to creating their future soldiers. The education system had another important element and that was the presence of the after school movements that went on among the youth. The role of females are another interesting aspect in the education system when under dictatorships. Therefore, Mussolini’s Italy and Hitler’s Germany were both...
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...An Overview of Hitler’s Nazi Germany One of the most hated names of the 20th Century was Adolf Hitler. His role as dictator of Germany and his harsh treatment of Jews led to the deaths of millions of people during World War II. His leadership skills and his ability as a speaker appealed to the German people who were in a poor economic state following World War I. His political career began as Chancellor of Germany. Later he became the Fuhrer or leader of Germany and the founder of the Nazi Party. Hitler’s time as leader of Germany left the entire world with scars that took many years to heal. Adolf Hitler’s dictatorship was based on violence and hatred of certain races and minorities. He enforced his ideas using a secret police force known as the Gestapo. He formed concentration camps for those Germans who wouldn’t follow his rules as well as to murder millions of Jews. His success in World War II was short and when it became evident that his government would fail, he committed suicide. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in a small town close to the German border. His father was a strict Catholic man who was very demanding of young Hitler. This strict way of life was very common at this time. As a young Catholic, Hitler sang in the choir and served as an altar boy. He did not practice the Catholic faith as an adult but considered himself a Christian. His hatred of Jews began as a young boy. Because of the political movements of the time that involved several Jewish...
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...Course Study Notes: hsctutoringnotes@outlook.com MODERN HISTORY Topics World War One Germany Albert Speer The Cold War 1 Course Study Notes: hsctutoringnotes@outlook.com World War One Themes War on the Western Front Home Fronts in Britain and Germany Turning Points of the War The Allied Victory 2 Course Study Notes: hsctutoringnotes@outlook.com War on the Western Front Reasons for the development of the Stalemate A stalemate is an end of a war movement. It refers to the deadlock resulting from high levels of defence. The stalemate developed from four major reasons: i. The Faults of the Schlieffen Plan ii. The Faults of Plan XVII iii. Problems with Communications and Tactics iv. Problems with the High Command • The Faults in • There was an incredible reliance on speed – quick defeat of the France and a slow response by Russia Schlieffen • Unexpectedly strong resistance by Belgian forces – sabotaged Plan railway lines • Strong resistance from French • Troops were diverted from the West to the Eastern front • The “hammer swing” was shortened, so they approached Paris from the East which was expected • The Treaty of London was disregarded as a scrap of paper • Germans weren’t adequately trained for modern warfare strategies • The Faults in • French underestimated number of soldiers available to Plan XVII Germany • French were preoccupied with revenge for Alsace-Lorraine • Insufficient forces were given to the French...
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...Going Solo, Roald Dahl's memoir of his work in East Africa and his service in the RAF, covers much of the buildup to World War II. In the book mention is made of the 20th century British Empire. The 20th century British Empire plays a large role in the memoir as Dahl says about that "Please do not forget in the 1930s the British empire was still very much the British empire, and the men and women who kept it going were a race of people that most of you will never encountered and now you never will."(1). In fact, the 20th century British Empire has a huge role because the British Empire were participants in World War II and is where Roald Dahl was born and raised. To begin with, the British empire was brought up in the book because it is originally where Roald Dahl was born and raised. He was born in Llandaff, Wales on September 13, 1916. "Born in Llandaff, Wales on 13th September 1916 to Norwegian parents Harald Dahl and Sofie Magdalene Hesselburg"("About Roald Dahl"). This evidence can prove that the British empire is where Dahl was born and raised. To conclude, Roald Dahl's birth in the British empire makes it very important to mention in his memoir....
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...The Holocaust The rise of the Nazi Party began in 1930 when Adolf Hitler’s National Social party gained 107 seats in the New German Reichstag (Rogasky 20). Over a period of a few years the Nazi Party received enough votes so the government had to take it seriously and offer it power. Many believed Hitler and the Nazi Party was like any other political party, so on January 30, 1933 Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany (Nelson, English.illinois.edu). Shortly after Hitler assumed the role as chancellor, the wheels began churning to begin a terrible tragedy. This tragedy, known as “The Holocaust”, targeted a variety of people. The Nazis persecuted anyone who dared to oppose them as well as the disabled, African Americans, Gypsies, homosexuals and Jehovah’s Witnesses; they reserved their strong hatred for the Jews. Many people cannot grasp how such a tragic phenomenon, like “The Holocaust”, could occur. In order for one to truly understand the Holocaust, one must understand how Hitler rose to power and killed so many people in such little time. Within a year and a half, Hitler and the Nazis Party had taken absolute power of Germany. It became possible to arrest opponents of the regime and lock them up with no charge filed, no warrant and no real evidence. The first concentration camp Dachau was opened in March 1933 to hold all the prisoners (Wood 42). In August 1933 Hitler declared himself both president and chancellor of the Third Reich and commander-in-chief of the military...
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...Riefenstahl’s production of the feature films “Triumph of the Will” (Source 3) and “Olympia” (Source 1) have left a lasting imprint on history; these films established Riefenstahl’s influential career as a film director under the years of the Nazi regime. Although these films are attributed by scholars and critics to be Riefenstahl’s greatest achievements they are also considered to be her greatest fault, for the political connotation attached to their purpose. Before World War II, Riefenstahl was praised for her artistic achievements of these films, however the post-war years present a hostile reception to her work, as they have since been decontextualised and criticised for their questionable propagandist content. Riefenstahl’s impact on history has changed greatly overtime, as she is remembered for both her artistic contribution to the social and cultural life of Germany and pioneering of revolutionary cinematography and in contrast, her association with Hitler and the Nazi party. Since a young age Leni has had a passion for dance and quickly became a star pupil. Riefenstahl gained a reputation on Berlin's dance circuit and she quickly moved into films. She made a series of films for Arnold Fanck, and her fame spread to countries outside of Germany. In 1932, Riefenstahl produced her own work called "The Blue Light" (Source 2) and got a very positive response. The film attracted the attention of Hitler, and is said to have believed that the image Riefenstahl created for herself in...
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